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Abd Manan F, Yeoh YK, Chai TT, Wong FC. Unlocking the potential of black soldier fly frass as a sustainable organic fertilizer: A review of recent studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:121997. [PMID: 39111002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Using Hermetia illucens, or Black Soldier Fly (BSF) frass as an organic fertilizer is becoming increasingly popular in many countries. As a byproduct derived from BSF larvae that feed on organic waste, BSF frass has tremendous potential for preserving the environment and promoting the circular economy. Since it has diverse biochemical properties influenced by various production and environmental factors, further research is needed to evaluate its potential for extensive use in crop production and agriculture. Our review summarizes recent findings in BSF frass research by describing its composition and biochemical properties derived from various studies, including nutrient contents, biostimulant compounds, and microbial profiles. We also discuss BSF frass fertilizers' effectiveness on plant growth and contribution to environmental sustainability. Great compositions of BSF frass increase the quality of plants/crops by establishing healthy soil and improving the plants' immune systems. Special emphasis is given to potentially replacing conventional fertilizer to create a more sustainable cropping system via organic farming. Besides, we discuss the capability of BSF bioconversion to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the socioeconomic aspect. The prospects of BSF frass in promoting a healthy environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the socioeconomic aspects of communities have also been highlighted. Overall, BSF frass offers an alternative approach that can be integrated with conventional fertilizers to optimize the cropping system. Further studies are needed to fully explore its potential in establishing sustainable system that can enhance socioeconomic benefits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazilah Abd Manan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Yao-Kai Yeoh
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia; Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia; Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia
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Karkanis A, Asprogeraka AC, Paouris E, Ntanasi T, Karavidas I, Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG, Ntatsi G. Yellow mealworm frass: A promising organic fertilizer for common sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.) and bristly oxtongue ( Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub) cultivation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35508. [PMID: 39170546 PMCID: PMC11336730 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) and bristly oxtongue [Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub] are winter broad-leaved weeds that have gained interest for cultivation as leafy vegetables. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of frass from the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) on nutrient content in soil, growth parameters, and nutrient content in above-ground plant tissues of common sowthistle and bristly oxtongue. Thus, two pot experiments were carried out with 5 treatments [control, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) applied at a dose of 100 kg N ha-1, and insect frass applied at a rate of 3500 kg ha-1 (0.5 % w/w) 7000 kg ha-1 (1 % w/w), and 14,000 kg ha-1 (2 % w/w)]. Our results showed that the lowest values of growth parameters for both plant species were recorded in the control treatment. At the final rosette growth stage [e.g., 152 days after sowing (DAS)], the CAN treatment exhibited the highest values of rosette diameter and above-ground dry weight, followed by the highest rate of insect frass. Similarly, at 152 DAS the SPAD index values in the CAN treatment were 28.4-41.5 % higher compared to the control treatment in both species. Regarding root dry weight, the highest values were found in the CAN and insect frass 2 % treatments. In addition, the application of insect frass significantly enhanced soil fertility, with the highest levels of P and K recorded in the insect frass 2 % treatment. In contrast, the CAN treatment resulted in the highest NO3-N content in the soil (15.83 and 19.26 mg kg-1 in common sowthistle and bristly oxtongue, respectively). Moreover, both P and K content in the above-ground plant tissues had the highest values in the insect frass 2 % treatment, while the content of Mg, Mn, and Cu in plant tissues was not affected by the fertilization sources. Therefore, our findings indicate that insect frass can be an additional option in crop fertilization programs as it can improve both the soil fertility and growth of crops compared to conventional inorganic fertilizer sources. However, the effects of insect frass in mixtures with inorganic fertilizers needs to be taken into consideration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anestis Karkanis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | | | - Efthymios Paouris
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Theodora Ntanasi
- Department of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karavidas
- Department of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos I. Rumbos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Department of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Arabzadeh G, Delisle-Houde M, Vandenberg GW, Deschamps MH, Dorais M, Derome N, Tweddell RJ. Suppressive Effect of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass on Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato Plants. INSECTS 2024; 15:613. [PMID: 39194818 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass derived from BSFL reared on a diet composed of fruit/vegetable/bakery/brewery residues (FVBB diet) and on the Gainesville diet (GV diet) on the development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Tomato plants were grown in a substrate inoculated with FOL that was amended (10%, v:v) or not (control) with either a commercial compost, pasteurized (70 °C for 1 h) frass from BSFL reared on a FVBB diet, non-pasteurized frass from BSFL reared on a FVBB diet, pasteurized frass from BSFL reared on the GV diet, or non-pasteurized frass from BSFL reared on the GV diet. The results show that frass from BSFL reared on the GV diet, irrespective of pasteurization, inhibited FOL root colonization and reduced the severity of tomato Fusarium wilt to a far greater extent than frass from BSFL reared on a FVBB diet and commercial compost made of peat, seaweed, and shrimps. This study suggests that BSFL frass, depending on the larval rearing diet, has the potential to serve as a pasteurized or non-pasteurized soil amendment with prophylactic properties against FOL in tomato plants, opening new avenues of research for the valorization of BSFL frass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Arabzadeh
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Grant W Vandenberg
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Martine Dorais
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Zhao Z, Gao B, Yang C, Wu Y, Sun C, Jiménez N, Zheng L, Huang F, Ren Z, Yu Z, Yu C, Zhang J, Cai M. Stimulating the biofilm formation of Bacillus populations to mitigate soil antibiotic resistome during insect fertilizer application. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108831. [PMID: 38936065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in soil introduced by organic fertilizer application pose a globally recognized threat to human health. Insect organic fertilizer may be a promising alternative due to its low antibiotic resistance. However, it is not yet clear how to regulate soil microbes to reduce antibiotic resistance in organic fertilizer agricultural application. In this study, we investigated soil microbes and antibiotic resistome under black soldier fly organic fertilizer (BOF) application in pot and field systems. Our study shows that BOF could stimulate ARB (antibiotic resistant - bacteria) - suppressive Bacillaceae in the soil microbiome and reduce antibiotic resistome. The carbohydrate transport and metabolism pathway of soil Bacillaceae was strengthened, which accelerated the synthesis and transport of polysaccharides to form biofilm to antagonistic soil ARB, and thus reduced the antibiotic resistance. We further tested the ARB - suppressive Bacillus spp. in a microcosm assay, which resulted in a significant decrease in the presence of ARGs and ARB together with higher abundance in key biofilm formation gene (epsA). This knowledge might help to the development of more efficient bio-fertilizers aimed at mitigating soil antibiotic resistance and enhancing soil health, in particular, under the requirements of global "One Health".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bingqi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chongrui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yushi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Núria Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vilanova i la Geltrú School of Engineering (EPSEVG), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrú 08800, Spain
| | - Longyu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Jibin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Minmin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Wu N, Ma Y, Yu X, Wang X, Wang Q, Liu X, Xu X. Black soldier fly larvae bioconversion and subsequent composting promote larval frass quality during pig and chicken manure transformation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130777. [PMID: 38701978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This research systematically assessed the changes in carbon, nitrogen and microbial profiling during pig and chicken manure transformation by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and subsequent composting process. BSFL had higher conversion efficiency for chicken manure. The pH, phosphorus and potassium contents in fresh BSFL frass increased than raw manure, but conductivity, total-/nitrate-/ammonium-nitrogen decreased. After BSFL conversion, pig manure had a larger nitrogen loss (25 %) while chicken manure had a larger carbon loss (32 %). During subsequent composting, the indicator changes (e.g. humus, ammonium nitrogen) in frass composts basically remained stable after 20-30 days. Compared to natural composts, frass composts had higher humification degree, cellulase activities, and more cellulose-degrading bacteria. Subsequent composting further reduced potential pathogens (reduced by 98.9 %-99.7 % than raw manure), and elevated the aromaticity and humification of frass. The findings gave an insight into the maturation management of manure-sourced insect frass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
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Kannan M, Vitenberg T, Schweitzer R, Opatovsky I. Hemolymph metabolism of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), response to different supplemental fungi. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38713543 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is commonly used for organic waste recycling and animal feed production. However, the often inadequate nutrients in organic waste necessitate nutritional enhancement of black soldier fly larvae, e.g., by fungal supplementation of its diet. We investigated the amino acid composition of two fungi, Candida tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout (Saccharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae) and Pichia kudriavzevii Boidin, Pignal & Besson (Saccharomycetales: Pichiaceae), from the black soldier fly gut, and commercial baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen (Saccharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae), and their effects on larval growth and hemolymph metabolites in fifth-instar black soldier fly larvae. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the effect of fungal metabolites on black soldier fly larval metabolism. Amino acid analysis revealed significant variation among the fungi. Fungal supplementation led to increased larval body mass and differential metabolite accumulation. The three fungal species caused distinct metabolic changes, with each over-accumulating and down-accumulating various metabolites. We identified significant alteration of histidine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in BSF larvae treated with C. tropicalis. Treatment with P. kudriavzevii affected histidine metabolism and citrate cycle metabolites, while both P. kudriavzevii and S. cerevisiae treatments impacted tyrosine metabolism. Treatment with S. cerevisiae resulted in down-accumulation of metabolites related to glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. This study suggests that adding fungi to the larval diet significantly affects black soldier fly larval metabolomics. Further research is needed to understand how individual amino acids and their metabolites contributed by fungi affect black soldier fly larval physiology, growth, and development, to elucidate the interaction between fungal nutrients and black soldier fly physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Kannan
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, 11 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Tzach Vitenberg
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Ron Schweitzer
- Department of Natural Compounds and Analytical Chemistry, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Itai Opatovsky
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, 11 Upper Galilee, Israel
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Lomonaco G, Franco A, De Smet J, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Falabella P. Larval Frass of Hermetia illucens as Organic Fertilizer: Composition and Beneficial Effects on Different Crops. INSECTS 2024; 15:293. [PMID: 38667423 PMCID: PMC11050032 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens has received a lot of attention as its larval stage can grow on organic substrates, even those that are decomposing. Black soldier fly breeding provides a variety of valuable products, including frass, a mixture of larval excrements, larval exuviae, and leftover feedstock, that can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture. Organic fertilizers, such as frass, bringing beneficial bacteria and organic materials into the soil, improves its health and fertility. This comprehensive review delves into a comparative analysis of frass derived from larvae fed on different substrates. The composition of micro- and macro-nutrients, pH levels, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, moisture levels, and the proportion of dry matter are under consideration. The effect of different feeding substrates on the presence of potentially beneficial bacteria for plant growth within the frass is also reported. A critical feature examined in this review is the post-application beneficial impacts of frass on crops, highlighting the agricultural benefits and drawbacks of introducing Hermetia illucens frass into cultivation operations. One notable feature of this review is the categorization of the crops studied into distinct groups, which is useful to simplify comparisons in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lomonaco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.L.); (A.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.L.); (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff Xflies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.L.); (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff Xflies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.L.); (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff Xflies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.L.); (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff Xflies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Beesigamukama D, Tanga CM, Sevgan S, Ekesi S, Kelemu S. Waste to value: Global perspective on the impact of entomocomposting on environmental health, greenhouse gas mitigation and soil bioremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166067. [PMID: 37544444 PMCID: PMC10594063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The innovative use of insects to recycle low-value organic waste into value-added products such as food, feed and other products with a low ecological footprint has attracted rapid attention globally. The insect frass (a combination unconsumed substrate, faeces, and exuviae) contains substantial amounts of nutrients and beneficial microbes that could utilised as fertilizer. We analyse research trends and report on the production, nutrient quality, maturity and hygiene status of insect-composted organic fertilizer (ICOF) generated from different organic wastes, and their influence on soil fertility, pest and pathogen suppression, and crop productivity. Lastly, we discuss the impact of entomocomposting on greenhouse gas mitigation and provide critical analysis on the regulatory aspects of entomocomposting, and utilization and commercialisation ICOF products. This information should be critical to inform research and policy decisions aimed at developing and promoting appropriate standards and guidelines for quality production, sustainable utilization, and successful integration of entomocompost into existing fertilizer supply chains and cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Jenkins SN, Middleton JA, Huang Z, Mickan BS, Andersen MO, Wheat L, Waite IS, Abbott LK. Combining frass and fatty acid co-products derived from Black soldier fly larvae farming shows potential as a slow release fertiliser. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165371. [PMID: 37422234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to process large volumes of organic waste is an emerging industry to produce protein. A co-product of this industry, the larval faeces (frass), has potential to be used as an organic fertiliser in a circular economy. However, BSFL frass has a high ammonium (N-NH4+) content which could result in nitrogen (N) loss following its application to land. One solution is to process the frass by combining it with solid fatty acids (FA) that have previously been used to manufacture slow-release inorganic fertilisers. We investigated the slow-releasing effect of N after combining BSFL frass with three FAs - lauric, myristic and stearic acid. Soil was amended with the three forms of FA processed (FA-P) frass, unprocessed frass or a control and incubated for 28 days. The impact of treatments on soil properties and soil bacterial communities were characterised during the incubation. Lower N-NH4+ concentrations occurred in soil treated with FA-P frass compared to unprocessed frass, and N-NH4+ release was slowest for lauric acid processed frass. Initially, all frass treatments caused a large shift in the soil bacterial community towards a dominance of fast-growing r-strategists that were correlated with increased organic carbon levels. FA-P frass appeared to enhance the immobilisation of N-NH4+ (from frass) by diverting it into microbial biomass. Unprocessed and stearic acid processed frass became enriched by slow-growing K-strategist bacteria at the latter stages of the incubation. Consequently, when frass was combined with FAs, FA chain length played an important role in regulating the composition of r-/K- strategists in soil and N and carbon cycling. Modifying frass with FAs could be developed into a slow release fertiliser leading to reduced soil N loss, improved fertiliser use efficiency, increased profitability and lower production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha N Jenkins
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | - Jen A Middleton
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - ZhouDa Huang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Bede S Mickan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Morten O Andersen
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; The Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Luke Wheat
- Future Green Solutions, Moresby, WA 6530, Australia
| | - Ian S Waite
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Lynette K Abbott
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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10
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Liang J, Cheng Y, Ma Y, Yu X, Wang Z, Wu N, Wang X, Liu X, Xu X. Effects of straw addition on the physicochemical and microbial features of black soldier fly larvae frass derived from fish meat and bone meal. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1435-1444. [PMID: 36951008 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) hold great promise for sustainable management of meat and bone meal (MBM), a kind of organic waste. Harvested BSFL frass can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer. This study evaluated the quality and microbial profile in the frass of BSFL, fed with fish MBM containing 0% (CK), 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% (T3) of rice straw. Results suggested straw addition into fish MBM had no significant impacts on BSFL weight; however, straw addition remarkably affected waste reduction and conversion efficiency, as well as physicochemical properties including electric conductivity, organic matter (OM) and total phosphorus contents in frass. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that increasing levels of cellulose and lignin might not be fully degraded or transformed by BSFL when more straw was introduced into substrates. Straw addition had hardly significant influences on microbial richness or evenness in BSFL frass, only T3 treatment remarkably elevated the phylogenetic diversity value more than the control. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla. Genera Myroides, Acinetobacter and Paenochrobactrum maintained high abundances in all frass samples. Elements including OM, pH and Na were key factors in shaping the microbiological characteristics of BSFL frass. Our findings helped to understand the effects of fish MBM waste manipulation on BSFL frass qualities and contributed to the further application of BSFL frass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixian Cheng
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Ma
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Wu N, Yu X, Liang J, Mao Z, Ma Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X, Xu X. A full recycling chain of food waste with straw addition mediated by black soldier fly larvae: Focus on fresh frass quality, secondary composting, and its fertilizing effect on maize. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163386. [PMID: 37031930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of food waste (FW) by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has great potential in generating high-quality organic fertilizers (insect frass). However, the stabilization of BSFL frass and its fertilizing effect on crops remain largely unexplored. Here, a full recycling chain mediated by BSFL from FW source to end application was systematically evaluated. BSFL were reared on FW containing 0 %-6 % of rice straw. Straw addition alleviated the high salinity of BSFL frass (Na decreased from 5.9 % to 3.3 %). Specifically, 4 % straw addition significantly enhanced larval biomass and conversion rates, producing fresh frass with a higher humification degree. Lactobacillus (57.0 %-79.9 %) strongly prevailed in almost all fresh frass. A 32-day secondary composting process continued to increase the humification degree of 4 % straw-added frass. Major indicators e.g., pH, organic matter (OM), NPK of final compost basically met the organic fertilizer standard. Application of composted frass fertilizers (0 %-6 %) substantially improved soil OM, nutrients availability and enzyme activities. Moreover, 2 % frass application had optimal enhancing impacts on the height and weight, root activity, total phosphorus and net photosynthetic rate of maize seedling. These findings gave an insight into the BSFL-mediated FW conversion process and proposed the rational application of BSFL frass fertilizer in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Zhiyue Mao
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Ye Ma
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
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12
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Kee PE, Cheng YS, Chang JS, Yim HS, Tan JCY, Lam SS, Lan JCW, Ng HS, Khoo KS. Insect biorefinery: A circular economy concept for biowaste conversion to value-added products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115284. [PMID: 36640934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With rapid growing world population and increasing demand for natural resources, the production of sufficient food, feed for protein and fat sources and sustainable energy presents a food insecurity challenge globally. Insect biorefinery is a concept of using insect as a tool to convert biomass waste into energy and other beneficial products with concomitant remediation of the organic components. The exploitation of insects and its bioproducts have becoming more popular in recent years. This review article presents a summary of the current trend of insect-based industry and the potential organic wastes for insect bioconversion and biorefinery. Numerous biotechnological products obtained from insect biorefinery such as biofertilizer, animal feeds, edible foods, biopolymer, bioenzymes and biodiesel are discussed in the subsequent sections. Insect biorefinery serves as a promising sustainable approach for waste management while producing valuable bioproducts feasible to achieve circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Kee
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hip Seng Yim
- Booya Holdings, Northpoint Mid Valley City, No. 1 Medan Syed Putra Utara, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John Choon Yee Tan
- Zelcos Biotech Sdn Bhd, No. 1 Lorong Nagasari 11, Taman Nagasari, 13600 Prai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Carroll A, Fitzpatrick M, Hodge S. The Effects of Two Organic Soil Amendments, Biochar and Insect Frass Fertilizer, on Shoot Growth of Cereal Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1071. [PMID: 36903931 PMCID: PMC10004817 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the environmental harm associated with high-input agriculture, arable farmers are increasingly required to maintain productivity while reducing inputs of synthetic fertilizers. Thus, a diverse range of organic products are now being investigated in terms of their value as alternative fertilizers and soil amendments. This study used a series of glasshouse trials to investigate the effects of an insect frass-based fertilizer derived from black soldier fly waste [HexaFrass™, Meath, Ireland] and biochar on four cereals grown in Ireland (barley, oats, triticale, spelt) as animal feed and for human consumption. In general, the application of low quantities of HexaFrass™ resulted in significant increases in shoot growth in all four cereal species, along with increased foliage concentrations of NPK and SPAD levels (a measure of chlorophyll density). These positive effects of HexaFrass™ on shoot growth were observed, however, only when a potting mix with low basal nutrients was used. Additionally, excessive application of HexaFrass™ resulted in reduced shoot growth and, in some cases, seedling mortality. The application of finely ground or crushed biochar produced from four different feedstocks (Ulex, Juncus, woodchip, olive stone) had no consistent positive or negative effects on cereal shoot growth. Overall, our results indicate that insect frass-based fertilizers have good potential in low-input, organic, or regenerative cereal production systems. Based on our results, biochar appears to have less potential as a plant growth promoting product, but could be used as a tool for lowering whole-farm carbon budgets by providing a simplistic means of storing carbon in farm soils.
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Naser El Deen S, van Rozen K, Elissen H, van Wikselaar P, Fodor I, van der Weide R, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Rezaei Far A, Veldkamp T. Bioconversion of Different Waste Streams of Animal and Vegetal Origin and Manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:204. [PMID: 36835773 PMCID: PMC9968099 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered a commercially viable solution for global organic waste problems. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of rearing BSFL on a wide range of low-value waste streams and its potential to transform them into high-quality animal feed and fertilizer. Six waste streams of different origins were selected and each tested in triplicate. Several parameters were analysed: growth performance, waste reduction index (WRI), conversion efficiency (ECI) and larval composition. Frass composition was also analysed. Larvae reared on fast food waste (FFW) had the highest ECI and WRI and the lowest values when reared on pig manure slurry mixed with silage grass (PMLSG) and slaughter waste (SW). The highest protein content was found for larvae reared on mushroom stems (MS) although this substrate had the lowest protein content. Moreover, the frass nutritional profile was proportionally related to the substrate's nutritional profile: the protein-rich substrate (SW) resulted in protein-rich frass and the low-protein substrate (MS) resulted in protein-poor frass. The same was true for the lipid content. In conclusion, this study showed that BSFL can be successfully reared on a wide range of waste streams that can affect the larval and frass chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaas van Rozen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Edelhertweg 1, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Elissen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Edelhertweg 1, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet van Wikselaar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Istvan Fodor
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arya Rezaei Far
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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An Efficient Approach of Biodiesel Production from New Sustainable Insect Lipid Using Biomass-Based Carbon Catalyst: Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Fuhrmann A, Wilde B, Conz RF, Kantengwa S, Konlambigue M, Masengesho B, Kintche K, Kassa K, Musazura W, Späth L, Gold M, Mathys A, Six J, Hartmann M. Residues from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae rearing influence the plant-associated soil microbiome in the short term. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994091. [PMID: 36225364 PMCID: PMC9550165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) efficiently close resource cycles. Next to the nutrient-rich insect biomass used as animal feed, the residues from the process are promising plant fertilizers. Besides a high nutrient content, the residues contain a diverse microbial community and application to soil can potentially promote soil fertility and agricultural production through the introduction of beneficial microbes. This research assessed the application of the residues on plant-associated bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of a grass-clover mix in a 42-day greenhouse pot study. Potted soil was amended with BSFL residues (BR+) or conventional compost (CC+) produced by Rwandan waste management companies in parallel to residues and compost sterilized (BR-, CC-) by high-energy electron beam (HEEB) as abiotic controls. The fertilizers were applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha−1. Soil bacterial and fungal communities in both fertilizer and soil were assessed by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal markers at different times after fertilizer application. Additionally, indicators for soil fertility such as basal respiration, plant yield and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. Results showed that the application of BSFL residues influenced the soil microbial communities, and especially fungi, stronger than CC fertilizers. These effects on the microbial community structure could partly be attributed to a potential introduction of microbes to the soil by BSFL residues (e.g., members of genus Bacillus) since untreated and sterilized BSFL residues promoted different microbial communities. With respect to the abiotic effects, we emphasize a potential driving role of particular classes of organic matter like fiber and chitin. Indeed, especially taxa associated with decomposition of organic matter (e.g., members of the fungal genus Mortierella) were promoted by the application of BSFL residues. Soil fertility with respect to plant yield (+17% increase compared to unamended control) and basal respiration (+16% increase compared to unamended control) tended to be improved with the addition of BSFL residues. Findings underline the versatile opportunities for soil fertility arising from the application of BSFL residues in plant production and point to further research on quantification of the described effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fuhrmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rafaela Feola Conz
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kokou Kintche
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kinfe Kassa
- Faculty of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - William Musazura
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Leonhard Späth
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Transdisciplinary Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Martin Hartmann,
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17
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Núñez-Delgado A, Dominguez JR, Zhou Y, Race M. New trends on green energy and environmental technologies, with special focus on biomass valorization, water and waste recycling: editorial of the special issue. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115209. [PMID: 35533594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this editorial piece, the Editors of the Virtual Special Issue (VSI) "New Trends on Green Energy and Environmental Technologies, with Special Focus on Biomass Valorization, Water and Waste Recycling", present summarized data corresponding to the accepted submissions, as well as additional comments regarding the thematic of the VSI. Overall, 83 manuscripts were received, with final publication of those having the highest quality, accepted after peer-reviewing. The Editors think that the result is a set of very interesting papers that increase the knowledge on the matter, and which would be useful for researchers and the whole society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Sci. and Agric. Chem., Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Engineering Polytech. School, Campus Univ. S/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Joaquín R Dominguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
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Zhang Y, Xiao X, Elhag O, Cai M, Zheng L, Huang F, Jordan HR, Tomberlin JK, Sze SH, Yu Z, Zhang J. Hermetia illucens L. larvae-associated intestinal microbes reduce the transmission risk of zoonotic pathogens in pig manure. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2631-2644. [PMID: 35881487 PMCID: PMC9518977 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are considered a promising biological reactor to convert organic waste and reduce the impact of zoonotic pathogens on the environment. We analysed the effects of BSF larvae on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. populations in pig manure (PM), which showed that BSF larvae can significantly reduce the counts of the associated S. aureus and Salmonella spp. Then, using a sterile BSF larval system, we validated the function of BSF larval intestinal microbiota in vivo to suppress pathogens, and lastly, we isolated eight bacterial strains from the BSF larval gut that inhibit S. aureus. Results indicated that functional microbes are essential for BSF larvae to antagonise S. aureus. Moreover, the analysis results of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and S. aureus and Salmonella spp. showed that Myroides, Tissierella, Oblitimonas, Paenalcalignes, Terrisporobacter, Clostridium, Fastidiosipila, Pseudomonas, Ignatzschineria, Savagea, Moheibacter and Sphingobacterium were negatively correlated with S. aureus and Salmonella. Overall, these results suggested that the potential ability of BSF larvae to inhibit S. aureus and Salmonella spp. present in PM is accomplished primarily by gut‐associated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Osama Elhag
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather R Jordan
- Department of Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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19
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Lopes IG, Yong JW, Lalander C. Frass derived from black soldier fly larvae treatment of biodegradable wastes. A critical review and future perspectives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 142:65-76. [PMID: 35176600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inadequately treated biodegradable waste is considered an environmental, social and economic threat worldwide, which call for great attention. Waste treatment with larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) complies with the concepts of circular economy, as it enables the transformation of these wastes into marketable products, closing loops and promoting circularity. The processing residues of the treatment (frass) is constantly generated in waste management facilities in large volumes, and this product can be used as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, stimulating a transition to a circular economy. However, many aspects related to frass are still unknown, such as its varying composition of nutrients, microorganisms and bioactive compounds, its post-processing requirements for improved biological stabilization, its behavior in the soil and action in the plants' metabolism, among other aspects. In this review article, we highlight the potential of frass from BSF larvae treatment of biodegradable waste in the world market regarding its possible use as a fertilizer, summarize recent results with this novel product and point towards future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Wh Yong
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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20
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Lindberg L, Vinnerås B, Lalander C. Process efficiency in relation to enzyme pre-treatment duration in black soldier fly larvae composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 137:121-127. [PMID: 34752945 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting is a treatment in which biodegradable food waste is converted into animal-feed protein and organic fertiliser. BSFL composting has greatest potential for mixed food waste, but under European Union regulations only plant-based waste is permitted as feed for larvae. Biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) in BSFL composting is lower for plant-based waste than for mixed food waste. One way of improving BCE for plant-based waste is to add enzymes to make the waste more available to the larvae, but enzyme pre-treatment is not commonly applied prior to BSFL composting. Therefore this study examined the impact of enzyme pre-treatment duration on process efficiency in BSFL composting of lettuce-cabbage waste pre-treated with enzymes for 0-4 days. The results showed that total solids (TS) in larvae decreased with longer enzyme pre-treatment. Direct addition of enzymes at the start of BSFL treatment (0 day pre-treatment) resulted in 22% higher BCE on a volatile solids (VS) basis compared with the control, while longer pre-treatment did not improve BCE further. Much of the VS was respired in the 0-day pre-treatment, resulting in lower mass of residues at the end of treatment. Longer pre-treatment increased microbial respiration, suggesting that the microbial community consumed more easily available carbohydrates during the pre-treatment step, which counteracted the purpose of enzyme pre-treatment, i.e. increasing BCE during BSFL composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lindberg
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - B Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Borkent S, Hodge S. Glasshouse Evaluation of the Black Soldier Fly Waste Product HexaFrass™ as an Organic Fertilizer. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110977. [PMID: 34821778 PMCID: PMC8625123 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years farmers have relied on highly efficient synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to achieve increased yields. However, the extensive application of nitrogen-based fertilizers is now associated with several negative impacts on the environment, such as pollution of waterways and eutrophication of lakes and estuaries. To promote more sustainable food production, less environmentally damaging methods of adding nutrients and organic matter to soils are needed. One potential organic fertilizer has arisen recently as a by-product of insect farming. Mass production of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.) results in the production of waste or frass, which is high in organic matter and contains essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. In this study, it was found that one such product, HexaFrass™, improved the shoot and root growth of several herb and vegetable plants when grown under glasshouse conditions, and had similar effects to other commonly-used organic fertilizers, such as chicken manure pellets. As HexaFrass™ is a waste by-product, and the BSF are themselves raised on other food or organic wastes, the use of BSF frass has good potential as a sustainable, more environmentally-friendly, organic soil amendment. Abstract The mass farming of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.), to produce insect-based feed for livestock and fish, results in considerable amounts of insect frass, which contains substantial amounts of organic matter and bioavailable nutrients. Insect frass has shown good potential as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer. This study examined the effects of HexaFrass™ on the growth of common vegetables and herbs under glasshouse conditions. In an organically-rich potting mix, HexaFrass™ increased shoot dry weight by an average of 25%, although this effect was variable among test plants. In other trials, application of HexaFrass™ caused an increase in plant growth similar to that obtained by applying chicken manure and a commercial organic fertilizer. Increases in shoot and root dry weight showed quadratic relationships with HexaFrass™ dose, indicating that application of excessive quantities could lead to plant inhibition. Shoot:root dry matter ratio tended to increase with HexaFrass™ dose suggesting there was no specific stimulation or enhancement of root growth. Overall, these results provide further evidence of the potential of insect frass as an effective organic fertilizer for vegetables and herbs.
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Feng JY, Wang R, Thakur K, Ni ZJ, Zhu YY, Hu F, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Evolution of okara from waste to value added food ingredient: An account of its bio-valorization for improved nutritional and functional effects. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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