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Wieczorkowski JD, Lehmann CER, Archibald S, Banda S, Goyder DJ, Kaluwe M, Kapinga K, Larridon I, Mashau AC, Phiri E, Syampungani S. Fire facilitates ground layer plant diversity in a Miombo ecosystem. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:743-756. [PMID: 38468311 PMCID: PMC11082521 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the response of ground layer plant communities to fire in Miombo ecosystems, which is a global blind spot of ecological understanding. We aimed: (1) to assess the impact of three experimentally imposed fire treatments on ground layer species composition and compare it with patterns observed for trees; and (2) to analyse the effect of fire treatments on species richness to assess how responses differ among plant functional groups. METHODS At a 60-year-long fire experiment in Zambia, we quantified the richness and diversity of ground layer plants in terms of taxa and functional groups across three experimental fire treatments of late dry-season fire, early dry-season fire and fire exclusion. Data were collected in five repeat surveys from the onset of the wet season to the early dry season. KEY RESULTS Of the 140 ground layer species recorded across the three treatments, fire-maintained treatments contributed most of the richness and diversity, with the least number of unique species found in the no-fire treatment. The early-fire treatment was more similar in composition to the no-fire treatment than to the late-fire treatment. C4 grass and geoxyle richness were highest in the late-fire treatment, and there were no shared sedge species between the late-fire and other treatments. At a plot level, the average richness in the late-fire treatment was twice that of the fire exclusion treatment. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneity in fire seasonality and intensity supports diversity of a unique flora by providing a diversity of local environments. African ecosystems face rapid expansion of land- and fire-management schemes for carbon offsetting and sequestration. We demonstrate that analyses of the impacts of such schemes predicated on the tree flora alone are highly likely to underestimate impacts on biodiversity. A research priority must be a new understanding of the Miombo ground layer flora integrated into policy and land management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub D Wieczorkowski
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
- Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
- Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Sarah Banda
- Herbarium, Division of Forest Research, Forestry Department, PO Box 22099, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - David J Goyder
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Mokwani Kaluwe
- Herbarium, Division of Forest Research, Forestry Department, PO Box 22099, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Kondwani Kapinga
- Dag Hammarskjöld Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies – Environment, Sustainable Development and Peace, Copperbelt University, PO Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | | | - Aluoneswi C Mashau
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Foundational Research and Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Elina Phiri
- Herbarium, Division of Forest Research, Forestry Department, PO Box 22099, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Stephen Syampungani
- Oliver R Tambo Africa Research Chair Initiative for Environment and Development, Copperbelt University, PO Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Johnston FH, Williamson G, Borchers-Arriagada N, Henderson SB, Bowman DMJS. Climate Change, Landscape Fires, and Human Health: A Global Perspective. Annu Rev Public Health 2024; 45:295-314. [PMID: 38166500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-034131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Landscape fires are an integral component of the Earth system and a feature of prehistoric, subsistence, and industrial economies. Specific spatiotemporal patterns of landscape fire occur in different locations around the world, shaped by the interactions between environmental and human drivers of fire activity. Seven distinct types of landscape fire emerge from these interactions: remote area fires, wildfire disasters, savanna fires, Indigenous burning, prescribed burning, agricultural burning, and deforestation fires. All can have substantial impacts on human health and well-being directly and indirectly through (a) exposure to heat flux (e.g., injuries and destructive impacts), (b) emissions (e.g., smoke-related health impacts), and (c) altered ecosystem functioning (e.g., biodiversity, amenity, water quality, and climate impacts). Minimizing the adverse effects of landscape fires on population health requires understanding how human and environmental influences on fire impacts can be modified through interventions targeted at individual, community, and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay H Johnston
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Safe Air, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Grant Williamson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Safe Air, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Ibanez T, Platt WJ, Bellingham PJ, Vieilledent G, Franklin J, Martin PH, Menkes C, Pérez-Salicrup DR, Russell-Smith J, Keppel G. Altered cyclone-fire interactions are changing ecosystems. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1218-1230. [PMID: 36244895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global change is altering interactions between ecological disturbances. We review interactions between tropical cyclones and fires that affect woody biomes in many islands and coastal areas. Cyclone-induced damage to trees can increase fuel loads on the ground and dryness in the understory, which increases the likelihood, intensity, and area of subsequent fires. In forest biomes, cyclone-fire interactions may initiate a grass-fire cycle and establish stable open-canopy biomes. In cyclone-prone regions, frequent cyclone-enhanced fires may generate and maintain stable open-canopy biomes (e.g., savannas and woodlands). We discuss how global change is transforming fire and cyclone regimes, extensively altering cyclone-fire interactions. These altered cyclone-fire interactions are shifting biomes away from historical states and causing loss of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ibanez
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - William J Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Peter J Bellingham
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Janet Franklin
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Patrick H Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Christophe Menkes
- ENTROPIE, UMR 9220, IRD, Univ. de la Réunion, CNRS, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Diego R Pérez-Salicrup
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jeremy Russell-Smith
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia; International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Awuah J, Smith SW, Speed JDM, Graae BJ. Can seasonal fire management reduce the risk of carbon loss from wildfires in a protected Guinea savanna? Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Awuah
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
| | - Stuart W. Smith
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - James D. M. Speed
- Department of Natural History NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Bente J. Graae
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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Jones PJ, Furlaud JM, Williamson GJ, Johnston FH, Bowman DMJS. Smoke pollution must be part of the savanna fire management equation: A case study from Darwin, Australia. AMBIO 2022; 51:2214-2226. [PMID: 35608727 PMCID: PMC9481847 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Savanna fire management is a topic of global debate, with early dry season burning promoted as a large-scale emissions reduction opportunity. To date, discussions have centred on carbon abatement efficacy, biodiversity and cultural benefits and/or risks. Here we use a case study of Darwin, Australia to highlight smoke pollution as another critical consideration. Smoke pollution from savanna fires is a major public health issue, yet absent so far from discussions of program design. Here, we assess the likely impacts of increased early dry season burning on smoke pollution in Darwin between 2004 and 2019, spanning the introduction and expansion of carbon abatement programs. We found increased smoke pollution in the early dry season but little change in the late dry season, contributing to a net annual increase in air quality standard exceedances. Geospatial analysis suggests this relates to increased burning in the path of early dry season trade winds. This study highlights the complex health trade-offs involved with any large-scale prescribed burning, including for carbon abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia
| | - James M. Furlaud
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Grant J. Williamson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Fay H. Johnston
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia
- Public Health Services, Department of Health, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia
| | - David M. J. S. Bowman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
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6
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Zhou Y, Singh J, Butnor JR, Coetsee C, Boucher PB, Case MF, Hockridge EG, Davies AB, Staver AC. Limited increases in savanna carbon stocks over decades of fire suppression. Nature 2022; 603:445-449. [PMID: 35296846 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Savannas cover a fifth of the land surface and contribute a third of terrestrial net primary production, accounting for three-quarters of global area burned and more than half of global fire-driven carbon emissions1-3. Fire suppression and afforestation have been proposed as tools to increase carbon sequestration in these ecosystems2,4. A robust quantification of whole-ecosystem carbon storage in savannas is lacking however, especially under altered fire regimes. Here we provide one of the first direct estimates of whole-ecosystem carbon response to more than 60 years of fire exclusion in a mesic African savanna. We found that fire suppression increased whole-ecosystem carbon storage by only 35.4 ± 12% (mean ± standard error), even though tree cover increased by 78.9 ± 29.3%, corresponding to total gains of 23.0 ± 6.1 Mg C ha-1 at an average of about 0.35 ± 0.09 Mg C ha-1 year-1, more than an order of magnitude lower than previously assumed4. Frequently burned savannas had substantial belowground carbon, especially in biomass and deep soils. These belowground reservoirs are not fully considered in afforestation or fire-suppression schemes but may mean that the decadal sequestration potential of savannas is negligible, especially weighed against concomitant losses of biodiversity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jenia Singh
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John R Butnor
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Corli Coetsee
- Scientific Services, SANParks, Skukuza, South Africa.,School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Peter B Boucher
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madelon F Case
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Evan G Hockridge
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Davies
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Carla Staver
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Lipsett-Moore GJ, Wolff NH, Game ET. Response to: Problems and promises of savanna fire regime change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4892. [PMID: 34385429 PMCID: PMC8361125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward T Game
- The Nature Conservancy, Asia Pacific Resource Centre, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Edwards A, Archer R, De Bruyn P, Evans J, Lewis B, Vigilante T, Whyte S, Russell-Smith J. Transforming fire management in northern Australia through successful implementation of savanna burning emissions reductions projects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112568. [PMID: 33887642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Savannas are the most fire-prone of Earth's biomes and currently account for most global burned area and associated carbon emissions. In Australia, over recent decades substantial development of savanna burning emissions accounting methods has been undertaken to incentivise more conservative savanna fire management and reduce the extent and severity of late dry season wildfires. Since inception of Australia's formal regulated savanna burning market in 2012, today 25% of the 1.2M km2 fire-prone northern savanna region is managed under such arrangements. Although savanna burning projects generate significant emissions reductions and associated financial benefits especially for Indigenous landowners, various biodiversity conservation considerations, including fine-scale management requirements for conservation of fire-vulnerable taxa, remain contentious. For the entire savanna burning region, here we compare outcomes achieved at 'with-project' vs 'non-project' sites over the period 2000-19, with respect to explicit ecologically defined fire regime metrics, and assembled fire history and spatial mapping coverages. We find that there has been little significant fire regime change at non-project sites, whereas, at with-project sites under all land uses, from 2013 there has been significant reduction in late season wildfire, increase in prescribed early season mitigation burning and patchiness metrics, and seasonally variable changes in extent of unburnt (>2, >5 years) habitat. Despite these achievements, it is acknowledged that savanna burning projects do not provide a fire management panacea for a variety of key regional conservation, production, and cultural management issues. Rather, savanna burning projects can provide an effective operational funded framework to assist with delivering various landscape-scale management objectives. With these caveats in mind, significant potential exists for implementing incentivised fire management approaches in other fire-prone international savanna settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edwards
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT, 0909, Australia; Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, East Melbourne Vic, 3002, Australia
| | - Ricky Archer
- North Australian Land and Sea Management Alliance, PO Box 486 CDU NT 0815, Australia
| | - Phillip De Bruyn
- Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, PO Box 65 Broome, WA, 6725, Australia
| | - Jay Evans
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT, 0909, Australia; Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, East Melbourne Vic, 3002, Australia
| | - Ben Lewis
- Fire Stick & Associates, PO Box 18 Pine Creek NT 0847, Australia
| | - Tom Vigilante
- Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation, PMB 16 Kalumburu, WA, 6740, Australia
| | - Sandy Whyte
- APN (Aaak Puul Ngantam) Cape York, Level 1 18-20 Donaldson street, Cairns Qld, 4870, Australia
| | - Jeremy Russell-Smith
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT, 0909, Australia; Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, East Melbourne Vic, 3002, Australia; North Australian Land and Sea Management Alliance, PO Box 486 CDU NT 0815, Australia
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