1
|
Cerlanek AR, Timshina AS, Robey N, Lin AM, Solo-Gabriele HM, Townsend TG, Bowden JA. Investigating the partitioning behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during thermal landfill leachate evaporation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134500. [PMID: 38714054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Thermal landfill leachate evaporator systems can reduce the volume of leachate by up to 97%, while releasing water vapor and producing residuals (volume-reduced leachate and sludge) that are managed on-site. On-site thermal evaporators offer landfill operators leachate management autonomy without being subject to increasingly stringent wastewater treatment plant requirements. However, little is known about the partitioning of PFAS within these systems, nor the extent to which PFAS may be emitted into the environment via vapor. In this study, feed leachate, residual evaporated leachate, sludge, and condensed vapor were sampled at two active full-scale thermal landfill leachate evaporators and from a laboratory-scale leachate evaporation experiment. Samples were analyzed for 91 PFAS via ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Similar trends were observed from Evaporator 1, Evaporator 2, and the laboratory-scale evaporator; ∑PFAS were concentrated in the residual evaporated leachate during evaporation by a factor of 5.3 to 20. All condensed vapors sampled (n = 5) contained PFAS, predominantly 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (5:3FTCA), (full-scale vapors 729 - 4087 ng/L PFAS; lab-scale vapor 61.0 ng/L PFAS). For Evaporators 1 and 2, an estimated 9 - 24% and 10%, respectively, of the PFAS mass entering the evaporators in leachate was released with vapor during the days of sample collection. '.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Cerlanek
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Alina S Timshina
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Nicole Robey
- Innovative Waste Consulting Services LLC, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA
| | - Ashley M Lin
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- University of Miami, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - John A Bowden
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cerlanek A, Liu Y, Robey N, Timshina AS, Bowden JA, Townsend TG. Assessing construction and demolition wood-derived biochar for in-situ per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) removal from landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:382-389. [PMID: 38101234 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
With regulations for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) impending, the abundance of these chemicals of emerging concern in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate increasingly challenges landfill operators to seek on-site leachate pre-treatment options. This two-staged study explores the potential reuse of biochar derived from construction and demolition debris (CDD) wood as an in-situ PFAS sorbent for application within MSW landfill leachate collection systems. Batch leaching tests were first used to examine the feasibility of capturing PFAS from landfill leachate using two sources of CDD-wood-derived biochar. Then, columns were used to test the in-situ sorption capabilities of the same biochars under simulated landfill conditions. All leachates were characterized for pH, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, and 92 PFAS. Seventeen PFAS were detected in the batch leaching experiment, and nine PFAS were detected in column leachates. In the batch leaching scenario, Biochar 1 achieved a maximum of 29% PFAS reduction compared to controls. Columns containing Biochar 1 generated leachates with PFAS concentrations 50% to 80% higher than those in control columns for the duration of the experiment. Columns containing Biochar 2 generated leachates with PFAS concentrations 44% less than controls in week 1 and similar concentrations in weeks 2, 3, and 4. In this study, PFAS removal from landfill leachate using biochar derived from CDD wood was not significant. Further research on biochar derived from CDD wood is needed before it can be recommended as an in-situ landfill leachate pre-treatment method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cerlanek
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yalan Liu
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Nicole Robey
- Innovative Technical Solutions, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Alina S Timshina
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ellis AC, Boyer TH, Fang Y, Liu CJ, Strathmann TJ. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of anion exchange and granular activated carbon systems for remediation of groundwater contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120324. [PMID: 37451124 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange resin (AER) and granular activated carbon (GAC) have emerged as prominent technologies for treatment of waters contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study compares the life cycle environmental impacts and life cycle costs of remediating PFAS-contaminated groundwater with these competing technologies, using field pilot data to inform model inputs. Comparative analysis indicates that AER systems employing single-use "PFAS-selective" resins have lower environmental impacts and costs than systems using regenerable resins or GAC adsorbents, supporting its use in future remediation efforts. Use of GAC operated as a single-use adsorbent led to the highest emissions as well as the highest treatment costs, with thermally-reactivated GAC proving to be less impactful than regenerable AER treatment. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the dominance of media usage rate (MUR), which is highly dependent on the selected PFAS treatment goals, to determine environmental impacts and costs over a 30-year system life cycle. Selection of very stringent changeout criteria (e.g., detection of any PFASs in effluent) significantly reduces the advantages of single-use resins. For regenerable AER, environmental impacts were dominated by management of the PFAS-contaminated brine/co-solvent waste stream used to regenerate the adsorbent, as well as the cosolvent content of the regenerant mixture and the cosolvent recovery efficiency achieved via on-site distillation. High impacts estimated for GAC adsorption, the result of high MUR relative to ion exchange media, can be significantly reduced if spent adsorbents are reused after thermal reactivation, but impacts are still greater than those predicted for single-use ion exchange systems. Findings are expected to hold across a range of diverse sites, including drinking water systems treating more dilute sources of PFAS contamination, as PFAS breakthrough was not found to be highly sensitive to sourcewater PFAS concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson C Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Yida Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States; CDM Smith, Bellevue, WA 98807, United Stats
| | - Charlie J Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States; Kennedy Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, CA 94118, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao J, Feng D, Lee J. Life cycle assessment of calcium oxide pretreatment of corn stover with carbon dioxide neutralization for ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129042. [PMID: 37037333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work used life-cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the environmental and human health impacts of four ethanol production scenarios (S1: CaO pretreatment + H2SO4 neutralization + C6 yeast fermentation; S2: CaO pretreatment + CO2 neutralization + C6 yeast fermentation; S3: CaO pretreatment + H2SO4 neutralization + C6/C5 yeast fermentation; and S4: CaO pretreatment + CO2 neutralization + C6/C5 yeast fermentation), with the functional unit being 1 kg of 95 % ethanol. TheLCA results showed that the total ozone depletion, global warming potential, smog, acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity values were comparable when CO2 or H2SO4 were used to adjust the pH of CaO-pretreated slurry. However, using CO2 for neutralization and C6/C5 yeast for fermentation demonstrated significant benefits in terms of carcinogenicity, non-carcinogenicity, respiratory effect, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion. The findings indicate that the choice of chemicals and strains plays a key role in determining environmental and human health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhao
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.
| | - Danyi Feng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Juhee Lee
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamed BA, Nicomel NR, Hamid H, Li LY. Using circular economy principles in the optimisation of sludge-based activated carbon production for the removal of perfluoroalkyl substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162392. [PMID: 36842579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Massive sewage sludge (SS) production from municipal wastewater treatment plants and the presence of numerous pollutant types render the process of SS treatment and disposal costly and complex. Here, resource recovery from SS was maximised via the optimisation of sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC) production for the removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), while considering economic factors and minimising environmental impacts. SBAC production optimisation was realised under different operating conditions (different ZnCl2 impregnation ratios and different pyrolysis activation temperatures and durations). The sorption capacity of the optimised SBAC with respect to the removal of nine commonly detected PFASs, with environmentally relevant concentrations (∽50 μg/L), from simulated wastewater was evaluated. Economic analysis and life-cycle assessment (LCA) were also performed to determine the feasibility of the process and its potential role in the circular economy. Batch adsorption tests confirmed the high efficiency of the optimised SBACs for PFAS removal (93-100 %), highlighting the possibility of converting SS to SBAC. Economically speaking, the optimised SBAC at 1.5 M ZnCl2, 500 °C, and 0.75 h reduced total production cost by 49 %. Further, the cost could be reduced to as little as 1087 US $/metric-ton compared with that corresponding to the original conditions (2.5 M ZnCl2, 500 °C, 2 h; 2144 US $/metric-ton). LCA results also showed that freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and human non-carcinogenic toxicity were the most affected environmental impact indicators, showing a 49 % decrease when ZnCl2 impregnation ratio was reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 M. These findings highlighted the optimal conditions for the production of SBAC with high sorption capacity at a reduced cost and with reduced environmental impacts. Thus, they can serve as valuable tools for decision making regarding the selection of the most sustainable and economically feasible process for PFAS removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, El-Gamma Street, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Nina Ricci Nicomel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hanna Hamid
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma X, Ji J, Song P, Mao C, Li X. Treatment of nanofiltration membrane concentrates integrated magnetic biochar pretreatment with anaerobic digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115245. [PMID: 36640939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
nanofiltration membrane concentrate (NMC) is an emerging type of wastewater with significant environmental concerns. which can be treated efficiently by an integrated method. In this study, magnetic biochar (MBC) pretreatment integrated with anaerobic digestion (AD) (MBC + AD) was used to treat NMC. Results showed that under the optimal MBC + AD conditions, 79%, 69.4%, 52.9%, and 86.5% of COD, total nitrogen (TN), chromaticity, and light absorbing substances were reduced. For heavy metals removal, 18.3%, 70.0%, 96.4%, 43.8% and 97.5% of Cr (VI), Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were removed, respectively. LC-MS analysis indicated that p-nitrophenol (4-NP) diethyl and phthalate (DEP) were the main organic pollutants in NMC with a removal rate of 60% and 90%. Compared with single AD, in MBC + AD samples, bacterial activity was improved, and genus DMER64 (23.2%) was dominant. The predominant archaea were Methanocorpusculum (53.3%) and Methanosarcina (25.3%), with microbial restructuring and slight methane generation. Additionally, metabolic pathway prediction revealed that both bacterial and archaeal metabolism were significantly enhanced, contributing to the central functional pathways, namely microbial activity metabolism and biodegradation metabolism. In addition, the significantly increased genera Syner-01, Vulcanibacillus, Methanocorpusculum, and Norank_c_Bathyarchaeia were significantly positively related to metabolic function. This finding demonstrated that MBC + AD enhanced contaminant removal, mainly by regulating bacterial diversity and activity. Moreover, the toxicity of NMC decreased after MBC + AD treatment. This study provides a potential biological strategy for the treatment of membrane concentrates and water recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobiao Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China; Key Laboratory for Resources Utilization Technology of Unconventional Water of Gansu Province, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, 730020, PR China
| | - Jing Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Peizhi Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Chunlan Mao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China; Key Laboratory for Resources Utilization Technology of Unconventional Water of Gansu Province, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, 730020, PR China.
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Xi B, Zhu G, Yuan Y, Liu W, Gong Y, Tan W. A critical review of the occurrence, fate and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114980. [PMID: 36460077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this critical review is i) to summarize the occurrence of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfills; ii) to outline the environmental fate and transport of PFASs in landfills; iii) to compare the treatment technologies of PFASs in landfill leachate and remediation methods of PFASs in surrounding groundwater; iv) to identify the research gaps and suggest future research directions. In recent years, PFASs have been detected in landfills around the world, among which Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are mostly studied due to their long-term stability. Short-chain PFASs (<8 carbons) are more common than long-chain PFASs (≧8 carbons) in landfill leachate. PFASs in landfill leachate are eventually transported to the surrounding groundwater, surface water and soil. Some PFASs evaporate from landfills to the ambient air. To avoid the environmental and health risks of PFASs in landfills, new technologies and combined use of existing technologies have been implemented to treat PFASs in landfill leachate. Integrated remediation methods are applied to control the diffusion of PFASs in groundwater surrounding landfills. In future, the mechanisms of PFAAs precursors degradation, the correlation among PFASs in different environmental media around landfills, as well as the environmental behavior and toxic effect of combined pollutants together with PFASs in landfill leachate and surrounding groundwater should be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ganghui Zhu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Weijiang Liu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reyes Flores CA, Ferreira Albuquerque Cunha H, Cavalcanti da Cunha A. Hydrometeorological characterization and estimation of landfill leachate generation in the Eastern Amazon/Brazil. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14686. [PMID: 36710870 PMCID: PMC9879154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex physical-chemical and microbiological composition of leachate in sanitary landfills sets the adequate treatment for different waste types. However, before the final disposal of wastes in receptor waterbodies, it is essential to use specific methods to quantitatively prevent internal flows to find proper treatments. The aim of the present research is to use hydrological models to estimate monthly leachate flow generation in Macapá's Municipal Sanitary Landfill (ASMM), Amapá State, Brazil. Disregarding the temporal trend bias, the average (0.45 m3s-1), minimum (0.07 m3s-1) and maximum (0.72 m3s-1) flows were estimated based on hydrological models in the literature (Rmax = 99%, p < 0.05). The results estimated from different hydrological gauges pointed towards significant spatial variations in final discharge. Thus, estimated flows worked as reference to calculate the loads of coproducts and nutrients concerning different operational stages in ASMM. Therefore, rain intensity estimates have pointed out precipitation variability, and it has significantly affected leachate flow. In conclusion, there would be a proportional increase in leachate flow during extreme maximum precipitation events; overflow would be the effect of such flows and it would assumingly have impact on its surrounding areas. It is also possible estimating some degree of rainfall impact over ASMM's infrastructure in the long term (>10 years), since it could influence its lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Armando Reyes Flores
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Helenilza Ferreira Albuquerque Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil,Environment and Development Department, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil,Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Bowden JA, Tolaymat TM, Townsend TG, Solo-Gabriele HM. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances before and after full-scale landfill leachate treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:110-120. [PMID: 36084369 PMCID: PMC10463282 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many consumer and industrial products, industrial wastes and dewatered sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are disposed of in landfills at the end of their usage, with PFAS in these products leached into landfill leachates. On-site leachate treatment is one possible method to reduce PFAS in leachates. Many landfills are equipped with on-site leachate treatment systems, but few full-scale facilities have been systematically evaluated for PFAS concentration changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate a cross-section of full-scale on-site landfill treatment systems to measure changes in PFAS concentrations. Leachate samples were collected before and after treatment from 15 facilities and were evaluated for 26 PFAS, including 11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), 7 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and 8 perfluoroalkyl acid precursors (PFAA-precursors). Transformation of precursors was evaluated by the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Results showed no obvious reductions in total measured PFAS (∑26PFAS) for on-site treatment systems including ponds, aeration tanks, powdered activated carbon (PAC), and sand filtration. Among evaluated on-site treatment systems, only systems fitted with reverse osmosis (RO) showed significant reductions (98-99 %) of ∑26PFAS in the permeate. Results from the TOP assay showed that untargeted PFAA-precursors converted into targeted short-chain PFCAs increasing ∑26PFAS in oxidized samples by 30 %, on average. Overall, results of this study confirm the efficacy of RO systems and suggest the presence of additional precursors beyond those measured in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Chen
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Hekai Zhang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Thabet M Tolaymat
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang S, Chen X, Du S, Wang J, Dong J, Wu D. Facile synthesis of highly active Ti/Sb-SnO 2 electrode by sol-gel spinning technique for landfill leachate treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1366-1378. [PMID: 34559072 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly active Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes were fabricated using sol-gel spin coating procedure, which exhibited a rough, uniform and multilayer coating structure. The effects of different Sb-SnO2 film layers on the physiochemical, electrochemical properties and pollutant degradability of electrodes and the mechanism were evaluated on a systematic basis. The electrodes with more active layers exhibited higher electro-catalytic performance. Upon exceeding 8 layers, the promotion effect of the coating was reduced. Considering various factors, this paper recommends preparing Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes coated with 8 layers to obtain higher electro-catalytic ability in landfill leachate treatment. The specific number of coating layers should be determined according to the electrode requirements. This work provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the preparation of Ti-SnO2 electrodes with high electro-catalytic activity and stability, while it still remains a great challenge to achieve an excellent balance between performance and stability before Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes can be implemented on a large scale in wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Shuwen Du
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Jingli Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Jiayu Dong
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Donglei Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|