1
|
Zahoor A, Kun R, Mao G, Farkas F, Sápi A, Kónya Z. Urgent needs for second life using and recycling design of wasted electric vehicles (EVs) lithium-ion battery: a scientometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43152-43173. [PMID: 38896217 PMCID: PMC11222215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Currently, lithium-ion batteries are increasingly widely used and generate waste due to the rapid development of the EV industry. Meanwhile, how to reuse "second life" and recycle "extracting of valuable metals" of these wasted EVBs has been a hot research topic. The 4810 relevant articles from SCI and SSCI Scopus databases were obtained. Scientometric analysis about second life using and recycling methodologies of wasted EVBs was conducted by VOSviewer, Pajek, and Netdraw. According to analytical results, the research of second life using and recycling mythologies has been growing and the expected achievement will continue to increase. China, Germany, the USA, Italy, and the UK are the most active countries in this field. Tsinghua University in China, "Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe" in Germany, and "Polytechnic di Torino" in Italy are the most productive single and collaborative institutions. The journals SAE technical papers and World Electric Vehicle Journal have the highest publication and citations than other journals. Chinese author "Li Y" has the highest number of 36 publications, and his papers were cited 589 times by other authors. By analyzing the co-occurrence and keywords, energy analysis, second life (stationary using, small industry), and treatment methods, (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgical, electrochemical, bio-metallurgical) were the hot research topics. The S-curve from the article indicates hydrometallurgical and bio-metallurgical methods are attached with great potential in the near future. Further, different treatment methodologies are observed especially advanced techniques in hydrometallurgical, and spent medium bioleaching techniques in bio-metallurgical are good, economically cheap, has low CO2 emission, environmentally friendly, and has high recovery rate. Finally, this research provides information on second life use and top recycling methodology opportunities for future research direction for researchers and decision-makers who are interested in this research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqib Zahoor
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Róbert Kun
- Solid-State Energy Storage Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guozhu Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ferenc Farkas
- Solid-State Energy Storage Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Sápi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla Tér 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla Tér 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Hu X, Zhang G, Dou B, Cui G, Yang Q, Yan X. Life cycle assessment of secondary use and physical recycling of lithium-ion batteries retired from electric vehicles in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:168-175. [PMID: 38401430 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the global new energy vehicle industry, how to minimize the environmental impact of the recovery has become a common concern and urgent concern. China is a major production and consumption market for electric vehicles, there are no specific and extensive resource and environmental assessment system for batteries. In this paper, the retired Electric vehicles lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was the research object, and a specific analysis of the recycling treatment and gradual use stages of power batteries were based on life cycle assessment. Different battery assessment scenarios were established according to the development of battery recycling in China. The results showed that the secondary use has the optimal performance compared to the full-component physical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgy recycling. The results showed that direct recycling has a GWP of 0.037 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1, which is lower than others. Secondary use of LIB accounts for the most emission reductions with Global warming (GWP) as 12.134 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1. The secondary use has the greatest impact on the assessment results, especially in dynamic scenarios. Through a comprehensive comparison of different recycling technologies, the secondary use, increasing the recycling rate, reducing resource, energy consumption and pollution emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaocheng Hu
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Binlin Dou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guomin Cui
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qiguo Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ginting MG, Reguyal F, Cecilia VM, Wang K, Sarmah AK. Electrification of public buses in Jakarta, Indonesia: A life cycle study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169875. [PMID: 38185147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Indonesia plans to mitigate the environmental emissions, particularly the carbon emissions, from the transport by replacing conventional buses with battery electric buses (BEBs). However, there are limited studies on the potential environmental benefits of BEBs and mostly focused on carbon emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of adopting BEBs in Jakarta's public transportation system were examined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to better understand its potential environmental impacts. Using LCA, the environmental impacts of BEBs were also compared with conventional buses across their life cycles, which included raw materials extraction until the end of life stages. The results showed diesel buses have generally lower environmental impacts than BEBs due to the high share of fossil fuels in the electricity generation in Indonesia. Scenario analysis showed that extending the life cycle, using different battery disposal methods, and using battery reuse could lead to higher environmental benefits in using BEBs. Among the scenarios considered in the study, prolonging the lifespan of the bus to 32 years, using electricity mix with a higher share of renewable energy and reusing the lithium-ion batteries, BEBs would have lesser environmental impact per kilometre. In particular, the particulate matter formation (PM2.5) dropped 21 %, while the overall life cycle of BEB using the highest renewable scenario showed an average of 25 % improvement compared to the baseline scenario regarding environmental impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Gregory Ginting
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Febelyn Reguyal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Valentina Maria Cecilia
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kun Wang
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Centre, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai Y, Zhu H, Zu L, Zhang Y, Bi H. Environment-friendly, efficient process for mechanical recovery of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1549-1558. [PMID: 37070218 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231164325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Technology for recycling retired lithium batteries has become increasingly environment-friendly and efficient. In traditional recovery methods, pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy is often used as an auxiliary treatment method, which results in secondary pollution and increases the cost of harmless treatment. In this article, a new method for combined mechanical recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is proposed to realize the classification and recycling of materials. Appearance inspections and performance tests were conducted on 1000 retired LFP batteries. After discharging and disassembling the defective batteries, the physical structure of the cathode binder was destroyed under ball-milling cycle stress, and the electrode material and metal foil were separated using ultrasonic cleaning technology. After treating the anode sheet with 100 W of ultrasonic power for 2 minutes, the anode material was completely stripped from the copper foil, and no cross-contamination between the copper foil and graphite was observed. After the cathode plate was ball-milled for 60 seconds with an abrasive particle size of 20 mm and then ultrasonically treated for 20 minutes with a power of 300 W, the stripping rate of the cathode material reached 99.0%, and the purities of the aluminium foil and LFP reached 100% and 98.1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huabing Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Haijun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong Q, Liang S, Li J, Kim HC, Shen W, Wallington TJ. Cost, energy, and carbon footprint benefits of second-life electric vehicle battery use. iScience 2023; 26:107195. [PMID: 37456844 PMCID: PMC10339184 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The manuscript reviews the research on economic and environmental benefits of second-life electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) use for energy storage in households, utilities, and EV charging stations. Economic benefits depend heavily on electricity costs, battery costs, and battery performance; carbon benefits depend largely on the electricity mix charging the batteries. Environmental performance is greatest when used to store renewable energy such as wind and solar power. Inconsistent system boundaries make it challenging to compare the life cycle carbon footprint across different studies. The future growth of second-life EVB utilization faces several challenges, including the chemical and electrical properties and states of health of retired EVBs, the rapidly decreasing costs of new batteries, and different operational requirements. Measures to mitigate these challenges include the development of efficient diagnostic technologies, comprehensive test standards, and battery designs suitable for remanufacturing. Further research is needed based on real-world operational data and harmonized approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyin Dong
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Research & Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Research & Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Timothy J. Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Q, Lai X, Hou Y, Gu H, Lu L, Liu X, Ren D, Guo Y, Zheng Y. Investigating the environmental impacts of different direct material recycling and battery remanufacturing technologies on two types of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles in China. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Nie Y, Wang Y, Li L, Liao H. Literature Review on Power Battery Echelon Reuse and Recycling from a Circular Economy Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4346. [PMID: 36901376 PMCID: PMC10002271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing new energy vehicles (NEVs) is necessary to grow the low-carbon vehicle industry. Many concentrated end-of-life (EoL) power batteries will cause large-scale environmental pollution and safety accidents when the time comes to replace the first generation of batteries if improper recycling and disposal methods are utilized. Significant negative externalities will result for the environment and other economic entities. When recycling EoL power batteries, some countries need to solve problems about lower recycling rates, unclear division of echelon utilization scenarios, and incomplete recycling systems. Therefore, this paper first analyzes representative countries' power battery recycling policies and finds out the reasons for the low recycling rate in some countries. It is also found that echelon utilization is the critical link to EoL power battery recycling. Secondly, this paper summarizes the existing recycling models and systems to form a complete closed-loop recycling process from the two stages of consumer recycling and corporate disposal of batteries. The policies and recycling technologies are highly concerned with echelon utilization, but few studies focus on analyzing application scenarios of echelon utilization. Therefore, this paper combines cases to delineate the echelon utilization scenarios clearly. Based on this, the 4R EoL power battery recycling system is proposed, which improves the existing recycling system and can recycle EoL power batteries efficiently. Finally, this paper analyzes the existing policy problems and existing technical challenges. Based on the actual situation and future development trends, we propose development suggestions from the government, enterprises, and consumers to achieve the maximum reused of EoL power batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyou Nie
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Environmental Science Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Haolan Liao
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Z, Wu D, Wang X, Huang Y, Wu X. Green Phosphate Route of Regeneration of LiFePO 4 Composite Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Ye Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma C, Wang X, Song Y, Hu H, Li W, Qiu Z, Cui Y, Xing W. Low‐temperature performance optimization of LiFePO
4
‐based batteries. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Yijun Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Haoyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Zhijian Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Yongpeng Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Wei Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhan M, Chen Y. Vehicle Company's Decision-Making to Process Waste Batteries: A Game Research under the Influence of Different Government Subsidy Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13771. [PMID: 36360654 PMCID: PMC9654123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of waste power batteries and the occurrence of related environmental problems, battery recycling is receiving extensive attention. Driven by economic benefits, many companies have begun to deploy the waste battery processing market and government subsidies also play an essential role in battery recycling. Considering the vehicle company outsources processing tasks or invests in research and development (R&D), this paper studies the optimal decision-making problem of the supply chain under government subsidy to the battery manufacturer or the battery manufacturer. The research finds that: (1) For the government, when the vehicle company outsources processing tasks, compared with subsidizing the vehicle company, the total recycling volume when subsidizing the battery manufacturer is higher. When the vehicle company invests in R&D, the total recycling volume under different government subsidy strategies is equal. (2) The vehicle company's decision is only related to its processing costs; when the unit processing cost is low, the vehicle company's profit under the strategy of investing in R&D is higher. However, when the unit processing cost is high, the profit of outsourcing processing tasks is higher. (3) With increase in unit subsidy and decrease in unit processing cost, the total recycling volume will increase. These findings can provide decision-making help for the government in formulating subsidy policies and the vehicle company in determining processing strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Zhan
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Academy of Chinese Ecological Progress and Forestry Development Studies, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|