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Li Y, Kong L, Li Z, Su Q, Qu L, Wang X, Han J, Cheng J, Wu L, Zhang N. Distribution characteristics and ecological risk analysis of microplastics in sediments and effluents related to offshore oil and gas activities in the Bohai Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116731. [PMID: 39067233 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Oil and gas activities are sources of marine microplastics (MPs) but have received less attention globally. This study assessed the distribution characteristics and ecological risks of MPs in 31 sediment samples and effluent samples of 5 oil and gas platforms related to offshore oil and gas activities in the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the mean abundance of MPs in sediment, produced water, and domestic sewage was 205.7 ± 151.5 items/kg d.w., 18 ± 11 items/L, and 26 ± 39 items/L, respectively. The MPs in sediments and effluents were dominated by transparent, rayon, and fibers <1 mm. Oil and gas activities may influence the abundance of MPs in the sediments. The sediments in the area were at a low level of risk, but some samples exhibited indexes beyond low levels. The mass of MPs carried by the effluents from oil and gas platforms in the Bohai Sea was less than that of other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingna Kong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongxiu Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Qing Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jianbo Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liang Wu
- China Offshore Environmental Service Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Naidong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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2
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Zhang D, Zhang Z, Liu H, Zou J, Yin L, Liu X, Zhang YN, Qu J, Peijnenburg WJGM. Insights into the effect of crystallinity on the sorption of organic pollutants to microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42202-42211. [PMID: 38862802 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The environmental behavior of microplastics (MPs) has attracted global attention. Research has confirmed that MPs can strongly absorb almost every kind of pollutant and can serve as vectors for pollutant transport. In this research, the sorption isotherms of six organic pollutants with different structure on four virgin plastic particles with different crystallinity were determined. Results indicated that the hydrophobicity (KOW) of organic pollutants and the crystallinity of MPs were the two key factors that affected the sorption process of organic pollutants on MPs. Strong correlations were observed between KOW and the partition coefficient. Hydrophobic partition was one of the major mechanisms regardless of the type of organic chemical (hydrophobic, polar, or dissociable). What is more, the influence of the crystallinity of MPs on the sorption process increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the chemical. Combining this result with analyzing the related literature on the effect of crystallinity, it was concluded that the effect of crystallinity on the sorption of chemicals with strong hydrophobicity was obvious, whereas this effect was negligible for chemicals with weak hydrophobicity. The influence of the crystallinity of MPs on sorption could even exceed the influence of MPs type, so crystallinity should be considered carefully when discussing the sorption capacity of MPs. This study enhances the understanding of the sorption of organic pollutants by MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Jiying Zou
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Longyu Yin
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, China.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Chen H, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Wang C, Feng X, Fan Q, Yuan F, Fu G, Gao B, Liu K, Zou X. Microplastics: A potential proxy for tracing extreme flood events in estuarine environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170554. [PMID: 38309341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The transport of microplastics (MPs) is susceptible to being influenced by catchment hydrology; however, there is a notable lack of research on their retention and responses to flood events in estuarine sedimentary records. Herein, we collected two cores in the Yangtze Estuary to explore their microplastic pollution, influencing factors and linkage to flood events. MP abundance exhibited a decreasing trend from the top to the bottom in both cores. Both plastic production and sediment mean grain size showed a significant positive correlation with MP abundance. The sedimentary record displayed a marked surge in MP abundance during the extreme flood period, suggesting a direct influence of flooding on MP deposition. The resuspension of upstream MPs and erosion of land-based MPs by heavy rain might be responsible for this increase. Furthermore, our study identified significant periodicities in MP abundance, closely aligned with the hydrological patterns of the Yangtze River. This study highlights the role of floods in fluvial MP distribution and proposes MPs as a proxy of extreme floods from the 20th century in estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongcheng Ding
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuguang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qinya Fan
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guanghe Fu
- Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Bingfei Gao
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Soursou V, Campo J, Picó Y. Spatio-temporal variation and ecological risk assessment of microplastics along the touristic beaches of a mediterranean coast transect (Valencia province, East Spain). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120315. [PMID: 38350278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Annually, the Mediterranean region attracts around one-third of the global coastal tourism, which is acknowledged as a substantial contributor to plastic pollution. Coastal municipalities mitigate this through periodic sand and shore cleaning. However, the efficacy of these measures remains uncertain. In this study, the occurrence of MPs (10 μm-5 mm) in sand from seven different, regularly cleaned, touristic beaches of the coastline of Valencia province (E Spain) was assessed. Two different sampling campaigns were performed in winter and in summer (2022) to compare the results and understand the influence of the high touristic activity, as well as, the efficiency of the measures taken against MPs pollution. The methodology used was designed specifically for the matrix and employed density separation using a Sediment Microplastic Isolation (SMI) Unit. In addition to conventional visual inspection and ATR-FTIR, automatic quantification and identification of the polymers of lower size was performed by μFTIR. The average MPs concentration in the summer (339 ± 92 MP kg-1 by stereomicroscopy and 339 ± 189 MP kg-1 by μFTIR) was significantly higher than in the winter (71 ± 92 MP kg-1 and 143 ± 85 MP kg-1) (p < 0.05). The combination of these analytical tools provides comprehensive information about the MPs present in beach sand. Fibers were the most abundant form of MPs, while most of the polymers analyzed were polyethylene (PE) and halogenated polystyrene (Cl-PS and Br-PS) with food packaging, swimming equipment and fishing nets being their most probable sources. Ecological risk assessment was performed through the Pollution Load Index (PLI), the Hazardous Index (HI) and the Risk Quotient (RQ), with the results indicating potential risk that ranges from moderate to high depending on the applied approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Soursou
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Road CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julián Campo
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Road CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Road CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Banik P, Anisuzzaman M, Bhattacharjee S, Marshall DJ, Yu J, Nur AAU, Jolly YN, Mamun MA, Paray BA, Bappy MMM, Bhuiyan T, Hossain MB. Quantification, characterization and risk assessment of microplastics from five major estuaries along the northern Bay of Bengal coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123036. [PMID: 38030111 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) as hazardous contaminants has drawn the rapid attention of the general public due to their omnipresence and adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Despite this, understanding of MPs contamination levels in the estuarine ecosystems along the Bay of Bengal coast remains very limited. This research focused on the presence, spatial distribution, morpho-chemical characteristics and ecological implications of MPs in water and sediment from five key estuaries (Meghna, Karnaphuli, Matamuhuri, Bakkhali, and Naf rivers) within the Bengal delta. Out of the five estuaries, the Meghna exhibited the least amount of MPs in both surface water (150.00 ± 65.62 items/m3) and sediment (30.56 ± 9.34 items/kg). In contrast, the highest occurrence of MPs was recorded in Karnaphuli river water (350.00 ± 69.22 items/m3) and Matamuhuri river sediment (118.33 ± 26.81 items/kg). ANOVA indicated a statistically significant distinction (p < 0.01) among the examined estuaries. Most identified MPs were fibers and < 0.5 mm in size in both water and sediment samples. Transparent MPs were dominant in both water (42.28%) and sediment (45.22%). Besides violet, red, blue, pink and green colored MPs were also observed. Various polymer types, including PE, PP, PET, PS, Nylon, EVA, and ABS, were detected, with PE being the dominant one. Based on the polymer risk index (PHI), the estuaries were classified as hazard level V, signifying a severe level of MP contamination. However, the potential ecological hazardous index (PHI), potential ecological risk index (RI), and pollution load index (PLI) indicated moderate pollution levels. This study offers initial insights into the pollution caused by MPs in major estuaries of Bengal delta, which policymakers can utilize to implement suitable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Banik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anisuzzaman
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Jala Tungku Link, Gadong, BE, 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - As-Ad Ujjaman Nur
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin N Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al- Mamun
- Materials Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Maheen Mahmud Bappy
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Tabarok Bhuiyan
- Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - M Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Mubin AN, Islam ARMT, Hasan M, Islam MS, Ali MM, Siddique MAB, Alam MS, Rakib MRJ, Islam MS, Momtaz N, Senapathi V, Idris AM, Malafaia G. The path of microplastics through the rare biodiversity estuary region of the northern Bay of Bengal. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 260:104271. [PMID: 38056088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to its harmful effects on ecosystems and human health, microplastic (MP) pollution has become a significant environmental problem on a global scale. Although MPs' pollution path and toxic effects on marine habitats have been examined worldwide, the studies are limited to the rare biodiversity estuary region of Hatiya Island from the northern Bay of Bengal. This study aimed to investigate the MP pollution path and its influencing factors in estuarine sediments and water in rare biodiversity Hatiya Island in the northern Bay of Bengal. Sixty water and sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites on the Island and analyzed for MPs. The abundance of MPs in sediment ranged from 67 to 143 pieces/kg, while the abundance in water ranged from 24.34 to 59 pieces/m3. The average concentrations of MPs in sediment and water were 110.90 ± 20.62 pieces/kg and 38.77 ± 10.09 pieces/m3, respectively. Most identified MPs from sediment samples were transparent (51%), while about 54.1% of the identified MPs from water samples were colored. The fragment was the most common form of MP in both compartments, with a value of 64.6% in sediment samples and 60.6% in water samples. In sediment and water samples, almost 74% and 80% of MP were <0.5 mm, respectively. Polypropylene (PP) was the most abundant polymer type, accounting for 51% of all identified polymers. The contamination factor, pollution load index, polymer risk score, and pollution risk score values indicated that the study area was moderately polluted with MPs. The spatial distribution patterns and hotspots of MPs echoed profound human pathways. Based on the results, sustainable management strategies and intervention measures were proposed to reduce the pollution level in the ecologically diverse area. This study provides important insights into evaluating estuary ecosystem susceptibility and mitigation policies against persistent MP issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Nure Mubin
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh.
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Sher - e - Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sha Alam
- Institute of Mining, Mineralogy & Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat 5900, Bangladesh
| | - Md Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Saiful Islam
- Fiber and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Nasima Momtaz
- Biological Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Chatterjee NH, Manna S, Ray A, Das S, Rana N, Banerjee A, Ray M, Ray S. Microplastics contamination in two species of gobies and their estuarine habitat of Indian Sundarbans. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115857. [PMID: 38039580 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sundarbans, a Ramsar site of India is contaminated with heterogeneous microplastic wastes. Boddart's goggle eye mudskipper and Rubicundus eelgoby, were common gobies of Sundarbans estuary which accumulated microplastics during their normal biological activities. We estimated the abundance of microplastics in water, sediment; skin, gills, bucco-opercular cavity and gastrointestinal tract of these two goby fishes. Microplastic load estimated in gobies were 0.84 and 2.62 particles per fish species with a dominance of transparent, fibrous microplastics with 100-300 μm in length. ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed polyethylene as prevalent polymer. Surface degradations and adsorption of contaminants on microplastic surface were investigated by SEM-EDX analysis. Presence of hazardous polymers influenced high polymer hazard index and potential ecological risk index which indicated acute environmental threat to Sundarbans estuary and its resident organisms. Current study will provide a new information base on the abundance of microplastics and its ecological hazard in this biosphere reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Hari Chatterjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Manna
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabakumar Rana
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritra Banerjee
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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