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Abbasi A. A review of the analytical methodology to determine Radium-226 and Radium-228 in drinking waters. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radium-228 (228Ra) and Radium-226 (226Ra) isotopes in drinking water are significant from the aspect of radiation protection and human health. In this paper, the three most common preconcentration methods, i.e.coprecipitation, absorption and evaporation, were reviewed with emphasis on routinely measurement techniques. The reviewed measurement techniques include low background γ-spectrometry, α-spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting. The γ-spectrometry technique is the good selection, when the maximum sensitivity is considered. The Environmental Protection Agency guideline has provided the maximum concentration level 0.74 Bq/L for 226Ra and 228Ra. Also, the World Health Organization guideline limit is 1 Bq/L and 0.1 Bq/L for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Abbasi
- Faculty of Engineering , University of Kyrenia , Girne, TRNC, Mersin 10 , Turkey , Phone: +90 3928151039, Fax: +90 3928159998, E-mail:
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Godoy JM, Vianna LM, Godoy MLDP, Almeida AC. Determination of (226)Ra in produced water by liquid scintillation counting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 160:25-27. [PMID: 27116402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed a method for the determination of (226)Ra in offshore platform liquid effluent samples (produced water). The method is based on a two-phase liquid scintillation counting system and allows for the direct and simple determination of (226)Ra content. Samples with high barium content may also have high (226)Ra concentration. Therefore, the sample volume is based on the barium concentration and ranges from 10 mL to 100 mL. Our new method was tested using multiple real samples and was compared with the BaSO4 precipitation method. The results based on the LSC were 30% higher than the precipitation method, which is attributed to the self-absorption of alpha particles in the BaSO4 precipitate. The determination of both (226)Ra and (228)Ra in the liquid effluent of offshore oil platforms is mandatory in Brazil. Thus, a second method of accurately assessing (228)Ra content remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcus Godoy
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lucas M Vianna
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza D P Godoy
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Avenida Salvador Allende s/n, Jacarepaguá, 22780-160 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Almeida
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Medley P, Martin P, Bollhöfer A, Parry D. 228Ra and 226Ra measurement on a BaSO 4 co-precipitation source. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 95:200-207. [PMID: 25464199 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most commonly-used methods for determination of 226Ra, particularly in water samples, utilises co-precipitation of Ra with BaSO4, followed by microfiltration to produce a source for alpha counting. This paper describes two extensions to BaSO4 co-precipitation methods which enable determination of 228Ra using the same source. The adaptations presented here do not introduce any contaminants that will affect the separation of radium or alpha counting for 226Ra, and can be used for re-analysis of already existing sources prepared by BaSO4 co-precipitation. The first adaptation uses detection of 228Ac on the source by gamma spectrometry. The detection efficiency is high, allowing analysis of water samples at sufficiently low activity to be suitable in testing for compliance with drinking water quality standards. As 228Ac grows in quickly, taking less than 2 days to reach equilibrium with the 228Ra parent, this can also be useful in radiological emergency response situations. The second adaptation incorporates a method for the digestion of BaSO4 sources, allowing separation of thorium and subsequent determination of 228Th activity. Although ingrowth periods for 228Th can be lengthy, very low detection limits for 228Ra can be achieved with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Medley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia.
| | - Paul Martin
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Yallambie, Vic. 3085, Australia
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - David Parry
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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Sahin L, Cetinkaya H, Murat Saç M, Içhedef M. Determination of radon and radium concentrations in drinking water samples around the city of Kutahya. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 155:474-482. [PMID: 23417055 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of radium and radon has been determined in drinking water samples collected from various locations of Kutahya city, Turkey. The water samples are taken from public water sources and tap water, with the collector chamber method used to measure the radon and radium concentration. The radon concentration ranges between 0.1 and 48.6±1.7 Bq l(-1), while the radium concentration varies from a minimum detectable activity of <0.02-0.7±0.2 Bq l(-1) in Kutahya city. In addition to the radon and radium levels, parameters such as pH, conductivity and temperature of the water, humidity, pressure, elevation and the coordinates of the sampling points have also been measured and recorded. The annual effective dose from radon and radium due to typical water usage has been calculated. The resulting contribution to the annual effective dose due to radon ingestion varies between 0.3 and 124.2 μSv y(-1); the contribution to the annual effective dose due to radium ingestion varies between 0 and 143.3 μSv y(-1); the dose contribution to the stomach due to radon ingestion varies between 0.03 and 14.9 μSv y(-1). The dose contribution due to radon inhalation ranges between 0.3 and 122.5 μSv y(-1), assuming a typical transfer of radon in water to the air. For the overwhelming majority of the Kutahya population, it is determined that the average radiation exposure from drinking water is less than 73.6 µSv y(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Sahin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yoon YY, Cho SY, Lee KY, Ko KS, Ha K. Radiochemical determination of uranium and radium isotope in natural water using liquid scintillation counter. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Radionuclides analysis in hot spring waters in Korea by liquid scintillation counting. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fernandes PCP, Sousa WO, Julião LMQC, Dantas BM. Development and validation of a technique for the determination of 226Ra and 228Ra by liquid scintillation in liquid samples. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 144:335-338. [PMID: 21115450 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Radium isotopes are dispersed in the environment according to their physicochemical characteristics. Considering their long half-lives and radiological effects, (226)Ra and (228)Ra are very important issues in radiological protection. In Brazil, radium isotopes represent an exposure problem both in nuclear fuel cycle installations and in high natural radiation background areas. The experimental part of this work includes the development of a technique for the determination of (226)Ra and (228)Ra by liquid scintillation with potential application in biological samples. Radium was concentrated and then separated from other constituents of the sample by co-precipitation/precipitation with Ba(Ra)SO(4). The precipitate was filtered and weighted to calculate the chemical yield. The filter containing the precipitate of Ba(Ra)SO(4) was transferred to a scintillation vial. Two methods were used to prepare the sources. The first one consisted of the addition of water (8 ml), Instagel XF (8 ml) and UltimaGold (4 ml) in the vial containing the filter and the precipitate, forming a gel suspension. In the second method, the precipitate was dissolved with 0.2 M ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic-acid solution (9 ml) and 11 ml of scintillation solution (Optiphase Hisafe 3) was added to the vial, forming an aqueous and an organic phase. The solutions obtained were counted in a low background scintillation spectrometry system (Quantulus) suitable for the detection and identification of both alpha and beta particles for the determination of (226)Ra and (228)Ra. The activity values of (226)Ra and (228)Ra calculated by the two methods are in good agreement with the reference values, indicating that both methods are suitable for the determination of (226)Ra and (228)Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César P Fernandes
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria CNEN, Av Salvador Allende, CEP 22780-160 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shuktomova II, Rachkova NG. Determination of 226Ra and 228Ra in slightly mineralised natural waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:84-87. [PMID: 21071116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A radiochemical method for simultaneous separation of (226)Ra and (228)Ra from natural waters by precipitating the radionuclides in the form of chromates that have low solubility in weak acetic acid has been described. For analytical purposes the change into soluble state was achieved through high-temperature melting the radium chromates precipitate with sodium and potassium carbonates at certain ratios. The chemical yield for radium-226 amounted to 87.1 ± 1.4% at the efficiency of counting 92.8 ± 0.7%. Calculated in series of 20 parallel determinations, reproducibility of the method was 7%. The chemical yield in separating radium-228 made up 63.8 ± 1.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Shuktomova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya 28, Syktyvkar, Komi, Russia.
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Seghour A, Seghour FZ. Radium and (40)K in Algerian bottled mineral waters and consequent doses. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 133:50-57. [PMID: 19223293 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (40)K in the five most popular Algerian bottled mineral waters have been found to be 13.9 to 148.9 mBq l(-1), 7.2 to 52.9 mBq l(-1) and <0.07 to 2.19 Bq l(-1), respectively. Ratios of (226)Ra to (228)Ra activities ranged from 1.0 to 13.66 with a mean of 5.62. The annual effective doses due to ingestion of these waters have been estimated for three age categories (infants, children and adults) using the measured activities of these radionuclides and assuming the World Health Organisation's default water intake rate. Annual doses for children and adults have been found to be well below the 0.1 mSv y(-1) reference dose level, whereas for the most vulnerable group the annual effective dose from all the waters exceeds the reference value and contributes 12% to the mean annual dose from natural exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seghour
- Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d'Alger, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 02 Bd Frantz Fanon, BP 399, 16000 Alger-RB, Algiers, Algeria.
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Bituh T, Marovic G, Petrinec B, Sencar J, Franulovic I. Natural radioactivity of 226Ra and 228Ra in thermal and mineral waters in Croatia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 133:119-123. [PMID: 19297534 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal waters are known as valuable natural resources of a country. They contain certain degree of natural radioactivity attributable to the elements of the uranium and thorium natural decay series. Among these elements, the most radiotoxic and the most important is radium that exists in several isotopic forms (226Ra and 228Ra). The focus of attention was the content of radium in samples of thermal and mineral spring water from several spas in Croatia. These waters are mainly used for medical, bathing and recreational purposes, and some of them are used for drinking. Measured activity concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 87 to 6200 mBq l(-1) which, in some springs, exceed the maximal permissible level of 1 Bq l(-1) for drinking water. Measured activity concentrations of 228Ra ranged from 23 to 3480 mBq l(-1). The study showed that radium content for the investigated thermal and mineral waters is below the levels at which negative consequences would arise due to ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Bituh
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Radiation Protection Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Republic of Croatia.
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Reyes E, Marques LS. Uranium series disequilibria in ground waters from a fractured bedrock aquifer (Morungaba Granitoids—Southern Brazil): Implications to the hydrochemical behavior of dissolved U and Ra. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:1531-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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