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Luís GS, Pereira AJ, Carvalho J, Neves LF. Validation of a new sampler for radon gas measurements in surface water. MethodsX 2024; 13:102815. [PMID: 39040215 PMCID: PMC11261098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Radon gas (Rn-222) in water poses health risks due to radiation exposure, yet it's also an important tracer for studying natural systems. Sampling procedures for Rn-222 analysis are very sensitive to potential losses of the gas to the atmosphere. It requires a well-defined and properly validated protocol to ensure accuracy and reliability. A novel sampler was developed to collect surface water from a distance (e.g. from bridges), addressing logistic challenges posed by topography. The sampler, manually operated, ensures precise depth-specific sampling throughout the water column. A three-stage validation process (technical performance test, uncertainty estimations and preliminary test) was followed to validate the protocol.•The comparison of the technical procedure for analysis and measurement through Liquid Scintillation Counting is statistically robust (one-way ANOVA p-value = 0.96).•For the protocol proposed for Rn-222 determination, the estimated sampling and measurement uncertainties (k = 2) are respectively 5% and 15%. These are compatible with the literature and the laboratory's precision.•Preliminary tests, with meaningful patterns identified and possibly related to the river's hydrodynamics, revealed a very reliable protocol, even in low Rn-222 concentrations.Therefore, the sampler has demonstrated a good analytical reproducibility and was considered validated for Rn-222 determination in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S. Luís
- Univ Coimbra, CITEUC - Centre for Earth and Space Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
| | - Alcides J.S.C. Pereira
- Univ Coimbra, CITEUC - Centre for Earth and Space Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
| | - José Carvalho
- Univ Coimbra, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
| | - Luís F. Neves
- Univ Coimbra, CITEUC - Centre for Earth and Space Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
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Iannone A, Albanese S, Guarino A, Ambrosino M, Germano G, De Tullio G, Cicchella D. Variation of total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations in the water supply system of an Italian volcanic region: How safe is tap water for human consumption? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134229. [PMID: 38581875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations were determined in water from different sections of seven aqueducts belonging to the water supply system of Campania region (Italy), known worldwide for its volcanism. Statistical analysis was performed on data to account for their variability across the aqueduct sections, and results were discussed considering the geology of reservoirs, the potential mixing processes occurring along the pipe network, the building/constituting materials of the aqueduct sections, and the integrity of the infrastructure. Guidelines proposed by Italian and international regulation entities were considered to determine if total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations found at the taps of the different aqueducts should be considered detrimental to public health. Based on a deterministic and a stochastic approach, a health risk assessment was also tested for Rn-222, assuming direct ingestion and showering as potential exposure pathways. Results showed that applying guidelines returned an absence of hazard, whereas risk assessment returned a high probability of exposure to unacceptable Rn-222 doses for some aqueducts. Beyond the usefulness of obtained results to plan actions to improve the safety of drinking water in Campania, our outcomes represent a warning for bodies dealing with public health at any level: the use of guidelines can bring an underestimation of the risks exerted by the exposure to Rn-222 on human health. Further, using a probabilistic approach in risk assessment accounting for uncertainty can favor risk forecasts based on more "realistic" scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iannone
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annalise Guarino
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Germano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Regional Radioactivity Center, ARPAC, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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3
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Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A, Aydın E. Assessment of internal radiation exposure caused by radon in commercially bottled spring waters consumed in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1215-1226. [PMID: 37165966 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2211948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The variation of dissolved radon levels in water supplies remains of interest since radon ingested through drinking water can give considerable radiation to the lining of the stomach. This study aims to determine the radon concentration levels in bottled spring drinking water (BSW) brands commercially sold in Turkey using a radon gas monitor and to assess the internal radiation exposure caused by the ingestion and inhalation of radon. The activity concentrations of radon analyzed in 77 BSW brands varied from 7.1±0.8 to 28.7±2.7 mBq/L with an average of 15.7±5.1 mBq/L. The total annual effective dose was estimated to assess the radiological risk for three age groups in four different scenarios based on annual drinking water intake. All estimated dose values are well below the recommended reference dose of 100 µSv for drinking water. Therefore, radon gas in the investigated BSW samples poses no significant radiological risk to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kurnaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Erol Aydın
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Crasta R, Devadiga S, Savant NN, Naik VV, Suresh S, Dawalekar KV. Analysis of radon concentrations in drinking water in coastal regions of Karnataka, South India. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:2475-2480. [PMID: 38126866 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of radon activity in water samples from several parts of Karnataka were studied. Drinking water quality is a routine tool in health and environmental research. Radon exposure puts the entire public at risk for radiological damage through inhalation and ingestion. Radon concentrations were measured using the emanometry technique. Estimated 222Rn activity concentration in water has been found to vary from 2.05 to 28.02 Bq l-1 with an average value of 7.38 Bq l-1. For all samples under study, the total average annual effective doses are much less than the safe limit of 100 μSv y-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Crasta
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Physics, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, India
| | - Sushma Devadiga
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Physics, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, India
| | - Nikhita Narendra Savant
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Physics, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, India
| | - Vibha Vinayak Naik
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Physics, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, India
| | - Suresha Suresh
- Department of Physics, M.P.E Society's S.D.M Degree College, Honnavar 581334, India
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Rangegowda RD, Shesha S, Erathimmaiah S, Jadiyappa S, Mugalgaon RS. Radon activity and their radiological doses in drinking water of Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:2542-2547. [PMID: 38126848 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, radon activity concentration, inhalation and ingestion doses due to intake of radon in drinking water have been estimated in the Chitradurga district drinking water by using radon Emanometry technique. The average radon concentrations vary from 1.81 ± 0.11 to 300.33 ± 4.56 Bql-1 with a mean value of 56.01 ± 2.44 Bql-1. Most of the radon concentration levels are within the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union (EU) commission recommended level of 100 Bql-1. About 70% of the drinking water had radon concentration level higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended Maximum Contamination Limit (MCL) of 11.1 Bql-1. The annual ingestion dose varies from 0.38 to 63.03 μSvy-1 with an average value of 11.75 μSvy-1. The estimated annual ingestion dose is well within the WHO recommended reference level of 100 μSvy-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangaswamy D Rangegowda
- Department of Physics, PES University, Hosur Road, Electronic City, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Suresh Shesha
- Department of Physics, M.P.E Society's S.D.M Degree College, Honnavar, Karnataka 581334, India
| | | | - Sannappa Jadiyappa
- Department of Physics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga 577451, India
| | - Rajesh S Mugalgaon
- Department of Studies and Research in Physics, Smt. V.G. College for Women Kalaburagi, Karnataka 585103, India
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Mitev K, Sabot B, Pierre S, Lépy MC, Cassette P. Towards a radon-in-water primary standard at LNHB. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 201:111013. [PMID: 37688905 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread radon-in-water measurements, no primary radon-in-water standards currently exist. This work aims to bridge this gap by developing a system to produce radon-in-water reference materials. The system relies on cryogenic, loss-free transfer of radon, which is standardized through defined solid angle measurements, to a radon standard in water. It allows for preparation of liquid scintillation and gamma-ray spectrometry samples with traceable radon-in-water concentrations. The system's design, functionality, and the results of pilot performance tests are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Mitev
- Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Faculty of Physics, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Benoit Sabot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIST, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvie Pierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIST, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marie-Christine Lépy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIST, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Cassette
- Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Faculty of Physics, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Hu T, Yuan S, Mo Y, Lin F, Fan Z, Liu S, Xie R, Yi H, Li H, Liu Z, Sun J, Wu J, Chen L, Wang L, Yuan H, Tan Y. Design of intermittent continuous measurement of radon concentration in water. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110894. [PMID: 37302298 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established the maximum contaminant level limit for radon concentration in drinking water as 11.1 Bq L-1. A new device based on the bubbling method with a 290 mL sample bottle was designed for intermittent continuous measurement of water radon concentration. A STM32 is used to control the switch of the water pump and the valves. The Water-Radon-Measurement software written in C# is to connect RAD7 and calculate the water radon concentration automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Yixiang Mo
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Fen Lin
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Zhongkai Fan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Shuaibin Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Ruomei Xie
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Haibo Yi
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Huiying Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Jiale Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Jiulin Wu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Linquan Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Hongzhi Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Yanliang Tan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China.
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8
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Elzain AEA. Assessment of environmental health risks due to indoor radon levels inside workplaces in Sudan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 103:1394-1410. [DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2021.1873317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Elmoniem A. Elzain
- Department of Physics, University of Kassala, Kassala, Sudan
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Arts in Uglat Asugour, Qassim University, Uglat Asugour, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Bruggeman M, Sneyers L, Gijsbrechts W, Loots H, Braekers D, Lecomte M. Uncertainty due to primary sampling of 222Rn in analyses of water. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110741. [PMID: 36878088 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurement uncertainty is an important variable, to be accounted for when decisions have to be made based on measurement results. Measurement uncertainty is composed of two main components; one is related to the primary sampling, the other to the sample preparation and the subsequent analysis of the sample. The component related to the sample preparation and the analysis is commonly well evaluated in proficiency testing while there is generally no straightforward similar approach to evaluate sampling uncertainty. ISO 17025:2017 explicitly requires that testing laboratories performing sampling and analyses determine the uncertainty related to the primary sampling. In order to determine uncertainty arising in the primary sampling of 222Rn in water destined for human consumption, three laboratories IRE (BE), DiSa (LU) and SCK CEN (BE) initiated a joined sampling and measurement campaign. The dual split sample method in combination with ANOVA was used to evaluate the primary sampling uncertainty (precision) of the different methods. The tests showed that sampling bias is very probably, but that with good laboratory practice the sampling uncertainty precision and respectively bias can be kept below 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marielle Lecomte
- Direction de la santé, Division de la radioprotection (DiSa), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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10
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Measurement of Radon Concentration in Water within Ojo Axis of Lagos State, Nigeria. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The problem of radon (Radon-222) in water is one of the daily health hazards faced by those in Ojo Axis, Nigeria. Therefore, continuous monitoring of radon contamination in different types of water is essential. In the present work, sixteen groundwater and surface-water samples (wells, boreholes, and sachets) were collected from six different locations within the Ojo Local Government area in Nigeria. The water samples collected were stored in 75 cl bottles that were already sterilized with distilled water to avoid contamination. Water samples were then taken to the laboratory for the analysis of radon levels using a RAD7, an active electronic device produced by the Durridge Company in the USA. The radon level in the water is higher than the safe limits of 11.1 Bq/L, as per EPA regulations, except for two sample points from the studied areas. The total annual effective doses from ingestion and inhalation for drinking and groundwater were higher than the safe limit of 0.1 mSv y−1 that is recommended by the World Health Organization and the European Union Commission. Conclusions: The obtained results underline the importance of the development and/or updating of databases regarding radon levels in drinking and groundwater in the Ojo Local Government area in Nigeria.
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Sukanya S, Noble J, Joseph S. Application of radon ( 222Rn) as an environmental tracer in hydrogeological and geological investigations: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135141. [PMID: 35660388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radon (222Rn) is a colourless, odourless, inert, and radioactive noble gas (t1/2 = 3.8 days) that emanates from rocks and soils as a result of the alpha decay of its parent, radium (226Ra) in the decay series of uranium-238, is the focus of this study. Radon is produced in the crystal lattice of the minerals and emanates out through alpha recoil. It dissolves in water, and is also found in soil and air. Its distribution in water is more pertinent for scientific investigations. It can be measured by various methods. Certain properties of radon enable it to serve as an ideal tracer, viz., short-half life, inertness, high abundance in groundwater than surface water, preferential partitioning, sensitivity to sudden changes in subsurface conditions, non-invasiveness etc. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques on the measurement of dissolved radon in water and its potential applications as a tracer and precursor in several hydrogeological and geological applications like understanding the surface water - groundwater interactions, hydrograph separation of streams, estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD), study of hydrodynamics and water balance of lakes, earthquake predictions, locating geological structures (faults/lineaments), geochemical explorations, NAPL contamination studies etc. Among the various applications presented, radon based approach is found to be more reliable in water resources domain than seismic precursory studies. The interpretations based on radon study in the above applications will pave the way for the improved understanding of the hydrological processes, and thus, help the planners and water managers for the sustainable development and management of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sukanya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
| | - Jacob Noble
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
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12
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Petrosyan V, Perikhanyan Y. Assessment of possible risks on human health by estimation of annual effective doses associated with radon in drinking water. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110406. [PMID: 36037725 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radon is the main source of radiation that people receive naturally. Twenty-four samples of drinking water were collected and analyzed from all communities of Yerevan city, Armenia, in order to assess Radon associated radiological risk on population health through the drinking water. The measurements were performed by Alfarad Plus - ARP radon meter. The obtained values were compared with the national and international recommended values and they were within the Maximum contaminant level recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency, WHO and EU commission, also the national norms. As a consequence of direct consumption of drinking water annual effective doses due to the ingestion and inhalation of Radon were calculated. Annual committed effective dose received from drinking water consumption are within the recommended limit of WHO and EU Council (100 μSv y-1) and UNSCEAR [United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation] (1000 μSv y-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahagn Petrosyan
- Yerevan State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Ecological Safety, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Yekaterina Perikhanyan
- Yerevan State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Ecological Safety, Yerevan, Armenia
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He C, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Guo Q. A new-designed system for continuous measurement of radon in water. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 187:110320. [PMID: 35728286 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On-line continuous monitoring of radon concentration in water is of great significance for its environmental application as a radioactive tracer, for example, as a potential precursor for earthquake forecast and volcanic eruption. To realize on-line continuous measurement on radon in complex water body, a compact measurement system mainly consisted of a simple degassing device and an electrostatic radon monitor is newly developed. The sensitivity of the measurement system is 73 ± 5 cph/(Bq/L), and the detection limit is 0.04 Bq/L with a 60-min cycle at 25 °C water temperature. Intercomparison measurements with RAD H2O were performed both in laboratory condition and in field, and consistent results within the error range were achieved. To test the developed measurement system, a continuous monitoring of radon concentration in water in the drainage tunnel of Mount Jinping was performed for 3 months. The arithmetic mean of radon concentration in water is 0.34 ± 0.09 Bq/L, varying in the range of 0.04-0.60 Bq/L during the period. Several rapid decreases of radon concentration in water were observed, which might be attributed to the increase of rainwater mixing in the drainage tunnel caused by heavy rainfall. The stability of long-term operation of the system enables it to be widely used in the field of radon in water as a tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Engineer Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiuju Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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14
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Ting CY, Walia V, Li YS, Lin SJ, Lee PL, Tsai TL, Kumar A, Lin CC. Quantification of the dependence of the emanation of radon from water on the pH and temperature of water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Ntarisa AV, Kim H, Aryal P, Quang ND, Saha S. Novel technique for simultaneous detecting three naturally occurring radon isotopes (222Rn, 220Rn and 219Rn). Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Pujol L. Validation of a method for measuring radon-222 in water using two-phase liquid scintillation counting according to the ISO/IEC 17025 criteria. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Hidayath M, Chandrashekara MS, Rani KSP, Namitha SN. Studies on the concentration of 226Ra and 222Rn in drinking water samples and effective dose to the population of Davanagere district, Karnataka state, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Rani S, Kansal S, Singla AK, Mehra R. Radiological risk assessment to the public due to the presence of radon in water of Barnala district, Punjab, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:5011-5024. [PMID: 34173905 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various research studies have shown that exposure to radon gas is a cause of concern for health effects to the public. The present work has been carried out for the radiological risk assessment to the public due to the presence of radon isotopes in drinking water of Barnala district of Punjab, India, for the first time using scintillation-based radiation detector. A total of 100 samples were collected from different sources of water (canal and underground water) from 25 villages on grid pattern of 6 × 6 km2 in the study area for uniform mapping. In situ measurements were carried out to find out Rn-222 concentration in water samples. The measured values have been found to vary from 0.17 ± 0.01 to 9.84 ± 0.59 BqL-1 with an average value of 3.37 ± 0.29 BqL-1, which is well below the recommended limit of 100 BqL-1(WHO 2004). The annual effective dose due to ingestion and inhalation of radon has also been calculated for various age groups like infants, children and adults to understand the age-wise dose distribution. The calculated values suggest that there is no significant health risk to the general public from radon in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rani
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Sandeep Kansal
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Singla
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, India
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Quantification of doses and health risks to organs and tissues corresponding to different age groups due to radon in water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lima-Flores A, Castaño VM, Golzarri JI, Chavarría-Sánchez AC, Espinosa G. Radon in drinking water in Mexico City. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Bem H, Długosz-Lisiecka M, Mazurek-Rudnicka D, Szajerski P. Occurrence of 222Rn and 226,228Ra in underground water and 222Rn in soil and their mutual correlations for underground water supplies in southern Greater Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3099-3114. [PMID: 33507469 PMCID: PMC8310503 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
European Union Council Directive 2013/51/EURATOM recently sets out so-called indicator parameters for: radon, tritium and indicative dose of water intended for human consumption. The aim of this research was to elaborate an effective procedure for determination of radon and radium 226,228Ra isotopes (which are potentially the main contributors to the internal dose from drinking and cooking water) and to find the possible relationships between these radionuclides in underground water reservoirs and 222Rn concentration in the soil gas in their vicinity. The research was performed by applying a non-volatile and water-immiscible scintillation cocktail based on a pure diisopropylnaphthalene (Ultima Gold F: UGF), which allow for efficient radon extraction from 0.5 dm3 of water samples to 20 cm3 of scintillation phase and its direct determination with a detection limit of 5 × 10-3 Bq dm-3. The further preliminary concentration of 3 dm3 of crude water samples by evaporation to 0.5 dm3 samples led to the removal of all unsupported 222Rn activity and allowed the 226Ra determination via equivalent 222Rn detection after one-month samples storage using a low-background Triathler liquid scintillation counter in the α/β separation counting mode. Together with determination of 226Ra isotope in water samples, the simultaneous measurements of 228Ra and 222Rn radionuclides concentrations in water as well as 222Rn activity in the soil gas around the water supply sites were performed. The achieved limit of 226Ra detection was at a very low level of 10-3 Bq dm-3. The measured values of 226Ra concentration in 50 public underground water supply units for the Kalisz district of Poland were relatively low and ranged from below detection limit to 28.5 × 10-3 Bq dm-3 with arithmetic mean and median values of 12.9 and 12.2 × 10-3 Bq dm-3, respectively. Weak correlations were observed between activity concentrations of 226Ra and 222Rn in the crude water samples (R2 = 0.31) and 222Rn in water and its concentration in the nearby soil gas (R2 = 0.48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Bem
- Calisia University - Kalisz, Poland, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Długosz-Lisiecka
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Szajerski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
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Ravikumar P, Naika K, Prakash KL, Somashekar RK. Quantification of radon concentration in groundwater around abandoned Gogi uranium mineralized zone, Yadagir district, Karnataka, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Natural radioactivity in springs of Sverdlovsk region, Middle Urals, Russia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cantaluppi C, Zannoni D, Cianchi A, Giacetti W, Lovisetto B, Pagnin E, Favero T. Methods for radioactivity measurements in drinking water using gamma spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 232:106566. [PMID: 33689935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three methods to measure activity concentrations of radionuclides through high resolution gamma spectrometry are developed, optimized, and tested on drinking water samples. Two pre-concentration methods (partial evaporation and ion-exchange resins) were optimized for accuracy, precision, detection limits, costs, preparation, and measurements times. A new sampling method for 222Rn was designed and optimized to directly sample water from the tap, reducing and minimizing losses of radon during the sampling. A total number of 85 water samples were collected between 2017 and 2019 in collaboration with two drinking water suppliers in a wide area (~2000 km2) of the Veneto region, northeast Italy. These are the first results of radionuclides activity concentration in drinking water concerning a large extension in the foothill Veneto region. Finally, this study provides a first attempt of determining the spatial distribution and seasonal variations of radon activity concentration in drinking water in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantaluppi
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, C.so Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy.
| | - D Zannoni
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, C.so Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy; Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Cianchi
- Qualified Expert of Radiation Protection, Via G. Pepe 12, 30172, Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - W Giacetti
- ETRA SpA Energia Territorio Risorse Ambientali, Largo Parolini 82, 36061, Bassano del Grappa, VI, Italy
| | - B Lovisetto
- ETRA SpA Energia Territorio Risorse Ambientali, Largo Parolini 82, 36061, Bassano del Grappa, VI, Italy
| | - E Pagnin
- Alto Trevigiano Servizi, Via Schiavonesca Priula, 86 Montebelluna, TV, Italy
| | - T Favero
- Alto Trevigiano Servizi, Via Schiavonesca Priula, 86 Montebelluna, TV, Italy
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Shakoor H, Jehan N, Khan S, Khattak NU. Investigation of Radon Sources, Health Hazard and Risks assessment for children using analytical and geospatial techniques in District Bannu (Pakistan). Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:1176-1184. [PMID: 33428859 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1872817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radon (Rn) is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless gas which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of the main sources of Rn which is directly consumed by the population is Groundwater (Tube well, Bore well, Hand pump). Rn gas is found naturally in rock, soil and water and can be considered as main health risk factor in terms of lung cancer, stomach diseases, leukemia and childhood cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Rn in the drinking water sources, appraisal of health risk for children in District Bannu, Pakistan. MATERIAL AND METHOD Total of 98 drinking water samples were analyzed by using RAD-7 detector. The experimental data was statistically analyzed by using Pearson's test. The experimental and epidemiological data of the study area are shown on map using ArcGIS version 10.5. RESULTS The analytical results show that Rn in drinking water was found varying from 10.1 Bq/l to 53.1 Bq/l with the average highest and lowest depth of 60 ft to 550 ft respectively. Pearson's test was used to show the concentration of Rn verses the depth of the water sources so +1 positive linear correlation was observed among the depth of water sources and the concentration of Rn. Out of 98 drinking water samples 40 sample were above the maximum contaminant level of 11.1 Bq/l (MCL) set by WHO, 2002. The effective doses (AED and DEing) for children ranges from 0.00001 to 3.792 mSv/y which exceeds the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of Rn (0.1mSv/y) in 30 drinking water samples . On the basis of analytical results Rn high concentration areas are shown on the map using IDW model of interpolation and health risks were shown in areas where Rn content was above the maximum contaminant level. High correlations of diseases related to Rn were observed amongst the residence of the study area. Gastrointestinal diseases, brain tumor, lung cancer and kidney diseases were observed among the children of the study area. CONCLUSION From the overall analysis it was observed that high Rn concentration in drinking water may cause substantial health damage in children after long term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Shakoor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Noor Jehan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nimat Ullah Khattak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Assessment of ambient gamma radiation dose and annual effective dose associated with radon in drinking water from gold and lead mining area of Moro, North-Central Nigeria. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Mas J, Velázquez L, Hurtado-Bermúdez S. Optimization of AlphaGUARD AquaKIT set-up for analysis of radon in water using stainless-steel bottles and its validation through IAEA standard samples. RADIAT MEAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2021.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nazir S, Simnani S, Sahoo BK, Rashid I, Masood S. Dose estimation of radioactivity in groundwater of Srinagar City, Northwest Himalaya, employing fluorimetric and scintillation techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:837-854. [PMID: 32328895 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The research is a maiden study aimed to assess the radioactivity in groundwater of Srinagar City using uranium and radon as proxies. In this study, 60 water samples were collected from various water sources that include bore wells, hand pumps and lakes of Srinagar City. Among them, 45 samples were taken from groundwater with depths ranging from 6 to - 126 m and the rest of the 15 samples were collected from surface sources like lakes, rivers and tap water. A gamma radiation survey of the area was carried out prior to collection of water samples, using a gamma radiation detector. A scintillation-based detector was utilized to measure radon, while as LED fluorimetry was employed to assess uranium in water samples. The average uranium concentration was found to be 2.63 μg L-1 with a maximum value of 15.28 μg L-1 which is less than the globally accepted permissible level of 30 µg L-1. 222Radon concentration varied from 0.2 to 38.5 Bq L-1 with an average value of 8.9 Bq L-1. The radon concentration in 19 groundwater samples (32% of total sites) exceeded the permissible limits of 11 Bq L-1 set by USEPA. This information could be of vital importance to health professionals in Kashmir who are researching on the incidence of lung cancers in the region given the fact that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancers after smoking worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Nazir
- Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Shakeel Simnani
- Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - B K Sahoo
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Irfan Rashid
- Geoinformatics Program, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Sajad Masood
- Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
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Hosoda M, Nugraha ED, Akata N, Yamada R, Tamakuma Y, Sasaki M, Kelleher K, Yoshinaga S, Suzuki T, Rattanapongs CP, Furukawa M, Yamaguchi M, Iwaoka K, Sanada T, Miura T, Iskandar D, Pudjadi E, Kashiwakura I, Tokonami S. A unique high natural background radiation area - Dose assessment and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142346. [PMID: 33182182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of low dose-rate radiation exposures on humans remains unknown. In fact, the Japanese nation still struggles with this issue after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Recently, we have found a unique area in Indonesia where naturally high radiation levels are present, resulting in chronic low dose-rate radiation exposures. We aimed to estimate the comprehensive dose due to internal and external exposures at the particularly high natural radiation area, and to discuss the enhancement mechanism of radon. A car-borne survey was conducted to estimate the external doses from terrestrial radiation. Indoor radon measurements were made in 47 dwellings over three to five months, covering the two typical seasons, to estimate the internal doses. Atmospheric radon gases were simultaneously collected at several heights to evaluate the vertical distribution. The absorbed dose rates in air in the study area vary widely between 50 nGy h-1 and 1109 nGy h-1. Indoor radon concentrations ranged from 124 Bq m-3 to 1015 Bq m-3. That is, the indoor radon concentrations measured exceed the reference levels of 100 Bq m-3 recommended by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the outdoor radon concentrations measured were comparable to the high indoor radon concentrations. The annual effective dose due to external and internal exposures in the study area was estimated to be 27 mSv using the median values. It was found that many residents are receiving radiation exposure from natural radionuclides over the dose limit for occupational exposure to radiation workers. This enhanced outdoor radon concentration might be as a result of the stable atmospheric conditions generated at an exceptionally low altitude. Our findings suggest that this area provides a unique opportunity to conduct an epidemiological study related to health effects due to chronic low dose-rate radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosoda
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Eka Djatnika Nugraha
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, JI. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
| | - Naofumi Akata
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamada
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 4-33, Muramatsu, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1194, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamakuma
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Michiya Sasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Kevin Kelleher
- Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, Richview, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takahito Suzuki
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Chanis Pornnumpa Rattanapongs
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Masahide Furukawa
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamaguchi
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iwaoka
- Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sanada
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Dadong Iskandar
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, JI. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
| | - Eko Pudjadi
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, JI. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Depertment of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Shinji Tokonami
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
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Di Carlo C, Venoso G, Lepore L, Ampollini M, Carpentieri C, Antignani S, Caprio M, Remetti R, Bochicchio F. REPRODUCIBILITY OF RADON-IN-WATER MEASUREMENTS BY EMANOMETRY TECHNIQUE. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 191:166-170. [PMID: 33130888 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emanometry test method is one of the detection techniques of radon in water satisfying requirements of Directive 2013/51/Euratom with regards to the detection limit. Quality assurance (QA) procedures were developed and implemented for a measuring system relying on such a technique. These procedures mainly address the following: (i) the assembling of each component of the degassing circuit, (ii) the sample transfer from the transport container to the degassing vessel and (iii) the control of all the influencing quantities. Three identical measuring systems have been used to analyse in parallel 39 water samples with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of QA procedures in terms of reproducibility. The results showed quite low variability (<15% for the 84% of measurements in the range 10-100 Bq L-1) among the three different measuring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Carlo
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - G Venoso
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Lepore
- Nuclear Material Characterization Laboratory and Nuclear Waste Management, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - M Ampollini
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C Carpentieri
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S Antignani
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Caprio
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - R Remetti
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F Bochicchio
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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32
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Radon concentration and effective dose in drinking groundwater and its relationship with soil type. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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33
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Monitoring geothermal springs and groundwater of Pir Panjal, Jammu and Kashmir, for radon contamination. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Gowing CJB, Dinsley JM, Gallannaugh EL, Smedley PL, Marriott AL, Bowes MJ, Green KA, Watts MJ. Method development for rapid quantification of Rn-222 in surface water and groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1109-1115. [PMID: 31175489 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the risks of a developing unconventional hydrocarbons industry, including shale gas, to the chemical quality of surface water and groundwater involves firstly establishing baseline compositions against which any future changes can be assessed. Contaminants of geogenic origin are of particular interest and radon has been identified as one potential contaminant from shale sources. Robust measurement and monitoring of radon in water at environmental concentrations is essential for ensuring protection of water sources and maintaining public confidence. Traditional techniques for Rn-222 determination in water, such as inference by gamma spectrometry and direct alpha counting, are impractical for direct field measurement, and the relatively short half-life of Rn-222 (~ 3.82 days) means that longer analytical protocols from field to the laboratory may result in greater uncertainty for Rn-222 activity. Therefore, a rapid and low-cost method would be beneficial. We have developed and refined a laboratory procedure for Rn-222 monitoring using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The accuracy of Rn-222 activities obtained via this procedure was evaluated by the analysis of almost 200 water samples collected from streams and boreholes as part of a detailed baseline investigation in the Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, one potential location for future shale gas exploration. LSC was preferred for measurement of Rn-222 and had comparable accuracy to gamma spectrometry and direct alpha counting. The methodology provided a rapid, portable and low-maintenance option relative to the two established techniques and is shown to be a favourable choice for the measurement of radon in surface water and groundwater at environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J B Gowing
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - James M Dinsley
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Gallannaugh
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Pauline L Smedley
- Groundwater Science Directorate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Andrew L Marriott
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Bowes
- Groundwater Science Directorate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Kay A Green
- Groundwater Science Directorate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
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35
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Guo Q. Study on an on-site radon-in-water measurement system based on degassing membrane. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nuhu H, Hashim S, Sanusi MSM, Saleh MA. Radon activity concentration measurements in water sources from Perak state Malaysia. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2020.1820270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Maringer FJ, Wiedner H, Cardellini F. An innovative quick method for tracable measurement of radon 222 in drinking water. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108907. [PMID: 31600633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a quick and simple low-level radionuclide metrology technique for the traceable measurement of Rn-222 activity concentration in drinking water using a 0.56 l ionisation chamber operating in spectrometric pulse mode has been developed, tested, verified and applied to 16 water samples successfully. The impact of essential influencing factors on the result has been investigated, discussed and considered in the uncertainty budget of the measurement method. Finally, the new method has been assessed regarding the applicability on the EU Council Directive 2013/51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Josef Maringer
- BEV - Bundesamt für Eich und Vermessungswesen, Arltgasse 35, 1160, Wien, Austria.
| | - Hannah Wiedner
- BEV - Bundesamt für Eich und Vermessungswesen, Arltgasse 35, 1160, Wien, Austria
| | - Francesco Cardellini
- ENEA - National Institute of Ionizing Radiation, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Italy
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Eckertová T, Müllerová M, Holý K. RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN WATERS OF SPRINGS IN SELECTED AREAS OF WESTERN SLOVAKIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 186:413-418. [PMID: 31832651 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of measurements of radon activity concentration (RAC) in spring waters and natural wells in three mountains of Slovakia (Strážov Mountains, Považský Inovec and Little Carpathians). These mountains provide drinking water for inhabitants of surrounding towns and villages. Little Carpathians is the most seismically active area in Slovakia. Považský Inovec, where 2 out of 11 uranium deposits of Slovakia are located, is interesting due to increased uranium mineralization. We have collected samples from more than 170 natural water sources, many of which exceed the guide value of 100 Bq l-1, with a maximum value of 274 Bq l-1. The median of these data (15 Bq l-1) is also higher than the national median in groundwater (11.6 Bq l-1). From the obtained data, we have created maps representing RAC of groundwaters for the whole territory. These maps were also compared with the geological maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Eckertová
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F-1, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Müllerová
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F-1, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Holý
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F-1, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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S S, D R R, E S, J S. Measurement of radon concentration in drinking water and natural radioactivity in soil and their radiological hazards. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2019.1693175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S
- Department of Physics, M.P.E Society’s S.D.M Degree College, Honavar, India
| | - Rangaswamy D R
- Department of Studies & Research in Physics, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India
- Department of Physics, PES University, Bangalore, India
| | - Srinivasa E
- Department of Physics, IDSG Government College, Chikmagalur, India
| | - Sannappa J
- Department of Studies & Research in Physics, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India
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Özdemir Öge T, Özdemir FB. Assessment of radioactivity from groundwater samples from selected areas of Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, radon concentration measurements and chemical analyses of groundwater samples were performed in four sampling locations of Bartın Province of Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. 222Rn analysis was carried out in groundwater samples with liquid scintillation counting system in accordance with ASTM D5072 standard. The pH, total hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen parameters of the groundwater samples were also determined. The radon concentrations for the water samples ranged between <3.00 Bq/L–12.03 Bq/L. Thirty eight percentage of the samples slightly exceeded the permissible limit of 11.1 Bq/L specified by USEPA for drinking waters. The annual effective doses of groundwater samples were calculated in the range of 7.41–30.74 μSv/y for ingestion of water (E
w.Ig
), and in the range of 7.31–30.31 μSv/y for inhalation of radon released from water (Ew.Ih
). The total calculated annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation were found to be below the limit value of 100 μSv/y specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The radioactivity measurement results significantly varied for three sampling points but not for one sampling point on two different measurement dates, which is attributed to the differences in geological structure. The chemical analysis results, except for total hardness in two sampling points, were within the permissible limits specified by international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Özdemir Öge
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Opticianry Program , Bartın University Health Services Vocational School , Ağdacı Campus, 74100 Bartın , Turkey , Tel.: +903782235222
| | - Firdevs Banu Özdemir
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Radiotherapy Program , Beykent University Vocational School , Cumhuriyet Mah. Şimşek Sok. No:1 Beykent Siteleri Büyükçekmece , 34500 İstanbul , Turkey
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Di Carlo C, Lepore L, Venoso G, Ampollini M, Carpentieri C, Tannino A, Ragno E, Magliano A, D'Amario C, Remetti R, Bochicchio F. Radon concentration in self-bottled mineral spring waters as a possible public health issue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14252. [PMID: 31582775 PMCID: PMC6776523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, the Council Directive 2013/51/Euratom has been regulating the content of radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption. However, mineral waters are exempted from this regulation, including self-bottled springs waters, where higher radon concentration are expected. Therefore, a systematic survey has been conducted on all the 33 mineral spring waters of Lazio (a region of Central Italy) in order to assess if such waters, when self-bottled, may be of concern for public health. Waters have been sampled in two different ways to evaluate the impact of bottling on radon concentration. Water sampling was possible for 20 different spring waters, with 6 samples for each one. The results show that 2 (10%) of measured mineral spring waters returned radon concentrations higher than 100 Bq L-1, i.e., the parametric value established by the Council Directive. These results, if confirmed by other surveys involving a higher number of mineral spring waters, would suggest regulating also these waters, especially in countries like Italy for which: (i) mineral water consumption is significant; (ii) mineral concession owners generally allow the consumers to fill bottles and containers, intended for transport and subsequent consumption, directly from public fountains or from fountains within the plant; (iii) the consumers' habit of drinking self-bottled mineral water is widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Carlo
- Italian National Institute of Health, National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - L Lepore
- Sapienza - University of Rome, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Venoso
- Italian National Institute of Health, National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ampollini
- Italian National Institute of Health, National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Carpentieri
- Italian National Institute of Health, National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Tannino
- Sapienza - University of Rome, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Ragno
- National Research Council (CNR), Prevention and Protection Service Office, P.le A. Moro, 7- 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Magliano
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Health Prevention, V.le Giorgio Ribotta, 5 - 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - C D'Amario
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Health Prevention, V.le Giorgio Ribotta, 5 - 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - R Remetti
- Sapienza - University of Rome, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14 - 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F Bochicchio
- Italian National Institute of Health, National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy
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Carlo L, Alessandra B, Dario S, Mauro C, Gianfranco G, Michele S, Paola T. Testing the radon-in-water probe set-up for the measurement of radon in water bodies. RADIAT MEAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jobbágy V, Stroh H, Marissens G, Gruber V, Roth D, Willnauer S, Bernreiter M, von Philipsborn H, Hult M. Evaluation of a radon-in-water pilot-proficiency test. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 153:108836. [PMID: 31387079 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A pilot proficiency test (PT) on measurements of the massic activity of 222Rn in drinking water was organised by JRC-Geel. Fourteen environmental radioactivity monitoring laboratories were invited to participate. The key aim of the study was to test, optimise and stream-line the complete process for conducting such a PT in order to perform a large scale Europe-wide PT in a robust manner. The process involved using all state-of-the art knowledge on sampling, transporting and measuring 222Rn in water. It was found that the majority of the participants' results (92%) were within the ±15% reference range. The pilot-PT showed that the applied process was suitable and can be used for the large scale European PT planned for the third quarter of 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Jobbágy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heiko Stroh
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Gerd Marissens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Valeria Gruber
- AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Roth
- AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Willnauer
- AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Bernreiter
- AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Henning von Philipsborn
- University of Regensburg, Fakultät für Physik Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Hult
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
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Geochemical Behavior of Uranium and Radon in Groundwater of Jurassic Granite Area, Icheon, Middle Korea. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uranium concentrations (a total of 82 samples) in groundwater in Icheon, middle Korea, showed a wide range from 0.02 to 1640 μg/L with a mean of 56.77 μg/L, a median of 3.03 μg/L, and a standard deviation of 228.63 μg/L. Most groundwater samples had quite low concentrations: 32.9% were below 1 μg/L, while 15.9% exceeded 30 μg/L, the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Radon concentrations also ranged widely from 1.48 to 865.8 Bq/L. Although the standard deviation of radon was large (151.8 Bq/L), the mean was 211.29 Bq/L and the median was 176.86 Bq/L. Overall, 64.6% of the samples exceeded the alternative maximum contaminant level (AMCL) of the US EPA (148 Bq/L). According to statistical analyses, there was no close correlations between uranium and radon, but there were correlations between uranium and redox potential (Eh) (−0.54), dissolved oxygen (DO) (−0.50), HCO3− (0.45), Sr (0.65), and SiO2 (−0.44). Radon showed independent behavior with respect to most components in groundwater. Uranium concentrations in groundwater increased with increasing water–rock interactions. Anomalously high uranium and radon concentrations in groundwater are preferentially localized in granite areas and spatial distributions are remarkably heterogeneous.
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Vipin Kumar P, Gudennavar SB, Chandrashekara MS, Bubbly SG, Hamsa KS. RADON IN GROUNDWATER OF MAGADI TALUK, RAMANAGARA DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 183:513-520. [PMID: 30265363 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radon is a water-soluble radioactive noble gas produced from the alpha decay of 226Ra in uranium series. Its presence in drinking water and open air increases the risk of lung and intestinal cancers in human beings. In view of this, radon concentration in groundwater and its dose due to inhalation and ingestion to the population of Magadi taluk of Ramanagara district in Karnataka state, India was studied. The groundwater samples were analyzed for radon concentration using emanometry technique. The study showed that the radon concentration in this area varied from 27.4 ± 1.0 to 167.5 ± 3.9 Bq/L and the effective dose ranged from 104.2 ± 2.7 to 636.2 ± 11.0 μSv/a. The study also revealed that 95% of the 37 samples studied showed higher radon concentration compared to the UNSCEAR recommendation (40 Bq/L) and all the samples showed higher than the USEPA recommendation (11.1 Bq/L). Ten samples have concentration above the maximum permissible level prescribed by WHO (100 Bq/L). The groundwater samples are found to be slightly alkaline within the permissible limit of Indian Standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vipin Kumar
- Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - S B Gudennavar
- Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - M S Chandrashekara
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, India
| | - S G Bubbly
- Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - K S Hamsa
- Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
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Cho BW, Kim HK, Kim MS, Hwang JH, Yoon U, Cho SY, Choo CO. Radon concentrations in the community groundwater system of South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:189. [PMID: 30806813 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater samples were collected from 3818 wells used for the community groundwater system (CGS) in the remote rural areas of South Korea and analyzed to determine radon concentrations. Radon concentrations varied with rock type, ranging from 0.1 to 2393.5 Bq/L with an average of 86.6 Bq/L and a median of 46.4 Bq/L. Among 10 geological units, the median CGS radon concentration was highest (59.6-103.0 Bq/L) in granite, and lower in sedimentary rocks (16.9-21.1 Bq/L) and porous volcanic rocks (17.6 Bq/L), respectively. Of the 3818 samples, 26.1% exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) radon level limit of 100 Bq/L. The application of the natural radon reduction rate (26.5%) recently suggested by Yun et al. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 126(1), 23-25 (2017) to the CGS water tank appeared to decrease exceedance of the WHO radon level limit to 20.2%. Because of the high radon concentrations in CGS groundwater in South Korea, the establishment of a radon level limit for drinking water is strongly recommended to ensure the health and safety of the people using CGS water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Wook Cho
- Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Koo Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Moon Su Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Hwang
- Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Uk Yoon
- Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang Oh Choo
- Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea.
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Jobbágy V, Stroh H, Marissens G, Hult M. Comprehensive study on the technical aspects of sampling, transporting and measuring radon-in-water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 197:30-38. [PMID: 30502660 PMCID: PMC6343077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The European Commission's Joint Research Centre organizes proficiency tests (PT) on radon-in-water measurements. In order to optimize sampling, transport and measurement methods many tests and small scale proficiency tests have been performed. The waters from natural springs, wells were sampled on-site in glass bottles then transported cooled to the JRC and collaborating laboratories. For the material characterization standard measurement methods based on gamma-ray spectrometry, emanometry and liquid scintillation counting were used. The influence of sampling, transport and sample handling on radon-loss was tested and quantified. It was observed that parameters like container material, filling height, storage temperature and handling can lead to substantial measurement bias due to radon-loss. This high risk for radon-loss from samples can potentially be a general radioprotection problem as doses to the public may be underestimated. Regular air and road transport can be considered adequate means of transport as they have little influence on radon-loss if a suitable glass sample container with flexible cap is used and that it is completely filled. On the basis of this work, modifications to the related standard as best practices are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Jobbágy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Geel), Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heiko Stroh
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Geel), Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Gerd Marissens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Geel), Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Mikael Hult
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Geel), Retieseweg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
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48
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Vogeltanz-Holm N, Schwartz GG. Radon and lung cancer: What does the public really know? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:26-31. [PMID: 29883874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radon causes approximately 21,000 deaths annually from lung cancer, making it the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking. However, the extent of public knowledge about radon is unclear. We systematically reviewed the epidemiologic literature in order to assay the public's understanding about radon and specifically, whether radon is known to cause lung cancer. Radon knowledge has most often been gauged via telephone and in-person responses to the question, "Have you heard about radon?" Our review of 20 such studies reveals that although many individuals have "heard about" radon, many segments of the population, particularly individuals younger than thirty and those with less education, do not know what radon is. Of those who have heard about radon, the majority of respondents in many studies did not know that radon causes lung cancer. Conversely, misinformation about radon is common; approximately 50% of respondents in many studies reported the erroneous belief that radon causes headaches. This suggests that the public has confused the effects of radon with those of carbon monoxide. Rates of radon testing and mitigation are correpondingly low and appear to reflect cognitive defense mechanisms by which individuals believe that their risks from radon are lower than the risks faced by others. Our review suggests that public information materials about radon require revision. Specifically, these should emphasize that radon causes lung cancer and that household carbon monoxide detectors do not detect it. Radon education provided by realtors at the time of residential home sales may be a promising venue to increase radon testing and remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vogeltanz-Holm
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, USA
| | - Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, USA.
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Nikolov J, Stojković I, Todorović N, Tenjović B, Vuković S, Knežević J. Evaluation of different LSC methods for 222Rn determination in waters. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 142:56-63. [PMID: 30248591 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of 222Rn in drinking or surface waters, as well as in groundwater has been performed regularly in connection with geological, hydrogeological and hydrological surveys and health hazard studies. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is often preferred analytical method for 222Rn measurements in waters as it allows multiple-sample automatic analysis. LSC method implies mixing of water samples with organic scintillation cocktail, which triggers radon diffusion from the aqueous into an organic phase for which it has a much greater affinity, eliminating the possibility of radon emanation in that manner. The main aim of this paper is calibration of the liquid scintillation counter Qunatulus 1220™ for measuring of radon in water and evaluation of two different methods (one-phase and two-phase) in order to obtain the most suitable LSC technique for radon in water measurement. In this study four different scintillation cocktails were tested: one miscible (Ultima Gold AB) and three immiscible (High Efficiency Mineral Oil Scintillator, Opti-Fluor O and Ultima Gold F). Evaluation of presented methods was based on obtained detection efficiency and achieved Minimal Detectable Activity (MDA) values. Comparison of presented methods, accuracy and precision, as well as different scintillation cocktail's performance, was considered from results of measurements of 226Ra spiked water samples with known activity and environmental samples. LSC results were compared with the results of radon in water measurement obtained by alpha spectrometer RAD7. Calibration was done as a dependence of calibration factor (CF) from Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA). According to the obtained results, with proper adjustment of calibration parameters, both methods could be used for radon in water measurements. The obtained MDA values for all four scintillation cocktails are very low, less than 0.1 Bq l-1 for measuring time of 300 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Nikolov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Stojković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Science, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Todorović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Tenjović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan Vuković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Knežević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia
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50
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Use of the Sorben-Tec system for rapid dosimetric evaluation of 222Rn level in drinking water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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