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Chaira K, Rhinane H, Ennaffah B, Dellal M, Abouabdellah R, Ammari S, Bouthir FZ, Sagou R, Benbrahim S, Yassir A, Abdelouahab H, Masseret E, Laabir M. First insights into the distribution and diversity of toxic dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediments of Dakhla Bay (African Atlantic coast): relationships with environmental factors and mollusk intoxication events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50746-50766. [PMID: 39103579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Dakhla Bay, situated on the African Atlantic coast, has witnessed sporadic harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by toxic dinoflagellate species over the past two decades. In this study, we investigated the distribution, abundance, and diversity of dinoflagellate cysts, with a focus on potentially toxic species that develop in this ecosystem where such data are lacking. Sediment samples were collected in April 2018 through coring at 49 stations distributed across the bay. The highest abundance of dinoflagellate cysts was recorded at 304 cysts/g dry sediment, observed at the inner part of the bay, indicating that this area is the preferential zone for cyst accumulation. Pearson's tests revealed significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) between cyst abundance and the water content, organic matter, and fine fraction (< 63 μm) of the sediment. Cyst morphotypes of potentially toxic dinoflagellate species known to produce saxitoxins, such as Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium tamarense species complex, Gymnodinium catenatum, and yessotoxins, such as Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax cf. spinifera, were identified in the sediment of Dakhla Bay. These findings were further supported by our long-term monitoring period (2005-2018), underscoring the presence of these HAB species in Dakhla Bay. During our survey, sporadic mollusk intoxication events were recorded at station PK25 for the grooved razor shell Solen marginatus and at station Boutelha for the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Paralytic shellfish toxin concentrations exceeded the sanitary threshold (80 μg STX di-HCl eq/100 g of shellfish meat) only twice, in December 2006 and January 2007 at station PK25. Contamination by amnesic shellfish toxins occurred sporadically but never reached the sanitary threshold of 20 µg/g of shellfish meat. Lipophilic shellfish intoxication occurred multiple times in the two investigated areas. These observations suggest that the cysts of the identified HAB species germinated and inoculated the water column, resulting in the observed intoxication events. Relatively low levels of intoxication could be attributed to the moderate abundances of cysts, which may reduce the seeding capacity. This could be explained by the significant interaction of Dakhla Bay with the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by hydrological dynamics that impede the deposition and accumulation of cysts in the bay's sediments. This study reaffirms the importance of investigating dinoflagellate cysts in assessing the diversity of HAB species and evaluating associated sanitary risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Chaira
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
- Geosciences Laboratory, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Univ Montpellier, MARBEC, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Place E. Bataillon, CC93, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Hassan Rhinane
- Geosciences Laboratory, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Mina Dellal
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rachid Abouabdellah
- Agadir LSSMM Reg Ctr, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Sanae Ammari
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Reqia Sagou
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samir Benbrahim
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anas Yassir
- National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Estelle Masseret
- Univ Montpellier, MARBEC, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Place E. Bataillon, CC93, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Univ Montpellier, MARBEC, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Place E. Bataillon, CC93, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Aboualaalaa H, Rijal Leblad B, Hormat-Allah A, Savar V, Ennaskhi I, Hammi I, Elkbiach ML, Ibghi M, Maamour N, Medhioub W, Amzil Z, Laabir M. New insights into the dynamics of causative dinoflagellates and the related contamination of molluscs by paralytic toxins in the southwestern Mediterranean coastal waters of Morocco. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114349. [PMID: 36410198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the two potentially toxic dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium spp. was investigated in the Mediterranean Moroccan Sea from March 2018 to March 2019. The cockle Acanthocardia tuberculata and the smooth clam Callista chione were collected at four stations, and their toxin levels were assessed using the mouse bioassay. The toxin profile was analysed by LC-MS/MS in G. catenatum and in the bivalves harvested in M'diq and Djawn. The species G. catenatum was present throughout the year, whereas Alexandrium spp. was less abundant. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) level in cockles was, on average, six times above the sanitary threshold; GTX5 was the major contributor to the total PST level, followed by dc-STX and STX. The toxin level of the smooth clam was considerably lower than that of the cockle; GTX5 and C-toxins were the dominating analogues. Our results suggest the responsibility of G. catenatum for the recurrent PST contamination in the Moroccan Mediterranean Sea, with a west-east gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | - Amal Hormat-Allah
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Veronique Savar
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Ismail Ennaskhi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Ikram Hammi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mohamed L'Bachir Elkbiach
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Ibghi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Niama Maamour
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Walid Medhioub
- Aquaculture Laboratory, INSTM (National Institute of Marine Science and Technology), Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
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The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090530. [PMID: 31547379 PMCID: PMC6784007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment is increasing the risk of water pollution caused by cyanotoxins, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the structural characterization, distribution and identification techniques of cyanotoxins have not been comprehensively reviewed in previous studies. This paper aims to elaborate the existing information systematically on the diversity of cyanotoxins to identify valuable research avenues. According to the chemical structure, cyanotoxins are mainly classified into cyclic peptides, alkaloids, lipopeptides, nonprotein amino acids and lipoglycans. In terms of global distribution, the amount of cyanotoxins are unbalanced in different areas. The diversity of cyanotoxins is more obviously found in many developed countries than that in undeveloped countries. Moreover, the threat of cyanotoxins has promoted the development of identification and detection technology. Many emerging methods have been developed to detect cyanotoxins in the environment. This communication provides a comprehensive review of the diversity of cyanotoxins, and the detection and identification technology was discussed. This detailed information will be a valuable resource for identifying the various types of cyanotoxins which threaten the environment of different areas. The ability to accurately identify specific cyanotoxins is an obvious and essential aspect of cyanobacterial research.
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Molognoni L, Dos Santos JN, Kleemann CR, Costa ACO, Hoff RB, Daguer H. Cost-Effective and High-Reliability Analytical Approach for Multitoxin Screening in Bivalve Mollusks by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2691-2699. [PMID: 30753780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast, less expensive, analytical approach with high metrologic reliability was developed to assist an official program for 21 marine biotoxins, monitoring in bivalve mollusks. The simultaneous analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins was achieved using a sample preparation protocol based on solid-liquid extraction and low-temperature cleanup, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water (90:10), followed by low-temperature cleanup. Chromatographic separation was obtained using a cyano-bonded silica phase. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile, with both 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Electrospray ionization was used in both negative and positive modes. The single-laboratory validation approach enabled method performance assessment, and the necessary data to design a model for result expression were yielded. With this purpose, a systematic study of errors and uncertainties was performed. This new analytical approach aimed to minimize the use of highly expensive analytical standards, promoting economic viability to be applied by high-throughput routine laboratories. After its implementation on the Brazilian official monitoring program, positive results near the regulatory limits were obtained, demonstrating the fit for purpose of the method as a surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Jacson Nascimento Dos Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
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Daguer H, Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Kleemann CR, Felizardo LV. Outbreaks, toxicology, and analytical methods of marine toxins in seafood. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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