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Pyuskyulyan K, Pipoyan D, Hovhannisyan S, Beglaryan M, Movsisyan N, Belyaeva O. Assessing radon hazard in drinking water: A comprehensive approach integrating deterministic and probabilistic methods with water consumption routines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175217. [PMID: 39097028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The research aimed to determine the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of radon activity concentrations in tap water of Yerevan city and assess radon-associated hazards using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. This was accomplished by integrating one-year monitoring data of radon in water with water consumption habits among adult population clusters, which were identified through food frequency questionnaire in Yerevan. The study findings indicated variations in radon activity levels across administrative districts. The highest average activity concentrations were detected in Davtashen (7.07 Bq/L), while the lowest average was observed in Kanaker-Zeytun (1.57 Bq/L). The overall pattern of spatiotemporal variation during monitoring period revealed higher prevalence of radon in water in the northern and western parts of the city compared to the east and south, indicating different sources of drinking water. The radon-associated hazard assessment from water, using a deterministic approach (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, radon dissolution in blood, total effective dose), revealed values below the individual dose criterion (IDC) of 0.1 mSv/y. Monte Carlo simulation revealed a probability of exceeding IDC in specific water consumption-based groups. Residents of Yerevan who drink more than 3 L water daily with the highest observed activity concentration of 11.4 Bq/L, have an 86.26 % chance of exceeding IDC. Residents consuming 2.1 L water daily have a 7.02 % chance of exceeding IDC. The study highlights the importance of applied principles and methodologies for radon monitoring, particularly considering actual water consumption data and different risk assessment approaches. Considering the worst-case scenario results, it is recommended to keep tap water consumption up to 3 L per day, keeping the tap open longer to reduce radon levels. It also emphasizes the need for continued monitoring, given the variations in radon activity. The study provides valuable insights into radon exposure assessment, mitigation, and action plans in terms of water safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pyuskyulyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, 68 Abovyan Street, Armenia; Armenian Nuclear Power Plant, Metsamor, Armavir marz, 0910, Armenia
| | - David Pipoyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, 68 Abovyan Street, Armenia
| | | | - Meline Beglaryan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, 68 Abovyan Street, Armenia
| | - Nona Movsisyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, 68 Abovyan Street, Armenia
| | - Olga Belyaeva
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, 68 Abovyan Street, Armenia
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Jamasali YD, Turhan Ş, Bakır TK, Altuner EM, Duran C, Hançerlioğulları A, Kurnaz A. Evaluation of radiological health risk due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in commercial packaged fruit juices consumed in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:3101-3111. [PMID: 38131128 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2297712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit juices (FJs) are among the most popular beverages frequently preferred by consumers, believing FJs contain the nutritional values, minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins, and antioxidants necessary for a healthy life. However, FJs may contain natural radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), which originates from the fruit and water utilized in their production, at levels that may pose a health risk to people. Inhalation and ingestion of 222Rn gas increases the risk of lung and stomach cancer. In this study, commercially packaged FJs from the seventeen most popular brands consumed in Turkey were analyzed for physicochemical properties and 222Rn activity concentrations to evaluate the radiological health risk. The values of pH, brix and 222Rn activity concentrations in FJ samples varied from 2.68 to 4.28, 2.50 to 14.30%, 9.6 ± 1.1 to 25.2 ± 2.5 mBq/L, respectively. The radiological health risk caused by internal exposure was evaluated for children and adults by estimating the ingestion and inhalation annual effective dose. The average values of the total annual effective dose for children and adults were found as 0.039 µSv and 0.056 µSv, respectively, which are much lower than the recommended dose of 100 µSv for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusof-den Jamasali
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Philippines
| | - Şeref Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
| | - Temel K Bakır
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
| | - Ergin M Altuner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
| | - Celalattin Duran
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
| | | | - Aslı Kurnaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
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3
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Manawi Y, Hassan A, Atieh MA, Lawler J. Overview of radon gas in groundwater around the world: Health effects and treatment technologies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122176. [PMID: 39180822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The natural radioactive decay of uranium in rocks and soils gives rise to the presence of radon in groundwater. The existence of radon in groundwater at activity levels way higher than the reference limits set by US-EPA and WHO was widely covered in literature. The exposure to elevated levels of radon in ground and drinking water have been reported in literature to cause adverse health impacts. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of radon gas in groundwater followed by the safe limits suggested by international organizations and agencies such as US-EPA and WHO. The paper also discusses the health effects associated with the exposure to radon levels and the estimation of the annual effective dose through ingestion and inhalation. This is followed by the radon levels around the world as well as the corresponding annual effective doses reported in literature. The determination techniques of radon levels in water covered in literature such as liquid scintillation counting, gamma-ray spectrometry and emanometry were also discussed and reviewed in the present work. Next, the paper sheds light on the most frequently used treatment techniques such as aeration, adsorption, filtration as well as biological techniques and evaluates their efficiency in mitigating radon levels in water. The paper also highlights the main precautions and future mitigation plans for radon in groundwater as well as delved onto future research perspectives of radon. It was found out that the type of rock played a key role in determining the radon levels. For instance, granitic rock types were reported to contribute to the elevation in the groundwater radon levels due to their characteristic permeability as a result of the formed fractures as well as their natural incorporation of high levels of uranium. Some of the reported radon levels in groundwater in literature were way higher than the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water and US-EPA alternative higher maximum contaminant level. This review paper could be of importance to researchers working on the evaluation as well as the treatment of radon gas in water as it will provide a critical and state of the art review on radon gas in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Manawi
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar.
| | - Arzoo Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
| | - Muataz Ali Atieh
- Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar.
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Xu W, He Z, Fu C, Du F. Radon and lung cancer: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 198:104363. [PMID: 38657702 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Beyond tobacco smoking, radon takes its place as the second most significant contributor to lung cancer, excluding hereditary and other biologically related factors. Radon and its byproducts play a pivotal role in exposing humans to elevated levels of natural radiation. Approximately 10-20 % of lung cancer cases worldwide can be attributed to radon exposure, leading to between 3 % and 20 % of all lung cancer-related deaths. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap persists regarding the association between radon and lung cancer, impeding radon risk reduction initiatives globally. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in epidemiology, cell biology, dosimetry, and risk modeling concerning radon exposure and its relevance to lung cancer. It also delves into methods for measuring radon concentrations, monitoring radon risk zones, and identifying priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Health Management Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhengzhong He
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cong Fu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Fen Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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Iannone A, Albanese S, Guarino A, Ambrosino M, Germano G, De Tullio G, Cicchella D. Variation of total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations in the water supply system of an Italian volcanic region: How safe is tap water for human consumption? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134229. [PMID: 38581875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations were determined in water from different sections of seven aqueducts belonging to the water supply system of Campania region (Italy), known worldwide for its volcanism. Statistical analysis was performed on data to account for their variability across the aqueduct sections, and results were discussed considering the geology of reservoirs, the potential mixing processes occurring along the pipe network, the building/constituting materials of the aqueduct sections, and the integrity of the infrastructure. Guidelines proposed by Italian and international regulation entities were considered to determine if total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations found at the taps of the different aqueducts should be considered detrimental to public health. Based on a deterministic and a stochastic approach, a health risk assessment was also tested for Rn-222, assuming direct ingestion and showering as potential exposure pathways. Results showed that applying guidelines returned an absence of hazard, whereas risk assessment returned a high probability of exposure to unacceptable Rn-222 doses for some aqueducts. Beyond the usefulness of obtained results to plan actions to improve the safety of drinking water in Campania, our outcomes represent a warning for bodies dealing with public health at any level: the use of guidelines can bring an underestimation of the risks exerted by the exposure to Rn-222 on human health. Further, using a probabilistic approach in risk assessment accounting for uncertainty can favor risk forecasts based on more "realistic" scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iannone
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annalise Guarino
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Germano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Regional Radioactivity Center, ARPAC, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A, Aydın E. Assessment of internal radiation exposure caused by radon in commercially bottled spring waters consumed in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1215-1226. [PMID: 37165966 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2211948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The variation of dissolved radon levels in water supplies remains of interest since radon ingested through drinking water can give considerable radiation to the lining of the stomach. This study aims to determine the radon concentration levels in bottled spring drinking water (BSW) brands commercially sold in Turkey using a radon gas monitor and to assess the internal radiation exposure caused by the ingestion and inhalation of radon. The activity concentrations of radon analyzed in 77 BSW brands varied from 7.1±0.8 to 28.7±2.7 mBq/L with an average of 15.7±5.1 mBq/L. The total annual effective dose was estimated to assess the radiological risk for three age groups in four different scenarios based on annual drinking water intake. All estimated dose values are well below the recommended reference dose of 100 µSv for drinking water. Therefore, radon gas in the investigated BSW samples poses no significant radiological risk to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kurnaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Erol Aydın
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Huang H, Sun Q, Geng J, Hu J, Li P. Study of the influence of pore structure on the radon emission characteristics of terrestrial sedimentary shales after high temperature action. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:13218-13229. [PMID: 38240968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Heat-assisted development of shale oil and gas is recognized as a vital technique for the efficient extraction of shale gas; however, there is a need for comprehensive investigation regarding radon release during the extraction process. The aim of this study was to investigate the pore structure and radon release characteristics of heat-treated black shale using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA) and radon (Rn-222) measurement equipment. The findings reveal that temperature initially enhances radon release, which subsequently decreases. The maximum radon release occurs at 500 °C, reaching 1.46 times the initial stage. The radon release rate is positively correlated with the volume of micropores (< 2 nm) in the shale. Organic pores within the shale serve as the primary storage spaces for radon, and the intricate pore structure of organic matter provides an optimal environment for radon gas retention. These results contribute to elucidating the mechanisms behind the impact of thermal treatment on shale's radon release rate, which is crucial for guiding radon radiation evaluation in thermal treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jishi Geng
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Solar Optoelectronic Materials, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330044, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Mohammed AU, Aris AZ, Ramli MF, Isa NM, Suleiman Arabi A, Michael Orosun M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of radon risk exposure from drinking water resources in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2023; 41:150-174. [PMID: 38060292 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2023.2278957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated radon concentrations in drinking water pose an increased risk of cancer among nonsmokers. A Monte-Carlo Simulation was employed to assess the effective dose and cancer risk associated with radon exposure in humans, utilizing a systematic review and meta-analysis of related studies. These studies were sourced from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, focusing on drinking water from Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. The random effects models revealed a 222Rn concentration in drinking water of Nigeria at 25.01, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 7.62 and 82.09, indicating significant heterogeneity of (I2 = 100%; p < 0.001). The probabilistic risk of effective dose revealed a best-scenario (P 5%) at Kundiga and Magiro that exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended effective dose limit of 200 µSv/y. Conversely, the worst-case scenario (P 95%) indicated concentrations surpassing the recommended limit at Kundiga, Edbe, Magiro, Ekiti, and Abeokuta. Excess Life Cancer Risk for infants, children, and adults attributed to the ingestion and inhalation of radon from various drinking water sources exceeded the recommended values of 0.2 x 10-3 established by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). It underscores the necessity for treating radon-polluted water, employing methos such as aeration and granular activated carbon (GAC) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Usman Mohammed
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Geology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Firuz Ramli
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorain Mohd Isa
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Abdullahi Suleiman Arabi
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science, Bayero University (BUK), Kano, Nigeria
| | - Muyiwa Michael Orosun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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Sharma S, Kaur G, Deep A, Nayak MK. A multifunctional recyclable adsorbent based on engineered MIL-125 (Ti) magnetic mesoporous composite for the effective removal of pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116496. [PMID: 37380008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of pathogenic bacteria from water sources is currently crucial for obtaining drinkable water. Therefore, the development of platforms with the ability to interact with pathogens and remove them is a potential future tool for medicine, food and water safety. In this work, we have grafted a layer of NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanospheres for the removal of multiple pathogenic bacteria from water. The synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) nano adsorbent was characterized by FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, BET surface analysis, magnetization tests, respectively, which illustrated its well-defined core-shell structure and magnetic behaviour. The prepared magnetic-MOF composite sorbent was attractive towards capturing a wide range of pathogens (S. typhimurium, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae) under experimental conditions. Influence factors such as adsorbent dosage, bacterial concentration, pH and incubation time were optimized for enhanced bacterial capture. The application of an external magnetic field removed Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) nano adsorbent from the solution along with sweeping the attached pathogenic bacteria. The non-specific removal efficiency of S. typhimurium for magnetic MOF composite was 96.58%, while it was only 46.81% with Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. For specific removal, 97.58% of S. typhimurium could be removed selectively from a mixture with monoclonal anti- Salmonella antibody conjugated magnetic MOF at a lower concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The developed nano adsorbent may find great potential in microbiology applications and water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh-160030, India
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh-160030, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector - 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh-160030, India
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Ijaz J, Ali W, Muhammad S, Ullah H, Ather D, Ud Din I. Annual effective dose estimation of radon in drinking water sources of Nizampur basin, North Western Pakistan. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2023; 59:539-553. [PMID: 37920884 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2023.2276218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed radon (222Rn) levels in drinking water sources in the Nizampur basin and their potential health risks for the local community. We analyzed 48 water samples on-site using RAD7. Additionally, we measured pH, temperature (T), total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential (ORP), and electrical conductivity (EC) with a multiparameter analyzer. Results showed pH, T, TDS, ORP, and EC ranging from 7.2 to 8, 17 to 26 °C, 333 to 1130 mg/l, -56 to 284 mV, and 469 to 2370 µS/cm. 222Rn levels varied significantly (0.7-107 Bq/l, mean 23 ± 21, median = 17 Bq/l), with about 65 % exceeding the EPA's limit of 11.1 Bq/l, indicating health risks likely due to local geological conditions. The annual effective doses for ingestion (EwIng) were 0.87 ± 0.01, 0.35 ± 0.006, and 0.13 ± 0.002 µSv/a for adults, infants, and children, respectively. Exposure risk via the inhalation (EwInh) route ranged from 1.75 to 270 µSv/a, with the highest risk in infants, followed by children and adults. Inhalation was the primary exposure route for all age groups. Further, spatial distribution maps and hotspot analysis suggested that the central region characterized by high structural deformation and favorable geology for radon emanation was the area of concern in terms of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehangir Ijaz
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Ullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Danish Ather
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ud Din
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Hu T, Yuan S, Mo Y, Lin F, Fan Z, Liu S, Xie R, Yi H, Li H, Liu Z, Sun J, Wu J, Chen L, Wang L, Yuan H, Tan Y. Design of intermittent continuous measurement of radon concentration in water. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110894. [PMID: 37302298 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established the maximum contaminant level limit for radon concentration in drinking water as 11.1 Bq L-1. A new device based on the bubbling method with a 290 mL sample bottle was designed for intermittent continuous measurement of water radon concentration. A STM32 is used to control the switch of the water pump and the valves. The Water-Radon-Measurement software written in C# is to connect RAD7 and calculate the water radon concentration automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Yixiang Mo
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Fen Lin
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Zhongkai Fan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Shuaibin Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Ruomei Xie
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Haibo Yi
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Huiying Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Jiale Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Jiulin Wu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Linquan Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Hongzhi Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China
| | - Yanliang Tan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421008, China.
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12
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Fu Q, Liang JC, Lai JL, Luo XG. Radon adsorption and air purification by Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and its metabolic response to radon exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121744. [PMID: 37127238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), an aerial plant, to adsorb radon (Rn) and absorb CO2 was assessed to analyze its capacity to remove pollutants from indoor air and to determine its radon (Rn) tolerance mechanism. Transcriptomics and metabolomics techniques were used to analyze the response of the plant to Rn exposure. Spanish moss absorbed indoor CO2 at night using the type of photosynthesis termed crassulacean acid metabolism. The CO2 absorption efficiency of the plant was mainly affected by the light duration and diurnal temperature differences. The highest purification efficiency was 48.25%, and the scales on the Spanish moss leaf surface were the key sites for Rn adsorption. Metabolome analysis showed that Rn exposure induced differential metabolites significantly enriched in the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. Transcriptome analysis showed significantly upregulated expression levels of functional genes in Rn-exposed leaves. Rn had significant effects on respiratory metabolism, as indicated by upregulated expression of metabolites and functional genes related to the glycolysis pathway, pyruvate oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These responses indicated that the internal mechanism by which Spanish moss alleviates Rn stress involves an enhancement of cellular energy supplies and regulation of respiratory metabolic pathways to allow adaptation to Rn pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | | | - Jin-Long Lai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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13
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Kim Y, Jang Y, Kim H, Shin H, Singh R, Kim K. 222Radon reduction in small-scale water supply systems using low-technology reduction methods in the Republic of Korea: A field research and mass balance model approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161820. [PMID: 36707002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In rural areas, low-technology radon reduction methods are essential for safe access to clean groundwater. This study monitored the radon reduction rates in small-scale groundwater-based water supply systems in the Republic of Korea and also presented a mass balance equation using physical environmental conditions from three radon reduction methods. The mass balance results showed that the radon reduction rate would be affected by the groundwater flow rate (m3/day), capacity of the drainage facility (m3), surface area of air-water interface (m2), air-water ratio (dimensionless), and ventilation system. The radon reduction order was as follows: simultaneously powered and non-powered aeration method (free-fall (60.0 %) > aeration (19.6 %) > decay (0.9 %) > diffusion (0.2 %)), low-technology non-powered aeration (free-fall (60.0 %) > decay (3.4 %) > diffusion (0.9 %)), and only storage (free-fall (35.5 %) > decay (4.4 %) > diffusion (1.1 %)). Overall, non-powered aeration using the maximum free-fall effect has the potential for use as a low-technology reduction method and natural decay during water storage is the most important factor underlying seasonal variations in the reduction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyeon Kim
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Jang
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Kim
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsoon Shin
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Keugtae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Republic of Korea.
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14
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A novel deep learning simulation to predict radon activity concentration in soil layers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Sukanya S, Noble J, Joseph S. Application of radon ( 222Rn) as an environmental tracer in hydrogeological and geological investigations: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135141. [PMID: 35660388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radon (222Rn) is a colourless, odourless, inert, and radioactive noble gas (t1/2 = 3.8 days) that emanates from rocks and soils as a result of the alpha decay of its parent, radium (226Ra) in the decay series of uranium-238, is the focus of this study. Radon is produced in the crystal lattice of the minerals and emanates out through alpha recoil. It dissolves in water, and is also found in soil and air. Its distribution in water is more pertinent for scientific investigations. It can be measured by various methods. Certain properties of radon enable it to serve as an ideal tracer, viz., short-half life, inertness, high abundance in groundwater than surface water, preferential partitioning, sensitivity to sudden changes in subsurface conditions, non-invasiveness etc. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques on the measurement of dissolved radon in water and its potential applications as a tracer and precursor in several hydrogeological and geological applications like understanding the surface water - groundwater interactions, hydrograph separation of streams, estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD), study of hydrodynamics and water balance of lakes, earthquake predictions, locating geological structures (faults/lineaments), geochemical explorations, NAPL contamination studies etc. Among the various applications presented, radon based approach is found to be more reliable in water resources domain than seismic precursory studies. The interpretations based on radon study in the above applications will pave the way for the improved understanding of the hydrological processes, and thus, help the planners and water managers for the sustainable development and management of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sukanya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
| | - Jacob Noble
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, India
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