1
|
Chang CH, Wang SC, Lee CY, Su CH, Lai YJ, Lin WD, Hsu YM. Influence of administration timing of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang treatment on attenuating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4298-4307. [PMID: 38717028 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and are further exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a traditional herbal medicine with potent anti-inflammatory properties, has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment. Our study emphasizes on the importance of precise timing in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles. A mouse infection model was established while different administration times of SHXXT were recorded for the body weight, clinical scores, bacterial counts in blood, and organs. Additionally, cytokine levels, fatty acids, and amino acids in the serum were also monitored. We found that administering SHXXT 1 day after Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection (T1 group) leads to positive outcomes. This includes restoration of body weight, improved clinical scores, and reduced bacterial counts in blood and vital organs. Interferon-gamma levels remained consistently high across all treatment groups 6 days post-infection. However, the T1 group showed exclusive suppression of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The timing of administration significantly influenced serum fatty acid concentrations, countering Salmonella-induced disruptions, aligning with TNF-α and IL-1β levels. SHXXT had also restored amino acid profiles disrupted by the infection, with notable effects when administered at the correct timing. Our research highlights SHXXT's potential in treating S. Typhimurium infection, emphasizing the importance of precise timing in line with traditional Chinese medicine principles for effective treatment at different disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chiu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Lai
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Yang W, Li Y, Kang J, Wang J, Fang M. Revealing the anti-inflammatory ingredients in wine-processed Radix et Rhizoma Rhei using immobilized cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 as the stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116036. [PMID: 38395001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress of wine-processed Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Jiudahuang, JDH) in removing toxic heat from the blood in the upper portion of the body for hundreds of years, the deep understanding of its functional material basis of the anti-inflammatory ingredients remains unclear due to the lack of high specific and efficient methods. Herein, taking Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1(CysLT1R) as the target protein, we established a chromatographic method based on the immobilized CysLT1R using haloalkane dehalogenases (Halo) at the C-terminus of the receptor in one step. After careful characterization by X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, immune-fluorometric analysis, and chromatographic investigations, the immobilized receptor was used to screen the anti-inflammatory ingredients in JDH. Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion were identified as the main anthraquinone exerting anti-inflammatory effects in the drug. The association constants for the five compounds to bind with the receptor were calculated as (0.30 ± 0.06)× 105, (0.35 ± 0.03)× 105, (0.46 ± 0.05)× 105, (1.05 ± 0.14)× 105, and (1.66 ± 0.17)× 105 M-1 by injection amount-dependent method. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds were identified as the main driving force for the five compounds to bind with CysLT1R by molecular docking. Based on these results, we believe that the immobilized receptor chromatography preserves historic significance in revealing the functional material basis of the complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Minfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li L, Wang Y, Zhao L, Ye G, Shi F, Li Y, Zou Y, Song X, Zhao X, Yin Z, Wu X, Li W, Tang H. Sanhuang xiexin decoction ameliorates secondary liver injury in DSS-induced colitis involve regulating inflammation and bile acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115682. [PMID: 36058478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE SanHuang XieXin decoction (SXD) is a widely applicated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a significant gut-liver axis regulation effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect and elucidate the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of SXD on liver damage secondary to ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A model of liver damage secondary to UC was induced by drinking 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. These mice were treated with one of three doses of SXD or sulfasalazine (SASP), then liver samples were collected and tested. RESULTS The results reveal that SXD treatment reduced liver cells swelling, and inhibited the accumulation of the hepatic-pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mice with colitis. In addition, SXD reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In inflammation regulating, SXD significantly down regulated the protein expression of MyD88 and p-Iκα, but upregulated Iκα. In bile acid metabolism regulating, SXD significantly down regulated the protein expression of FXR, MRP2, BESP and SHP. Therefore, SXD treatment can regulate the TLR4-NF-κB and bile acid metabolism pathways to alleviate liver inflammation and cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that SXD is a potential alternative therapeutic medicine for the treatment of liver damage secondary to colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xueyuan Wu
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen Li
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen LJ, Luo KD, Wen XX, Wang SF, Fan XH. Systematic chemical characterization of Xiexin decoctions using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:464-472. [PMID: 34092297 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xiexin decoctions (XXDs) display beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, which raises interests on this group of formulae for broad clinical applications. However, there was no report about systematic analysis of XXDs to elucidate the constitution of chemical components, which hampers further investigations on the therapeutic values of XXDs. In this work, crude herbs were extracted and prepared to obtain the XXDs for systemic analysis on their chemical compositions, according to the information described in the ancient Zhang Zhongjing's herbal formulae. LC-MS analysis of five XXDs was carried out to facilitate recognition of the source herbs for compounds in the mixture. A total number of 93 compounds were identified through our methods and their chemical classes encompassed five major groups, including protoberberine alkaloids, flavonoids, stilbenes, anthraquinones and saponins. Our current work provided important information about material basis for pharmacological studies on XXDs and would help shed light on relationships between chemical compositions and therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Shen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke-Di Luo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xun Wen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Fang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Component Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen M, Liu C, Shen Y, Zou J, Zhang Z, Wan Y, Yang L, Jiang S, Qian D, Duan J. A Powerful HPLC-ELSD Method for Simultaneous Determination of Fecal Bile Acids in T2DM Rats Interfered by Sanhuang Xiexin Tang. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:871-876. [PMID: 33524991 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) as important endogenous ligands can activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5) signaling to regulate glycolipid metabolism. In this study, a simple, reliable and sensitive analysis method for simultaneous determination of four BAs from rat feces based on high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was developed. Chromatographic analysis was performed with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid. All the standard curves exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99). The relative standard deviations of precision, stability and repeatability varied from 1.27 to 3.96%, 2.20 to 3.89% and 3.00 to 4.31%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the variation of four BAs in feces from T2DM rats after oral administration of Sanhuang Xiexin Tang (SXT). Data showed that SXT could remarkably increase the contents of conjunct BAs and decrease the contents of free BAs, which might contribute to ameliorate the symptoms of T2DM rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yumeng Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Junfeng Zou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhimiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Li S, Wang Y, Hu R. HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS-Based Screening and Analysis of the Multiple Absorbed Bioactive Components in Rat Serum after Oral Administration of Xiexin Tang. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190314130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Xiexin Tang (XXT) is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula
that has been used in herbal clinics for more than 1800 years. Recently, many studies have investigated
the pharmacological effects and chemical composition of XXT. However, there is little information
about systematic studies on the material basis of its efficacy. In the present study, the serum pharmacochemistry
technique and HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS were performed to screen and analyze the multiple
absorbed bioactive components and metabolites of orally dosed XXT in rat serum.
Methods:
Bio-samples and herbal extracts were analyzed and detected by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS.
Upon comparison of the chromatograms of the single-constituent decoctions with that of the XXT formulation,
the peak quantity and peak intensity of the formulated decoction showed some variation from
those of the single-constituent decoctions.
Results:
Twenty-one serum-adsorbed constituents were identified after intragastric administration of
herbal extracts, of which 8 originated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RRR), 5 from Coptidis Rhizoma
(CR), and 8 from Scutellariae Radix (SR). The results showed that the main adsorbed constituents in the
serum were anthraquinones, anthrones, chromones, and butyrophenones, alkaloids, and flavonoids.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrate that an effective and reliable analytical method is set up for
screening the bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine, which provided a meaningful basis for
further pharmacology and active mechanism research of XXT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Xianyang 712046, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Henamayee S, Banik K, Sailo BL, Shabnam B, Harsha C, Srilakshmi S, VGM N, Baek SH, Ahn KS, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic Emergence of Rhein as a Potential Anticancer Drug: A Review of Its Molecular Targets and Anticancer Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102278. [PMID: 32408623 PMCID: PMC7288145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second-highest cause of mortality in the world, and it kills nearly 9.6 million people annually. Besides the fatality of the disease, poor prognosis, cost of conventional therapies, and associated side-effects add more burden to patients, post-diagnosis. Therefore, the search for alternatives for the treatment of cancer that are safe, multi-targeted, effective, and cost-effective has compelled us to go back to ancient systems of medicine. Natural herbs and plant formulations are laden with a variety of phytochemicals. One such compound is rhein, which is an anthraquinone derived from the roots of Rheum spp. and Polygonum multiflorum. In ethnomedicine, these plants are used for the treatment of inflammation, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and bacterial and helminthic infections. Increasing evidence suggests that this compound can suppress breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, etc. in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Recent studies have reported that this compound modulates different signaling cascades in cancer cells and can prevent angiogenesis and progression of different types of cancers. The present review highlights the cancer-preventing and therapeutic properties of rhein based on the available literature, which will help to extend further research to establish the chemoprotective and therapeutic roles of rhein compared to other conventional drugs. Future pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies could support this compound as an effective anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahu Henamayee
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Bethsebie Lalduhsaki Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Bano Shabnam
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Satti Srilakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER, Guwahati), Assam 781125, India; (S.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Naidu VGM
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER, Guwahati), Assam 781125, India; (S.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea;
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.S.A.); or (A.B.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2316 (K.S.A.)
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.H.); (K.B.); (B.L.S.); (B.S.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.A.); or (A.B.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2316 (K.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Physcion and physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside: A review of their pharmacology, toxicities and pharmacokinetics. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
9
|
Pharmacodynamics of Five Anthraquinones (Aloe-emodin, Emodin, Rhein, Chysophanol, and Physcion) and Reciprocal Pharmacokinetic Interaction in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101898. [PMID: 31108858 PMCID: PMC6571683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Rhubarb anthraquinones—a class of components with neuroprotective function—can be used to alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. (2) Methods: The three pharmacodynamic indicators are neurological function score, brain water content, and cerebral infarction area; UPLC-MS/MS was used in pharmacokinetic studies to detect plasma concentrations at different time points, and DAS software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters in a noncompartmental model. (3) Results: The results showed that the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of one of the five anthraquinone aglycones could be modified by the other four anthraquinones, and the degree of interaction between different anthraquinones was different. The chrysophanol group showed the greatest reduction in pharmacodynamic indicators comparing with other four groups where the rats were administered one of the five anthraquinones, and there was no significant difference between the nimodipine group. While the Aloe-emodin + Physcion group showed the most obvious anti-ischemic effect among the groups where the subjects were administered two of the five anthraquinones simultaneously. Emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion all increase plasma exposure levels of aloe-emodin, while aloe-emodin lower their plasma exposure levels. (4) Conclusions: This experiment provides a certain preclinical basis for the study of anthraquinone aglycones against cerebral ischemia and a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of interaction between anthraquinones.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Xin X, Sun Y, Zou L, Li H, Zhao Y, Li R, Peng Y, Zheng J. Chemical Reactivity of Aloe-Emodin and Its Hydroxylation Metabolites to Thiols. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:234-244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Lizhu Zou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang YQ, Li SJ, Zhuang G, Geng RH, Jiang X. Screening free radical scavengers in Xiexin Tang by HPLC-ABTS-DAD-Q-TOF/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Shu-Jiao Li
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Guo Zhuang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Rong-Hui Geng
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Xu Jiang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Hu Y, Xiang L, Li S, Yuan Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Meng X, Wang P. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang Constituents Exert Drug-Drug Interaction of Mutual Reinforcement at Both Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Level: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:448. [PMID: 27965575 PMCID: PMC5124576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders underlie varieties of human diseases. San-Huang-Xie-xin-Tang (SHXXT), composed with Rhizoma Rhei (Rheum palmatum L.), Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis chinensis Franch), and Radix Scutellaria (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), is a famous formula which has been widely used in the fight against inflammatory abnormalities. Mutual reinforcement is one of the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine. Here this article reviewed and analyzed the recent research on (1) How the main constituents of SHXXT impact on inflammation-associated signaling pathway molecules. (2) The interaction between the main constituents and efflux pumps or intestinal transporters. The goal of this work was to, (1) Provide evidence to support the theory of mutual reinforcement. (2) Clarify the key targets of SHXXT and suggest which targets need further investigation. (3) Give advice for the clinical use of SHXXT to elevated the absorption of main constituents and eventually promote oral bioavailability. We search literatures in scientific databases with key words of “each main SHXXT constituent,” in combination with “each main inflammatory pathway target molecule” or each main intestinal transporter, respectively. We report the effect of five main constituents on target molecules which lies in three main inflammatory signaling pathways, we as well investigate the interaction between constituents and intestinal transporter. We conclude, (1) The synergistic effect of constituents at both levels confirm the mutual reinforcement theory of TCM as it is proven in this work. (2) The effect of main constituents on downstream targets in nuclear need more further investigation. (3) Drug elevating the absorption of rhein, berberine and baicalein can be employed to promote oral bioavailability of SHXXT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Yingfan Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu, China
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Wenge Huang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu J, Zhang H, Hu B, Yang L, Wang P, Wang F, Meng X. Coptisine from Coptis chinensis inhibits production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:106-14. [PMID: 27018392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and other Asian countries for centuries. However, the chemical constituents and mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of this medicinal plant are poorly understood. Here, coptisine, the main constituent of C. chinensis, was shown to potently inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) by suppressing the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Coptisine also inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by suppressing expression of cytokine mRNA. Coptisine suppressed the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt). Coptisine had no effect on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) as well as LPS binding to TLR-4. Coptisine also inhibited carrageenan-elicited rat paw edema and reduced the release of TNF-α and NO in rat inflamed tissue. These results suggest that coptisine inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by blocking nuclear factor-kappa B, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt activation in macrophages, and can be used as an agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Boyang Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsang SW, Bian ZX. Anti-fibrotic and Anti-tumorigenic Effects of Rhein, a Natural Anthraquinone Derivative, in Mammalian Stellate and Carcinoma Cells. Phytother Res 2014; 29:407-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wai Tsang
- Cancer and inflammation Center, School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Cancer and inflammation Center, School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu JS, Liu Y, Shi R, Lu X, Ma YM, Cheng NN. Effects of combinations of Xiexin decoction constituents on diabetic nephropathy in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:126-133. [PMID: 25278183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiexin decoction (XXD) has been used as a treatment for diabetes mellitus for more than 1300 years. XXD constituents with protective effects against diabetic nephropathy (DN) include Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids (RA), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei polysaccharides (RP), and Radix Scutellaria flavones (RF). The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of combinations of RA, RP, and RF on DN and their mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, high glucose-induced rat mesangial cells were treated with RA, RP, RF, and combinations thereof. Cell proliferation and levels of inflammatory factors were measured. In vivo, high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with different combinations of RA, RP, and RF once per day for 12 weeks. Blood and urine biochemical parameters, renal tissue morphology, and inflammation were investigated. RESULTS In vitro, the combination of the three groups of components inhibited mesangial cell proliferation and reduced the levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and collagen IV. The effects of the three constituent groups in combination were stronger than those of each group alone or combinations of two groups. In diabetic rats, combinations of the three groups of herb components ameliorated blood glucose, urinary albumin excretion and decreased renal mesangial matrix expansion and basement membrane thickening. In addition, the combinations reduced renal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein levels, down-regulated the expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and up-regulated the expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (IκB) protein. Among the three groups of herb components, RA produced the strongest effects, followed by RP, and then by RF. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the three groups of herb components produced anti-DN effects through inhibition of inflammation mediated by NF-κB. Among the three groups of herb components, RA produced the strongest effect while RP and RF produced weaker effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Neng-Neng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang LG, Ouyang XW, Wu TT, Ni LJ, Shi WZ. Quantitative evaluation of in vitro effects and interactions of active fractions in a Chinese medicinal formula (Yaotongning Capsule) on rat chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1424-1432. [PMID: 25043778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yaotongning Capsule (YTNC) is a Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) formula that has been demonstrated to be effective for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment in clinical use. Many compounds and 10 component medicinal materials (CMMs for short, i.e., the fundamental elements used in TCM formulas) in YTNC are challenging to study the pharmacological effects and interactions of the CMMs. Besides, it is difficult to know whether the YTNC formula is reasonable, and if YTNC formula could be improved without comparing YTNC with other TCM formulas of treating OA. Based on different combinations of the active fractions from the 10 CMMs of YTNC and eight additional herbs frequently used in the TCM formulas of treating OA, the present study evaluated systematically the in vitro effects of these active fractions and the interactions among the active fractions from YTNC on rat chondrocytes to find possible solutions of the above questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the formulation of YTNC and the concept of combinatorial chemistry, the active fractions were applied to form the whole YTNC prescription (i.e., the combination of all YTNC active fractions and the extract of YTNC׳s vehicle), five disassembled formulas of YTNC (i.e., the combinations of some active fractions in YTNC) and 21 TCM samples consisted of different kinds of active fractions. The degenerated chondrocytes were induced with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and then the half-effective concentration (EC50) value of the proliferation activity was analyzed to evaluate the 27 TCM samples. Nine samples were screened for the following evaluation on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. Rat articular cartilage was obtained from six Sprague-Dawley rats (seven days of age), and then chondrocytes were isolated through enzymatic digestion with 0.2% Collagenase II. Proliferations of chondrocytes were examined through Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, when the intracellular levels of GAG were detected by 1,9-Dimethylmethylene blue staining. The interactions between the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing experimental EC50 values of the YTNC formulas with their additive EC50 values. The effects of every active fraction were estimated by comparing the EC50 values of the TCM sample containing the active fraction with that of the initial sample without the active fraction. RESULTS The whole formula of YTNC was very good at promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis among all the 27 TCM samples. The vehicle of YTNC (Chinese rice wine) strengthened the two activities of YTNC. Refer to promoting the proliferation in chondrocytes, Davallia mariesii flavonoids (not belong to YTNC) were more potent than Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids in YTNC, while the saponins, volatile oils and polysaccharides of YTNC were more potent than those from the eight additional herbs. Some samples including fewer active fractions were as good as YTNC. The YTNC formula and its disassembled formulas exhibited good activities both in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis, and the whole formula was most potent among the six YTNC formulas. CONCLUSIONS The YTNC formula is reasonable and has advantage in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis in IL-1β induced chondrocytes. YTNC׳s vehicle Chinese rice wine plays an important role in strengthening the activity of YTNC. YTNC may have the potential activity on treating chondrocytes degeneration caused by OA. However, the formula still can be simplified based on the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and 50% of saponins from Glycyrrhiza uralensis to improve its quality controllability and safety. The present study can be a quite purposeful work for developing new YTNC-based formulas with maximal therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Jun Ni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Shi
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 185 Puan Road, Shanghai 200021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blacher E, Ben Baruch B, Levy A, Geva N, Green KD, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Fridman M, Stein R. Inhibition of glioma progression by a newly discovered CD38 inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1422-33. [PMID: 25053177 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioma, the most common cancer of the central nervous system, has very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. It has been shown that activated microglia/macrophages in the glioma tumor microenvironment support progression. Hence, inhibition of the supporting effect of these cells may constitute a useful therapeutic approach. Recently, using a syngeneic mouse glioma progression model, we showed that the ectoenzyme CD38 regulated microglia activation and, in addition, that the loss of CD38 from the tumor microenvironment attenuated glioma progression and prolonged the life span of the tumor-bearing mice. These studies, which employed wild-type (WT) and Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J mice, suggest that inhibition of CD38 in glioma microenvironment may be used as a new therapeutic approach to treat glioma. Our study tested this hypothesis. Initially, we found that the natural anthranoid, 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (rhein), and its highly water-soluble tri-potassium salt form (K-rhein) are inhibitors of CD38 enzymatic (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase) activity (IC50 = 1.24 and 0.84 μM, respectively, for recombinant mouse CD38). Treatment of WT, but not Cd38(-/-) microglia with rhein and K-rhein inhibited microglia activation features known to be regulated by CD38 (lipopolysaccharide/IFN-γ-induced activation, induced cell death and NO production). Furthermore, nasal administration of K-rhein into WT, but not Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J, mice intracranially injected with GL261 cells substantially and significantly inhibited glioma progression. Hence, these results serve as a proof of concept, demonstrating that targeting CD38 at the tumor microenvironment by small-molecule inhibitors of CD38, for example, K-rhein, may serve as a useful therapeutic approach to treat glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ni LJ, Xu XL, Zhang LG, Shi WZ. Quantitative evaluation of the in vitro effect and interactions of active fractions in Yaotongning-based formulae on prostaglandin E₂ production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:807-817. [PMID: 24853621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula of Yaotongning Capsules (YTNC) is a common remedy to treat rheumatism (RA) in China and possesses diverse biological activities including anti-inflammation. However the effects of component material medicines (CMMs) in YTNC and different combinations of the CMMs on the efficacy of YTNC and the interactions of these CMMs have been being unclear due to ten CMMs and too many compounds involved in YTNC. Moreover, many TCM formulae are available for treating RA according to TCM theory. It is unknown if the YTNC prescription is better than other TCM formulae for treating RA or better efficacy could be obtained when some CMMs in YTNC are replaced by other herbs. Quantitatively investigate the in vitro effect of active fractions from the CMMs of YTNC and other eight herbs commonly used in the TCM formulae for RA treatment on anti-inflammatory activity of different combinations of the active fractions, the interactions of the active fractions to evaluate the reasonability, advantage (or disadvantage) of the YTNC prescription and to see if the prescription could be improved from the point of anti-inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six active fractions, which were categorized as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils/aqueous extracts and polysaccharides were prepared to design TCM samples by combining some of the active fractions, based on the YTNC formulating principle, combination chemistry concept and the importance of the active fractions in YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were evaluated by their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values that inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in ANA-1 murine macrophages (ANA-1 cells). The cells plated in 96-well plates were classified into blank group and test sample group. Each group was stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1 mg/mL) for 2h. ANA-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of test samples prior to the addition of arachidonic acid (10 μmol/L). The supernatants were collected and measured using PGE2 ELISA Kit, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8)-based test. The interactions of the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing the experimental IC50 values of the samples derived from YTNC to their corresponding additive IC50 values. The effect of each active fraction on cellular anti-inflammation-PGE2 secretion inhibition activity, and the reasonability, advantages (or disadvantages) of YTNC were evaluated based on the comparison of IC50 values of the samples. RESULTS The disassembled formulae consisted of some active fractions of YTNC and the whole prescription of YTNC consisted of the all active fractions from YTNC all demonstrate cellular anti-inflammatory activity, and there were no significant differences between these formulae. The vehicle of YTNC Chinese rice wine exhibits the ability to enhance the cellular anti-inflammation of YTNC. Synergistic effect exerts in the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins of YTNC, antagonistic or additive effects occur in the other combinations of active fractions from YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of some TCM samples which include some active fractions from the eight selected herbs are significantly higher than the samples derived from YTNC. The flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius, the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Angelica pubescens perform better in cellular anti-inflammation than the flavonoids and volatile oils in YTNC. CONCLUSIONS The prescription of YTNC is reasonable in the view of anti-inflammation. The saponins and polysaccharides from the CMMs of YTNC have better anti-inflammatory activities than the saponins and polysaccharides from the other eight herbs. Reducing the varieties of YTNC CMMs and replacing the flavonoids and volatile oils of YTNC with the flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius and the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia (or Angelica pubescens) would improve the safety and anti-inflammatory activity of YTNC. Synthetically evaluating various pharmacological activities of TCM formulae designed in the present work may lead to develop more effective and safer TCM using YTNC as prototypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Shi
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, 185 Puan Road, Shanghai 200021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu B, Zhang H, Meng X, Wang F, Wang P. Aloe-emodin from rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:846-853. [PMID: 24685589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheum rhabarbarum (rhubarb) has long been used for the treatment of inflammation in China and other Asian countries. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of this medicinal plant is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of anthraquinones, the major constituents in rhubarb, and the molecular mechanism involved in their anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of the compounds examined. The proliferation of RAW264.7 cells was assayed by the Alamar-Blue method. The quantity of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess assay. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Aloe-emodin markedly suppressed the production of NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with no apparent cytotoxicity. The mRNA expression levels of iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β genes were also significantly inhibited by aloe-emodin. Western blot analysis showed that aloe-emodin suppressed LPS-induced iNOS protein expression, IκBα degradation, and the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, JNK, and Akt. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that aloe-emodin is the bioactive component of rhubarb that confers an anti-inflammatory effect through a likely mechanism involving a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yan D, Ma B, Shi R, Wang T, Ma Y. Involvement of herb–herb interactions in the influences of Radix Scutellaria and Coptis Chinensis on the bioavailability of the anthraquinones form Rhei Rhizoma in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:103-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Baicalin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis by regulating TLR2 and TLR2-related apoptotic factors in the mouse mammary glands. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:481-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
22
|
Renal Protective Role of Xiexin Decoction with Multiple Active Ingredients Involves Inhibition of Inflammation through Downregulation of the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:715671. [PMID: 23935673 PMCID: PMC3713598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/715671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese medicine, Xiexin decoction (XXD) has been used for the clinical treatment of diabetes for at least 1700 years. The present study was conducted to investigate the effective ingredients of XXD and their molecular mechanisms of antidiabetic nephropathy in rats. Rats with diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin were treated with XXD extract for 12 weeks. XXD significantly improved the glucolipid metabolism disorder, attenuated albuminuria and renal pathological changes, reduced renal advanced glycation end-products, inhibited receptor for advanced glycation end-product and inflammation factors expression, suppressed renal nuclear factor-κB pathway activity, and downregulated renal transforming growth factor-β1. The concentrations of multiple components in plasma from XXD were determined by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis using partial least square regression revealed that 8 ingredients of XXD were responsible for renal protective effects via actions on multiple molecular targets. Our study suggests that the renal protective role of XXD with multiple effective ingredients involves inhibition of inflammation through downregulation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway, reducing renal advanced glycation end-products and receptor for advanced glycation end-product in diabetic rats.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Z, Zhang J, Gao W, Liu C. Antinociceptive activity and chemical composition of Wei-Chang-An-Wan extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:790-797. [PMID: 23675838 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.766893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Currently, famous traditional Chinese medicine formulas have undergone re-evaluation and development in China. Wei-Chang-An-Wan (WCAW) as one of them has been used for treating various gastrointestinal diseases for several decades. The secondary development of WCAW is in progress so as to interpret the effective material basis or find new pharmacological activity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of methanol extract of WCAW (ME) as well as four fractions (P.E., EtOAc, n-BuOH, H2O) and obtain information on the correlation between the contents of the fractions and antinociceptive effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS ME was divided into four parts extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by three models of acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot-plate test in mice after repetitive administration of ME at 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg, P.E. 132 mg/kg, EtOAc 106 mg/kg, n-BuOH 176 mg/kg and H2O 176 mg/kg for six days. The chemical compounds were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS. RESULTS ME at 800 mg/kg inhibited acid-induced writhing by 84.69%, and reduced the licking time of second phase in formalin test by 53.23%. The inhibition rates in acid-induced writhing of P.E., EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O were 27.79, 33.85, 38.97 and 37.69%, respectively, and in formalin test about 50%. They had no effect on the hot-plate test. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that 68 chemical compounds were detected and 41 compounds were identified from ME. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results obtained herein indicate that WCAW possesses the antinociceptive activity that provides a new aspect in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo M, Zhang N, Li D, Liang D, Liu Z, Li F, Fu Y, Cao Y, Deng X, Yang Z. Baicalin plays an anti-inflammatory role through reducing nuclear factor-κB and p38 phosphorylation in S. aureus-induced mastitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:125-30. [PMID: 23523628 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the major etiological microorganism responsible for both clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. A mouse model of S. aureus mastitis is available. Baicalin is isolated from Scutellaria and is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of baicalin in S. aureus mastitis. In the present study, the mouse model was infected with S. aureus to cause mammary gland inflammation. Baicalin treatment was administered from 6h until 24h after infection. Baicalin significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6. Further studies revealed that baicalin downregulated phosphorylation of NF-κB and p38 in the mammary gland with S. aureus mastitis. Our results demonstrated that baicalin reduced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6 by inhibiting NF-κB and p38 phosphorylation and mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Q, Kuang H, Su Y, Sun Y, Feng J, Guo R, Chan K. Naturally derived anti-inflammatory compounds from Chinese medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:9-39. [PMID: 23274744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Though inflammatory response is beneficial to body damage repair, if it is out of control, it can produce adverse effects on the body. Although purely western anti-inflammatory drugs, orthodox medicines, can control inflammation occurrence and development, it is not enough. The clinical efficacy of anti-inflammation therapies is unsatisfactory, thus the search for new anti-inflammation continues. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) remains a promising source of new therapeutic agents. CMM and herbal formulae from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), unorthodox medicines, play an improtant anti-inflammatory role in multi-targets, multi-levels, and multi-ways in treating inflammation diseases in a long history in China, based on their multi-active ingredient characteristics. Due to these reasons, recently, CMM has been commercialized as an anti-inflammation agent which has become increasingly popular in the world health drug markets. Major research contributions in ethnopharmacology have generated vast amount of data associated with CMM in anti-inflammtion aspect. Therefore, a systematic introduction of CMM anti-inflammatory research progress is of great importance and necessity. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper strives to describe the progress of CMM in the treatment of inflammatory diseases from different aspects, and provide the essential theoretical support and scientific evidence for the further development and utilization of CMM resources as a potential anti-inflammation drug through a variety of databases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature survey was performed via electronic search (SciFinder®, Pubmed®, Google Scholar and Web of Science) on papers and patents and by systematic research in ethnopharmacological literature at various university libraries. RESULTS This review mainly introduced the current research on the anti-inflammatory active ingredient, anti-inflammatory effects of CMM, their mechanism, anti-inflammatory drug development of CMM, and toxicological information. CONCLUSION CMM is used clinically to treat inflammation symptoms in TCM, and its effect is mediated by multiple targets through multiple active ingredients. Although scholars around the world have made studies on the anti-inflammatory studies of CMM from different pathways and aspects and have made substantial progress, further studies are warranted to delineate the inflammation actions in more cogency models, establish the toxicological profiles and quality standards, assess the potentials of CMM in clinical applications, and make more convenient preparations easy to administrate for patients. Development of the clinically anti-inflammatory drugs are also warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cong XD, Wu Y, Dai DZ, Ding MJ, Zhang Y, Dai Y. Activation of AQP4, p66Shc and endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in inflammation by carrageenan and is suppressed by argirein, a derivative of rhein. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1138-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We investigated the effect of argirein on acute inflammation edema and examined that aquaporin 4 (AQP4), p66Shc and activating transcription factor (ATF-6) might be involved in carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation and be reversed by argirein, rhein and indometacin, but not l-arginine.
Methods
Inflammation was produced by carrageenan injected into rat paw and treated orally with argirein (100 mg/kg), rhein (100 mg/kg), l-arginine (100 mg/kg) or indometacin (5 mg/kg). Inflammatory oedema and biomarkers were examined.
Key findings
Swelling was reduced by argirein, rhein and indometacin; argirein was more effective than rhein at 1 h following medication. Activation of AQP4, p66Shc, ATF-6, NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox, gp91phox and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (P < 0.01) was significant and was suppressed by arginine, rhein and indometacin but not by l-arginine.
Conclusions
Activated AQP4, endoplasmic reticulum stress and p66Shc were actively implicated in the inflammation and these were suppressed by argirein, and its activity is favorable due to synergism in combination with l-arginine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - You Wu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - De-Zai Dai
- China Pharmaceutical University, Research Division of Pharmacology, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yun Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Dai
- China Pharmaceutical University, Research Division of Pharmacology, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao J, Chen J, Tang W, Wan L, Xiong W, Zhou L. Effect of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction on pancreatitis-associated lung injury in patients and anti-inflammatory responses in rat models. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:1058-1064. [PMID: 21595575 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.565059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional herbal medicinal formula Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) has long been used to treat pancreatitis in China; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM To investigate whether DCQD is beneficial to the patients with lung injury in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); if it is, then to explore the lung protective effect of DCQD and the mechanism involved in rats. METHODS DCQD was enema administered to 70 patients for 7 days. Mortality, (multi)organ failure during admission were observed, blood samples for laboratory analysis were drawn on admission, on Days 3, 7, and 14 of the treatment. We also experimentally examined the function of two doses of DCQD in SAP rat models. IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA expression in rat lungs was measured quantitatively by the RT-PCR method and confirmed by morphometric studies of the lungs. RESULTS It was demonstrated that the administration of DCQD did shorten the average time that patients suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Compared with untreated rats, the lungs of rats treated with DCQD showed significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA. Rats treated with DCQD had lower mean pathological lung lesion scores than those in SAP rats. CONCLUSION DCQD has good prospects in the treatment for SAP because it did shorten the average time that patients suffered ARDS in the clinic. It exerts therapeutic effects on this disease through inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, decreasing the anti-inflammatory factors, and mitigating the pathological damage of the lung injury in SAP model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dai SX, Zou Y, Feng YL, Liu HB, Zheng XB. Baicalin down-regulates the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) effectively for rats with ulcerative colitis. Phytother Res 2011; 26:498-504. [PMID: 21887805 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baicalin, a Chinese herbal extract, down-regulates the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an inflammatory factor that regulates the function of macrophages (MΦ), in rats with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). The results showed that baicalin simultaneously down-regulated the expression of MIF, the quantity of MΦs and the amount of MΦ-related cytokines, including macrophage chemotactic factor-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α, CCL20), in rats with UC. There was no statistical difference between baicailin and mesalazine in down-regulating the expression of MIF. Our study demonstrated that baicalin, an inexpensive but effective monomer, could be a new and alternative pharmaceutical for UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xue Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zan B, Shi R, Wang T, Wu J, Ma Y, Cheng N. Simultaneous quantification of multiple active components from Xiexin decoction in rat plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS: application in pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:816-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|