Taraxacum officinale Weber extracts inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production via the NF-κB modulation in RAW 264.7 cells

The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of dandelion

Dandelion (Taraxacum genus), a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family is widely distributed in hillside grasslands, roadsides, fields, and river beaches in middle and low-altitude areas. It has a long history of traditional Chinese medicine usage as a heat-clearing and detoxifying agent, often consumed as tea or vegetable. Multiple pharmacological studies have demonstrated the antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulating, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and other effects of the Taraxacum genus. Bioactive compounds associated with these effects include triterpenes and their saponins, phenolic acids, sterols and their glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids, volatile oils, and saccharides.

Effects of Dandelion Extract on Promoting Production Performance and Reducing Mammary Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diet

This study investigated the effects of rumen bypass dandelion extract on the lactation performance, immune index, and mammary oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. This study used a complete randomized block design, and initial milk production, somatic cell counts, and parities were set as block factors. Sixty Holstein cows with similar health conditions and lactating periods (70 ± 15 d) were divided into three groups with 20 replicates per group. The treatments included the LCD group (low-concentrate diet, concentrate-forage = 4:6), HCD group (high-concentrate group, concentrate-forage = 6:4), and DAE group (dandelion aqueous extract group, HCD group with 0.5% DAE). The experimental period was 35 d, and cows were fed three times in the morning, afternoon, and night with free access to water. The results showed the following: (1) Milk production in the HCD and DAE groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the LCD group from WK4, and the milk quality differed during the experimental period. (2) The HCD group's pH values significantly differed (p < 0.01) from those of the LCD and DAE groups. (3) In WK2 and WK4 of the experimental period, the somatic cell counts of dairy cows in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the DAE group. (4) The serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and protein carbonyl (PC) in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the LCD group. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the LCD and DAE groups was stronger (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (5) The correlation analysis revealed significantly positive correlations between the plasma LPS concentration and serum concentrations of 8-OHdG (p < 0.01), PC (p < 0.01), and malondialdehyde (MDA, p < 0.05) and significantly negative correlations (p < 0.01) between the plasma LPS concentration and activities of CAT and superoxide dismutase. (6) Compared with that in the HCD and DAE groups, the mRNA expression of α, β, and κ casein and acetyl CoA carboxylase in bovine mammary epithelial cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the LCD group, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase in the LCD group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (7) Compared with that in the LCD and HCD groups, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the DAE group, and the mRNA expression of cystine/glutamate transporter and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the DAE group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the HCD group. Overall, feeding a high-concentrate diet could increase the milk yield of dairy cows, but the milk quality, rumen homeostasis, and antioxidative capability were adversely affected. The supplementation of DAE in a high-concentrate diet enhanced antioxidative capability by activating the Nrf2 regulatory factor and improved rumen homeostasis and production performance.

Antiulcer activity and mechanism of action of the hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Terminalia argentea Mart. In different in vivo and in vitro experimental models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Terminalia argentea Mart. (Combretaceae) is a deciduous tree commonly found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It occurs in all regions of Brazil and is widespread in the Amazon, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Rain Forest, and Caatinga Biomes. In the traditional medicine of Brazil, people widely use tea or decoction of its leaf materials for treating gastritis, ulcers, wound healing, and inflammation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The current study aims to evaluate the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing activities of the hydroethanolic extract of T. argentea leaves (HETa) and investigate the underlying mechanisms of action through in vivo and in vitro experiments.

METHODS

We extracted the leaves of T. argentea with a 70% hydroethanolic solution (HETa) and performed phytochemical analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn). We researched the antiulcer activity using in vivo and in vitro experiments, administering three doses (2, 10, and 50 mg/kg) and different concentrations of 1, 5, and 20 μg/mL, respectively. We verified the acute antiulcer activity using chemical models (acidified ethanol (EtOH/HCl) and indomethacin (IND)) and physiological models (water-immersion stress (WRS)). To induce chronic ulcers, used acetic acid and treated the animals for seven days. To investigate the mechanism of action, conducted assays of antioxidant activity, measured the dosage of inflammatory cytokines, quantified mucus, treated with inhibitors (IND, L-NAME, glibenclamide, and yohimbine), performed histopathological analysis, and measured gastric acid secretion. Furthermore, we performed in vitro experiments on murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264-7 cells) to quantify nitrite/nitrate and cytokine production and on V79-4 cells to verify cell proliferation/migration.

RESULTS

We conducted HPLC and ESI-MSn analyses to obtain a fingerprint of the chemical composition of the HETa, revealing the presence of phenolics (caffeoyl ellagic acid), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin xyloside, quercetin rhamnoside, quercetin glucoside, quercetin galloyl xyloside, quercetin), and tannins (terminalin), respectively. The three doses of HETa reduced acute and chronic ulcers in different models. The mechanism of action involves increasing mucus production and angiogenesis, and it partially involves prostaglandins, nitric oxide, K+ATP channels, and α2-adrenergic receptors. HETa also exhibited antioxidant potential, reducing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, it demonstrated anti-inflammatory action by reducing nitrite/nitrate levels and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in vivo, and it increased in vitro proliferation/migration of fibroblasts.

CONCLUSIONS

The study shows that HETa presents a potent preventive and curative antiulcer effect in different ulcer models, supporting the popular use of homemade preparations of T. argentea leaves. The preventive and gastric healing ulcer activity of HETa involves multiple targets, including increasing the gastric mucus barrier, antioxidant defenses, and anti-inflammatory effects on gastric mucosa repair. Phytochemical analysis identified the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in HETa, and the antiulcer activity may be attributable to the combined effect of these constituents.

Alleviative effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis in Cyprinus carpio

In this study, the alleviative effects of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in bioflocs on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated. Common carp were irregularity divided into 5 groups and fed five diets with 0 % (CK), 2 %, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % PHB. After 8-week feeding trial, LPS challenge was executed. Results showed that appropriate level of PHB enhanced serum immune function by reversing LPS-induced the decrease of C3, C4, IgM, AKP, ACP and LZM in serum, alleviated LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by decreasing the levels of 5-HT, D-LA, ET-1 and DAO in serum, increasing ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3 and Claudin-7 mRNA, improving intestinal morphology. Moreover, dietary PHB reversed LPS-induced the decrease of AST and ALT in hepatopancreas, while in serum exhibited the opposite trend. Suitable level of PHB reversed LPS-induced the reduction of GSH-PX, CAT, T-SOD and T-AOC in intestines and hepatopancreas, whereas MDA showed the opposite result. PHB alleviated LPS-induced the decrease of Nrf2, HO-1, CAT, SOD and GSH-PX mRNA, the increase of Keap1 mRNA. Appropriate level of PHB alleviated LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis by up-regulating TGF-β, IL-10 and Bcl-2 mRNA, down-regulating NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 mRNA. Furthermore, PHB inhibited activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes by reducing the levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA and protein. In addition, the increases of dietary PHB linearly and quadratically affected LPS-induced adverse effects on common carp. Summary, this study suggested that appropriate level of dietary PHB alleviated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in common carp. And the appropriate level of PHB in common carp diets was 4 %.

Golden thistle (Scolymus hispanicus L.) hydromethanolic extracts ameliorated glucose absorption and inflammatory markers in vitro

Golden thistle (GT, Scolymus hispanicus L.) is an edible plant native to the Mediterranean. Several activities have been reported for the GT, as it is used for traditional medicinal purposes in some cultures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of GT crude extract on phenolic bioavailability, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities by using colonic epithelium (CaCo-2) and murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. The CaCo-2 cells were grown on the bicameral membrane system for intestinal bioavailability and glucose efflux. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 μg/mL) was used to induce systemic inflammation on RAW 264.7. The inflammatory medium of RAW 264.7 cells was given to Caco-2 cells to mimic colonic inflammation. Our results showed that 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid had an apparent permeability of (1.82 ± 0.07) × 10-6 cm/s after 6 h. The extract lowered the glucose efflux by 39.4%-42.6%, in addition to the reductions in relative GLUT2 mRNA expressions by 49%-66% in pre- and co-treatments (p < .05). Decreases in systemic inflammation markers of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also detected in 30%-45% range after pre-treatments with the GT extract (p < .05). Lastly, colonic inflammation markers of IL-6 and IL-8 were reduced by 8.7%-19.5% as a result of GT pre-treatments (p < .05). Thus, an in vitro investigation of GT extract revealed promising results on antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Dandelion (Taraxacum Genus): A Review of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects

Dandelion (Taraxacum genus) is a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. As a well-known and extensively studied genus, dandelion comprises numerous species. Some species have been widely used in both complementary and alternative medicine to clear heat, detoxify, activate blood circulation, dispel stasis, and discharge urine. Multiple pharmacological studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential, including anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-rheumatic activities. Furthermore, bioactive compounds associated with these effects include sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, essential oils, saccharides, flavonoids, sphingolipids, triterpenoids, sterols, coumarins, etc. Based on recent studies about the Taraxacum genus, the present review critically evaluates the current state of dandelion utilization and summarizes the significant roles of dandelion and its constituents in different diseases. We also focus on the reported phytology, chemical composition, pharmacology, and toxicity of dandelion, along with the main possible action mechanisms behind their therapeutic activities. Meanwhile, the challenges and future directions of the Taraxacum genus are also prospected in this review, thus highlighting its pharmaceutical research and practical clinical applications.

Effects of dandelion root on rat heart function and oxidative status

This study aimed to examine the effects of dandelion root on rat heart function and oxidative status. At the beginning of the experimental protocol, Wistar albino rats were randomly classified into two groups (10 rats per group): 1. control group - animals that drank tap water; 2. experimental group - animals that drank dandelion root for four weeks. Every morning for four weeks, the animals received freshly boiled dandelion root in a volume of 250 ml. At the end of the dandelion administration, animals were sacrificed, and their hearts were isolated and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a gradually increasing perfusion pressure between 40 - 120 cm H₂O. The following myocardial function parameters were measured: maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development (dp/dt max), minimum rate of left ventricular pressure development (dp/dt min), systolic left ventricular pressure (SLVP), diastolic left ventricular pressure (DLVP), heart rate (HR). In addition, the coronary flow (CF) was measured flowmetrically. Finally, blood samples were collected after sacrificing to determine oxidative stress biomarkers: nitrite (NO₂^-), superoxide anion radical (O₂^-), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the index of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The present pioneer results indicated that dandelion root did not manifest a negative impact on functional aspects of isolated rat heart. In addition, dandelion consumption was not associated with promising results in terms of maintaining systemic redox balance.

Mechanistic Role of Methanolic Extract of Taraxacum officinale Roots as Cardioprotective Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Taraxacum officinale play an important role in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Taraxacum officinale is proven as promising antioxidant in earlier studies and one of its constituent "cichoric acid" is shown to have vasorelaxant property. Therefore, present study mainly designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Taraxacum officinale against ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R injury)-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. This study not only explored the overall cardioprotective potential but also tried to explore its molecular mechanism using pharmacological inhibition via L-NAME and glibenclamide. Pretreatment of methanolic extract of Taraxacum officinale significantly attenuated (p < 0.001) increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), infarct size, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), while it increased the reduced levels of protein content, glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activity. Results showed that pretreatment with methanolic extract of Taraxacum officinale provides cardioprotection against I/R induced myocardial dysfunction, at least, may be mediated through the endogenous release of nitric oxide.

Luteolin: A promising natural agent in management of pain in chronic conditions

Pain due to chronic conditions is a frequent and insufficiently addressed problem. Current drug options for pain management (either in cases of chronic inflammatory conditions or neuropathy) do not adequately treat pain. Moreover, they are associated with important adverse events in long term use. Luteolin is a flavonoid widely present in the plant kingdom and its sources have been assembled in a comprehensive list of this paper. Luteolin has shown in several research studies a range of pharmacological properties; anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and analgesic. In this article, we summarize the effects and potential benefits from introducing luteolin as an adjuvant agent in established protocols for pain management. We review the most indicative in vivo and in vitro evidence of how luteolin can target the molecular pathways involved in pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The data reviewed strongly support luteolin's promising benefits in pain management and raise the need for further clinical trials that can establish its role in clinical practice.

Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine

Fungal infections have become a growing public health challenge due to the clinical transmission of pathogenic fungi. The currently available antifungal drugs leave very limited choices for clinical physicians to deal with such situation, not to mention the long-standing problems of emerging drug resistance, side effects and heavy economic burdens imposed to patients. Therefore, new antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Screening drugs from natural products and using synthetic biology strategies are very promising for antifungal drug development. Chinese medicine is a vast library of natural products of biologically active molecules. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, preparations used to treat fungal diseases usually have antifungal and immunomodulatory functions. This suggests that if antifungal drugs are used in combination with immunomodulatory drugs, better results may be achieved. Studies have shown that the active components of TCM have strong antifungal or immunomodulatory effects and have broad application prospects. In this paper, the latest research progress of antifungal and immunomodulatory components of TCM is reviewed and discussed, hoping to provide inspiration for the design of novel antifungal compounds and to open up new horizons for antifungal treatment strategies.

Pasture intake protects against commercial diet-induced lipopolysaccharide production facilitated by gut microbiota through activating intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme in meat geese

Introduction

Diet strongly affects gut microbiota composition, and gut bacteria can influence the intestinal barrier functions and systemic inflammation through metabolic endotoxemia. In-house feeding system (IHF, a low dietary fiber source) may cause altered cecal microbiota composition and inflammatory responses in meat geese via increased endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharides) with reduced intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production. The effects of artificial pasture grazing system (AGF, a high dietary fiber source) on modulating gut microbiota architecture and gut barrier functions have not been investigated in meat geese. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether intestinal ALP could play a critical role in attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS facilitating NF-κB pathway-induced systemic inflammation in meat geese.

Methods

The impacts of IHF and AGF systems on gut microbial composition via 16 sRNA sequencing were assessed in meat geese. The host markers analysis through protein expression of serum and cecal tissues, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, localization of NF-қB and Nrf2 by immunofluorescence analysis, western blotting analysis of ALP, and quantitative PCR of cecal tissues was evaluated.

Results and Discussion

In the gut microbiota analysis, meat geese supplemented with pasture showed a significant increase in commensal microbial richness and diversity compared to IHF meat geese demonstrating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ability of the AGF system. A significant increase in intestinal ALP-induced Nrf2 signaling pathway was confirmed representing LPS dephosphorylation mediated TLR4/MyD88 induced ROS reduction mechanisms in AGF meat geese. Further, the correlation analysis of top 44 host markers with gut microbiota showed that artificial pasture intake protected gut barrier functions via reducing ROS-mediated NF-κB pathway-induced gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and aging phenotypes. In conclusion, the intestinal ALP functions to regulate gut microbial homeostasis and barrier function appear to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines by reducing LPS-induced ROS production in AGF meat geese. The AGF system may represent a novel therapy to counteract the chronic inflammatory state leading to low dietary fiber-related diseases in animals.

Protective role of Portuguese natural mineral waters on skin aging: in vitro evaluation of anti-senescence and anti-oxidant properties

Natural mineral waters (NMWs) emerge from the earth as springs and their beneficial therapeutic effect has been empirically recognized in different countries. Portugal has diverse NMW resources that are sought for the relief of different afflictions including dermatological complications. However, there is a lack of scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In this study, we aimed to screen the in vitro bioactivity of Portuguese NMWs with different chemical profiles, namely sulfurous/bicarbonate/sodic (SBS), bicarbonate/magnesium, sulfated/calcic, sulfurous/chlorinated/sodic, sulfurous/bicarbonate/fluoridated/sodic, and chlorinated/sodic, focusing on aging-related skin alterations. Mouse skin fibroblasts and macrophages were exposed to culture medium prepared in different NMWs. Cellular viability was evaluated by MTT assay and etoposide-induced senescence was analyzed through the beta-galactosidase staining kit. Wound healing was investigated by the scratch assay, and phototoxicity/photoprotection after UVA irradiation was evaluated using a neutral red solution. ROS production was quantified using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate dye, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by a commercial kit after lipopolysaccharide exposure. NMWs within the SBS profile demonstrated anti-senescence activity in skin fibroblasts, along with a variable effect on cellular viability. Among the tested NMWs, two decreased cellular senescence and preserved cell viability and were therefore selected for subsequent studies, together with a SBS NMW with therapeutic indications for dermatologic diseases. Overall, the selected NMW promoted wound healing in skin fibroblasts and activated SOD in macrophages, thus suggesting an anti-oxidant effect. None of the NMWs prevented phototoxicity after UV irradiation. Our results shed a light on the anti-aging potential of Portuguese NMW, supporting their putative application in cosmetic or medical products.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Dandelion in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Zebrafish Larvae

Dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Dandelion Extract (DE) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and copper sulfate (CuSO4)-induced zebrafish larvae. DE was not toxic to RAW264.7 cells at 75 μg/ml as measured by cell viability, and DE inhibited LPS-induced cell morphological changes as measured by inverted microscopy. In survival experiments, DE at 25 μg/ml had no toxicity to zebrafish larvae. By using an enzymatic standard assay, DE reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Fluorescence microscopy results show that DE reduced LPS-induced ROS production and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. DE also inhibited CuSO4-induced ROS production and neutrophil aggregation in zebrafish larvae. The results of flow cytometry show that DE alleviated the LPS-induced cell cycle arrest. In LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, RT-PCR revealed that DE decreased the expression of M1 phenotypic genes iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β while increasing the expression of M2 phenotypic genes IL-10 and CD206. Furthermore, in CuSO4-induced zebrafish larvae, DE reduced the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. The findings suggest that DE reduces the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells by regulating polarization and apoptosis. DE also reduces the CuSO4-induced inflammatory response in zebrafish larvae.

The potential of dandelion in the fight against gastrointestinal diseases: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg.), as a garden weed grown globally, has long been consumed as a therapeutic herb. Its folkloric uses include treatments of digestive disorders (dyspepsia, anorexia, stomach disorders, gastritis and enteritis) and associate complex ailments involving uterine, liver and lung disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aims to critically assess the current state of research and summarize the potential roles of dandelion and its constituents in gastrointestinal (GI) -protective actions. A focus is placed on the reported bioactive components, pharmacological activities and modes of action (including molecular mechanisms and interactions among bioactive substances) of dandelion products/preparations and derived active constituents related to GI protection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The available information published prior to August 2021 was reviewed via SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley On-line Library, and The Plant List. The search was based on the ethnomedical remedies, pharmacological activities, bioactive compounds of dandelion for GI protection, as well as the interactions of the components in dandelion with the gut microbiota or biological regulators, and with other ingested bioactive compounds. The key search words were "Taraxacum" and "dandelion".

RESULTS

T. coreanum Nakai, T. mongolicum and T. officinale are the most commonly used species for folkloric uses, with the whole plant, leaves and root of dandelion being used more frequently. GI-protective substances of dandelion include taraxasterol, taraxerol, caffeic acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and its glucosides, polysaccharides, inulin, and β-sitosterol. Dandelion products and derived constituents exhibit pharmacological effects against GI disorders, mainly including dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, small intestinal ulcer, ulcerative colitis, liver diseases, gallstones, acute pancreatitis, and GI malignancy. The underlying molecular mechanisms may include immuno-inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis mechanism, autophagy mechanism, and cholinergic mechanism, although interactions of dandelion's constituents with GI health-related biological entities (e.g., GI microbiota and associated biological modulators) or other ingested bioactive compounds shouldn't be ignored.

CONCLUSION

The review reveals some in vivo and in vitro studies on the potential of dandelion derived products as complementary and alternative medicines/therapeutics against GI disorders. The whole herb may alleviate some symptoms related GI immuno-inflammatory basing on the abundant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxide active substances. Dandelion root could be a nontoxic and effective anticancer alternative, owing to its abundant terpenoids and polysaccharides. However, research related to GI protective dandelion-derived products remains limited. Besides the need of identifying bioactive compounds/complexes in various dandelion species, more clinical studies are also required on the metabolism, bioavailability and safety of these substances to support their applications in food, medicine and pharmaceuticals.

Isolation and Characterization of Flavonoids from Fermented Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.), and Assessment of Its Antioxidant Actions In Vitro and In Vivo

Flavonoids are famous for their diverse sources, strong biological activity, and low toxicity and could be used as a natural antioxidant in animal husbandry. In this study, the purification process and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from fermented dandelion were investigated. The adsorption and desorption characterizations of AB-8 macroporous resin for flavonoids from fermented dandelion (FD) were determined and purification parameters were optimized. Qualitative analysis using UPLC-MS/MS analysis was explored to identify the components of the purified flavonoids of FD (PFDF). The antioxidant activity of PFDF in vitro and in vivo was analyzed. The optimum purification parameters were as follows: a sample concentration of 2 mg/mL, 120 mL of the sample volume, a pH of 2.0, and eluted with 90 mL of 70% ethanol (pH 5). After purification, the concentration of the flavonoids in PFDF was 356.08 mg/mL. By comparison with reference standards or the literature data, 135 kinds of flavonoids in PFDF were identified. Furthermore, PFDF had a strong reducing power and scavenging ability against 8-hydroxy radical and DPPH radical. PFDF can effectively reduce the oxidative stress of zebrafish embryos and IPCE-J2 cells by modulating antioxidant enzyme activities. In summary, the purified flavonoids from fermented dandelion have good antioxidant activity and display superior potential as a natural antioxidant in animal husbandry.

Jujube peel polyphenols synergistically inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through multiple signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells

Jujube has great potential as food and traditional drugs in several countries. To study the anti-inflammatory influence of jujube peel polyphenols in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways. In this study, the phenolic composition of polyphenols in jujube peel was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, and which was confirmed that the main polyphenols were p-coumaric acid, catechin and rutin. Meanwhile, jujube peel polyphenols attenuated the generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO and PGE₂ by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, jujube peel polyphenol activate Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, regulate antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Results obtained from this study suggest that jujube peel polyphenols may alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB and activating Nrf2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, jujube peel polyphenols have a synergistic effect in the treatment of LPS-induced inflammatory in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, this study not only reveals the mechanism by which jujube peel polyphenols inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, but also provides guidance for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Neurotensin agonist PD 149163 modulates the neuroinflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide in mice model

OBJECTIVE

The disruption of bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune components by stressors leads to mental problems. The immunomodulation therapy of neuroinflammation-led psychiatric illness is an emerging area of research. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate immune modulation efficacy of PD 149163 (PD) against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Swiss albino mice (female/12 weeks) were divided into six groups (6 mice/group): (I) Control: 0.9% NaCl; (II) LPS: 1 mg/kg BW, for 5 days; (III) LPS + PD Low: LPS 1 mg/kg BW (for 5 days) after that PD 100 µg/kg BW (for 21 days); (IV) LPS + PD High: LPS 1 mg/kg BW (for 5 days) after that PD 300 µg/kg BW (for 21 days); (V) PD Low: PD 100 µg/kg BW (for 21 days); (VI) PD High: PD 300 µg/kg BW (for 21 days). All treatments were given intraperitoneal.

RESULTS

The LPS-induced weight loss (body and brain) was normalized to control after PD treatment. The PD enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while decreased lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) level altered in LPS-exposed mice. The significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS exposure were also decreased by PD. Likewise, the LPS-induced HPA axis activation was stabilized by PD. In the hippocampus, the pyramidal cell layer thickness, pyramidal neurons number and size of CA1 and CA3 regions were reduced along with misalignment, shrinkage, and impairment of cytoarchitecture. In the co-treated group, the LPS-induced hippocampus disruption was reversed after PD exposure.

CONCLUSION

We suggested that the PD modulates the LPS-induced neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness in a dose-dependent manner.

Anti-tumour effect of combinations of three acids isolated from Taraxacum officinale

Taraxacum officinale (TO) is a well-known medicinal plant used in folk medicine for its variety of biological activities. In this study a methanolic extract from roots was used to examine its anti-tumour effect by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay on two mouse tumour cell lines, fibrosarcoma and hepatoma cell lines. Normal hepatocyte and fibroblast cell lines were used as a control. Furthermore, three active compounds were isolated from the extract, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid, in order to investigate their cytotoxicity and possible interactions between them in their combinations on the same tumour and non-tumour cell lines. The anti-tumour effect of the TO extract was confirmed on the fibrosarcoma cell line in a dose dependent manner. The anti-proliferative acting of each acid was described on both cancer cell lines and for the first time the combinations of these acids were investigated and their common effect in the mixtures reported. Further experiments to determine the mechanism of action and examine their action with conventional chemotherapeutics as a potential adjuvant therapy to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect and improve patient health with its hepatoprotective activity could be encouraged.

Anticancer Effects of Taraxacum via Cell Cycle Arrest, Necrosis, Apoptosis, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Dandelion (Taraxacum species) is a wild plant with over 2500 species. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, sesquiterpenes, and sugars have been detected in the organs of Taraxacum, and for centuries it has been used in traditional medicine for the relief and treatment of various diseases. However, details of its working mechanism remain unclear. Bioactive compounds in herbal extracts generally have low yields, which makes their isolation and purification intensive in terms of time and cost. Here, to assess their versatility and safety, we applied aqueous extracts of two species of Taraxacum, T. mongolicum and T. formosanum, including extracts of both fresh and dried T. formosanum, to compare their potential antitumor effects on HeLa human cervical cancer cells, three liver cancer cell lines, and one normal liver cell line. After being treated with a lower dose of Taraxacum, the upregulation of subG1 and S populations, as well as increased levels of p-eIF2[Formula: see text]-to-eIF2[Formula: see text] ratio, were observed in HeLa cells, whereas the downregulation of S population and the absence of mRNA expressions were detected in HeLa cells when being treated with a higher dose of Taraxacum. These results indicated that Taraxacumcould induce apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress while suppressing proliferation, transcription, colony formation, migration, and invasion. What's more, we also found that the effects of fresh T. formosanum were much stronger than that of T. mongolicumin HeLa cells. Based on these results, we suggest that T. formosanum may contain specific compound(s) that are potentially useful for cancer therapy. However, much work remains to identify these effective compounds for the future application of Taraxacumto cancer therapy.

A Newly Synthesized Flavone from Luteolin Escapes from COMT-Catalyzed Methylation and Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages via JNK, p38 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Luteolin is a common dietary flavone possessing potent anti-inflammatory activities. However, when administrated in vivo, luteolin becomes methylated by catechol-O-methyltransferases (COMT) owing to the catechol ring in the chemical structure, which largely diminishes its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we made a modification on luteolin, named LUA, which was generated by the chemical reaction between luteolin and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Without a catechol ring in the chemical structure, this new flavone could escape from the COMT-catalyzed methylation, thus affording the potential to exert its functions in the original form when administrated in the organism. Moreover, an LPS-stimulated RAW cell model was applied to detect the anti-inflammatory properties. LUA showed much more superior inhibitory effect on LPS-induced production of NO than diosmetin (a major methylated form of luteolin) and significantly suppressed upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages. LUA treatment dramatically reduced LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-β. Furthermore, LUA significantly reduced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 without affecting that of ERK. LUA also inhibited the activation of NF-κB through suppression of p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation.

Gastroprotective Effects of the Aqueous Extract from Taraxacum officinale in Rats Using Ultrasound, Histology, and Biochemical Analysis

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. belonging to the family Asteraceae is an edible medicinal plant distributed worldwide. This study aimed to determine the gastroprotective effects of aqueous extract of T. officinale (AETo) in rats using ultrasound, histological, and biochemical analyses. In this study, gastric ulceration was induced by ethanol or piroxicam. Rats were then treated with AETo (3, 30, or 300 mg/kg). The area and histological appearance of gastric ulcers were quantified, and histochemical analysis was performed. The activity of AETo on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers was assessed in the ulcerated tissue. In addition, we investigated the thickness of the gastric wall using the ultrasound technique. Moreover, chemical analyses of AETo were performed. In rats with ethanol- or piroxicam-induced ulcers, AETo reduced the ulceration area, elevated mucin level, and the gastroprotective effect was confirmed by histological analysis. The gastroprotective effect was accompanied by increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GST, as well as an increase in GSH level and reduction in MPO activity. Furthermore, AETo reduced the thickness of the gastric wall in rats. Phytochemical analysis of AETo indicated phenolic acids and flavonoids as the main active compounds. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of AETo involves reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory injury and increase in mucin content. This study advances in the elucidation of mechanisms of gastric protection of T. officinale, contributes to the prospection of new molecules gastroprotective, and proposes the ultrasonographic analyses as a new gastroprotective assessment tool in preclinical studies.

Luteolin-3'-O-Phosphate Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Regulating NF-κB/MAPK Cascade Signaling in RAW 264.7 Cells

Luteolin (LT), present in most plants, has potent anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some of its derivatives, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying luteolin-3′-O-phosphate (LTP)-mediated immune regulation are not fully understood. In this paper, we compared the anti-inflammatory properties of LT and LTP and analyzed their molecular mechanisms of action; we obtained LTP via the biorenovation of LT. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of LT and LTP in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. We confirmed from previously reported literature that LT inhibits the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂, as well as the expression of inducible NO synthetase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, expressions of inflammatory genes and mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, were suppressed. LTP showed anti-inflammatory activity similar to LT, but better anti-inflammatory activity in all the experiments, while also inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B more effectively than LT. At a concentration of 10 μM, LTP showed differences of 2.1 to 44.5% in the activity compared to LT; it also showed higher anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that LTP has stronger anti-inflammatory activity than LT.

Protective effect of neurotensin receptor-1 agonist PD 149163 against lipopolysaccharide-induced gut toxicity in mice

The interaction between neuroendocrine and immune components of the gut maintains the organism's physical and psychological health. Its disruption may reflect in disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and mental illness. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts the endocrine-immune homeostasis resulting in gut toxicity. The Neurotensin receptor-1 (NTR-1) agonist PD 149163 (PD) acts as an atypical antipsychotic drug in psychiatric illness, but its role in modulating gut pathophysiology remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of PD against LPS-induced gut toxicity. Swiss albino female mice (12 weeks) were divided into six groups (n = 6/group): (I) Control, (II) LPS (1 mg/kg, for 5 days), (III) LPS (1 mg/kg, for 5 days)+PD low (100 µg/kg, for 21 days), (IV) LPS (1 mg/kg, for 5 days)+PD high (300 µg/kg, for 21 days), (V) PD low (100 µg/kg, for 21 days), and (VI) PD high (300 µg/kg, for 21 days). Drugs were given intraperitoneal in the morning. PD administration prevented the LPS-induced gut inflammation observed in damage of epithelial barrier, disruption of goblet cells, and condensation of lamina propria (LP). The LPS-induced oxidative stress characterized by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) (p < 0.001 for both), and enhanced interleukine-6 (IL-6) & tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p < 0.001 for both) as well as immunointensity of NT (p < 0.01) and NTR-1 (p < 0.05) were reversed and normalized to control after PD treatment. Thus, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and cell proliferation properties of PD modulate the gut toxicity in LPS-challenged mice.

Comparison of ameliorative effects of Taraxacum syriacum and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in rat liver and kidney

Taraxacum syriacum (TS) with natural antioxidant and pharmacological activities may be considered for treatment of oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen (APAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of the ethanol extract of TS root against hepatorenal toxicity induced by APAP in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a standard drug. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Control group; APAP (1 g/kg) group; APAP-NAC (160 mg/kg) group and APAP-TS100 and APAP-TS200 groups: APAP plus 100 and 200 mg/kg of TS extract, respectively. After 7 days treatment, serum and liver and kidney tissues were prepared and evaluated. TS extract ameliorated the increased lipid peroxidation level and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and glutathione level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated rats. Moreover, treatment with the TS extract caused significant reduction in the histopathological damages and high levels of serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal functions after APAP treatment. This study suggests that the extract of TS roots has dose-dependent ameliorative effect against APAP-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney due to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. The overall efficacy of the extract at 200 mg/kg dose is comparable with NAC.

Traditional plants from Asteraceae family as potential candidates for functional food industry

Traditional plants have been used in the treatment of disease and pain due to their beneficial properties such as antioxidant, antiinflammation, analgesic, and antibiotic activities. The Asteraceae family is one of the most common groups of plants used in folk medicine. The species Achillea millefolium, Arnica montana, Bellis perennis, Calendula officinalis, Chamaemelum nobile, Eupatorium cannabinum, Helichrysum stoechas, and Taraxacum officinale have been used in different remedies in Northwest Spain. Besides health benefits, some of them like C. nobile and H. stoechas are already employed in cooking and culinary uses, including cocktails, desserts, and savory dishes. This study aimed to review the current information on nutritive and beneficial properties and bioactive compounds of these plants, which are not mainly used as foods but are possible candidates for this purpose. The report highlights their current uses and suitability for the development of new functional food industrial applications. Phenolic compounds, essential oils, and sesquiterpene lactones are some of the most important compounds, being related to different bioactivities. Hence, they could be interesting for the development of new functional foods.

Premna microphylla Turcz leaf pectin exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Premna microphylla turcz leaf juice with polysaccharides (PMPs) as its main component, are raw material of jelly-like Chinese traditional food "Guanyin tofu", which were also experiencedly used to relieve inflammation-related symptoms. Here three kinds of PMPs were extracted in alkaline (APMP), water (WPMP) and acidic (HPMP) conditions, being characteristic of RG I, high- and low-methoxyl HG pectin, respectively, in amorphous form with diverse surface microstructures, among which APMP predominantly composed of Glucose instead of galacturonic acid, showing wider molecular weight distribution and more branched chains. PMPs showed remarkable radical scavenging capability, and especially APMP at concentrations above 50 μg/mL effectively inhibited the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, by enhancing enzymatic activities of endogenous superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and accordingly alleviated inflammatory cytokines. Thus, PMPs could be promising non-toxic natural dietary supplement to improve chronic inflammation-induced diseases.

Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches

This ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Caspoggio (Valmalenco, SO, Italy) with the purpose of investigating the traditional uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, a bibliographic research meant to validate or refute the uses, focusing on the potentially responsible compounds, was performed. Fifty-nine species, attributable to 30 families (Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Malvaceae, and Lamiaceae the most cited), were mentioned. Arnica montana, anti-inflammatory for traumas and musculoskeletal pains; Pinus mugo, expectorant; Malva sylvestris, anti-inflammatory and soothing; Achillea moschata, digestive. The compounds, responsible for the therapeutic activities, are often polyphenols and terpenoids: helenanin in A. montana, α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene in P. mugo, gossypin and malvin in M. sylvestris, luteolin and apigenin in A. moschata. Scientific evidence for at least one of the traditional activities described was found for 50 species but only in 26 out of 196 works consulted, it is possible to make a comparison between investigated extracts and traditional preparations. This study is thus a stimulus to new phytochemical investigations, mimicking as much as possible the traditional preparations. This work is part of the European Interreg Italy-Switzerland B-ICE project, aimed at creating a management model for the ongoing climate change and searching for new sources of territory valorization as attractions for tourists.

Dandelion Extract Alleviated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Stress through the Nrf2 Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

In practical dairy production, cows are frequently subjected to inflammatory diseases, such as high-grain diet-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) as well as mastitis and metritis. Under the circumstances, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces oxidative stress within the cow and in the mammary epithelial cells. It has implications in practical production to alleviate oxidative stress and to optimize the lactational function of the mammary epithelial cells. This study thus aimed to investigate the antioxidative effects of dandelion aqueous extract (DAE) on LPS-induced oxidative stress and the mechanism of DAE as an antioxidant to alleviate oxidative stress through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T cells. The cells were cultured for 48 h in six treatments including control (without LPS and DAE), LPS (100 ng/mL), DAE10 (100 ng/mL LPS and 10 μg/mL DAE), DAE50 (100 ng/mL LPS and 50 μg/mL DAE), DAE100 (100 ng/mL LPS and 100 μg/mL DAE), and DAE200 (100 ng/mL LPS and 200 μg/mL DAE), respectively. The results showed that cell viability was reduced by LPS, and the adverse effect of LPS was suppressed with the supplementation of DAE. Lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress through enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulted in increases in oxidative damage marker concentrations, while 10 and 50 μg/mL DAE alleviated the LPS-induced oxidative stress via scavenging cellular ROS and improving antioxidant enzyme activity. The upregulation of antioxidative gene expression in DAE treatments was promoted through activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, with DAE at a concentration of 50 μg/mL exhibiting the highest effect. Overall, DAE acted as an effective antioxidant to inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress and as a potential inducer of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of d-(+)-Cycloserine Through Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Recently, additional therapeutic potentials of classical antibiotics are gaining considerable attention. The discovery of penicillin in the 1920s had a major impact on the history of human health. Penicillin has been used for the treatment for fatal microbial infections in humans and has led to the discovery of several new antibiotics. d-(+)-Cycloserine (DCS) is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces orchidaceous and is used in conjunction with other drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis. However, there have been no studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of DCS in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of DCS, we examined the ability of DCS to inhibit the inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in this study. Cell viability was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were pretreated with various concentrations (2, 4, and 6 mM) of DCS, then treated with 1 μg/mL LPS to detect its anti-inflammatory effects. d-(+)-Cycloserine inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a concentration-dependent manner, and to some extent, inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2. Consistent with these findings, DCS suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. However, it had no effect on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α. Western blot analysis demonstrated that DCS inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase and suppressed cyclooxygenase type-2 (COX-2) expression. In addition, investigation of its effects on nuclear factor kappa B signaling showed that DCS inhibited phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α) and increased intracellular IκB-α in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DCS inhibited the phosphorylation of LPS-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase, however it did not affect phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Further studies confirmed that the inhibition of phosphorylation of IκB-α was mediated through the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. To determine the applicability of DCS to the skin, cytotoxicity on HaCaT keratinocytes was measured following treatment with various concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mM) of DCS using MTT assay. These results suggest that DCS may be used as a potential drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Taraxasterol suppresses inflammation in IL-1β-induced rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and rheumatoid arthritis progression in mice

Previous study has indicated that taraxasterol (TAR), one of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenes mainly isolated from Chinese medicine herb Taraxacum officinale, displays considerable anti-inflammatory effects in various kinds of models. However, its effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have still not been elucidated. In this study, we aim to investigate its anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of TAR against RA using both interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes rheumatoid arthritis (HFLS-RA) in vitro and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice in vivo. Firstly, our results demonstrated that TRA significantly suppressed the IL-1β-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8 and productions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), like MMP-1 and MMP-3 in HFLS-RA in vitro. Moreover, TRA alleviated arthritis progressions and prevented inflammatory processes in the joint tissues of CIA mice in vivo. Further mechanism studies indicated that TRA blocked nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation via modulating inhibitor of kappa B (IκB), IκB kinase (IKK) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Results also demonstrated that TRA suppressed the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes through blocking expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing (ASC), and caspase-1 in both IL-1β-induced HFLS-RA and CIA mice. In conclusions, current findings suggested that TRA might one of considerable therapeutic compounds for relieving rheumatoid arthritis progress via suppressing inflammations through modulating NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasomes pathways.

Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of polyphenolic extracts from strawberry and blackberry fruits

The polyphenolic profiles by HPLC-TOF-MS of strawberry 'San Andreas' and blackberry 'Black Satin' crude extracts (CE) were analyzed. Anthocyanin-enriched fractions (AEFs) and proanthocyanidin-enriched fractions (PEFs) were prepared, and all samples were probed for in vitro anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects in a LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage model and in a skin fibroblast migration and proliferation assay, respectively. Blackberry samples exhibited higher ROS reduction than strawberry's (up to 50% ROS suppression). Berries CEs exhibited 20% inhibition in Cox-2 gene expression, while AEFs and PEFs were inactive at the same concentration. Strawberry AEF and PEF were more active against IL-1β and IL-6 gene expressions than the similar fractions from blackberry, where PEF was more active than AEF (75% suppression by strawberry PEF). Moreover, berry PEFs were the active polyphenol fraction against iNOS gene expression (50% and 65% gen suppression by strawberry and blackberry PEF, respectively), mirroring results of NO synthesis suppression. The cell migration potential of berry polyphenolics was associated with anthocyanins. AEFs showed fibroblast migration around 50% of that registered for the positive control. Results obtained in this work highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of berry polyphenolics, especially due to proanthocyanidins. Moreover, promising results were obtained about the effects of berry anthocyanins on wound healing.

Anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin: A review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Luteolin (3', 4', 5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) has been identified as commonly present in plants. Plants with a high luteolin content have been used ethnopharmacologically to treat inflammation-related symptoms. Both isolated luteolin and extracts from luteolin-rich plants have been studied using various models and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This paper uses recent research findings with a broad range of study models to describe the anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin, particularly its mechanisms at the molecular level; provide guidance for future research; and evaluate the feasibility of developing luteolin into an anti-inflammatory drug.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We summarize reports about the anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin published since 2009, which we found in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar. To acquire broad information, we extended our search to online FDA documents.

RESULTS

Luteolin is a flavonoid commonly found in medicinal plants and has strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Some of its derivatives, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, have also shown anti-inflammatory activity. The action mechanism of luteolin varies, but Src in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, MAPK in the activator protein (AP)- 1 pathway, and SOCS3 in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway are its major target transcription factors. A clinical trial with a formulation containing luteolin showed excellent therapeutic effect against inflammation-associated diseases.

CONCLUSION

In silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies strongly suggest that the major pharmacological mechanism of luteolin is its anti-inflammatory activity, which derives from its regulation of transcription factors such as STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1. Much work remains to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of luteolin before it can be used to treat inflammation-related diseases in humans.

Beeswax by-Products Efficiently Counteract the Oxidative Damage Induced by an Oxidant Agent in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

The antioxidant capacity and the phytochemical composition of two by-products from beeswax recycling processes were recently investigated. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of one of these by-products, MUD1, against the oxidative stress induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. After a preliminary viability assay, the protective effect of MUD1 was investigated through the measurement of apoptosis level, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite (NO₂⁻) production, the level of protein and lipid biomarkers (carbonyl groups, total glutathione and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) of oxidative damage, and the measurement of antioxidant enzymes activities (glutatione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase). The obtained results showed that MUD1 exerted protective effects on HDF, increasing cell viability and counteracted the oxidative stress promoted by AAPH-treatment, and improved mitochondria functionality and wound healing capacities. This work shows the antioxidant effects exerted by beeswax by-products, demonstrating for the first time their potential against oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast cells; however, further research will be necessary to evaluate their potentiality for human health by more deeply in vitro and in vivo studies.

Neuroprotective Effects of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways

Oxidative stress-mediated neuron damage is considered an important contributor to the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Taraxacum officinale has been reported to possess antioxidant activities. However, whether it can protect neurons against oxidative damage and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully determined. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of ethanol extracts of this plant (ETOW) on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. Both cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays showed that ETOW effectively attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation. Furthermore, our results revealed that ETOW increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). The inhibitory effects of ETOW on glutamate-stimulated cell toxicity and ROS production were partially reversed by tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), an HO activity inhibitor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ETOW can protect HT22 cells against glutamate-induced oxidative damage by inducing the Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Our study supports the idea that Taraxacum officinale Wigg. is a promising agent for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

LPS challenge increased intestinal permeability, disrupted mitochondrial function and triggered mitophagy of piglets

Here we investigated the influence of LPS-induced gut injury on antioxidant homeostasis, mitochondrial (mt) function and the level of mitophagy in piglets. The results showed that LPS-induced intestinal injury decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance, increased the paracellular permeability of F1TC dextran 4 kDa, and decreased the expression of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum compared with the control group. LPS decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and increased the content of malondialdehyde in the jejunum. Meanwhile, the expression of SOD-related genes ( Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD) and GSH-Px-related genes ( GPX-1, GPX-4) declined in LPS-challenged pigs compared with the control. LPS also increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA expression. LPS induced mt dysfunction, as demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased membrane potential of intestinal mitochondria, intestinal content of mt DNA and activities of the intestinal mt respiratory chain. Furthermore, LPS induced an increase in expression of mitophagy related proteins, PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1) and Parkin in the intestinal mitochondria, as well as an enhancement of the ratio of light chain 3-II (LC3-II) to LC3-I content in the jejunal mucosa. These results suggested that LPS-induced intestinal injury accompanied by disrupted antioxidant homeostasis, caused mt dysfunction and triggered mitophagy.

Nucleophosmin modulates the alleviation of atopic dermatitis caused by the marine-derived compound dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and its prevalence is increasing. AD usually elicits skin barrier dysfunction, dry skin and itching. As the mechanisms of AD remain unknown, there is an urgent need to find effective therapies. Because of the diversity and complexity of marine environments, the discovery of drugs from marine organisms as novel therapeutic agents for human diseases has seen renewed interest. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol (WA-25), the synthetic precursor of austrasulfone, which is a natural product isolated from a Formosan soft coral, has been shown to possess many therapeutic effects in our previous studies. However, the detailed mechanisms and therapeutic effects of WA-25 on AD are incompletely understood. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to examine the effects of WA-25 on AD. We showed that WA-25 blocks inflammation and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, we also found that WA-25 reduces the AD scores and AD-induced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, and alloknesis. WA-25 is more effective in cases of AD than are the drugs that are currently used clinically. Importantly, we also found that when nucleophosmin (NPM) was inhibited or when its expression was reduced, the anti-inflammatory and anti-AD effects of WA-25 were blocked. These data suggest that NPM plays dual roles in inflammation and AD. Overall, these results suggest that WA-25 is a potential anti-inflammatory and AD therapeutic agent that is modulated by NPM.

Maydis Stigma Elicits Analgesia and Blocks Edema in Mice and Inhibits Inflammation in Macrophages

Maydis Stigma (MS) is an herb traditionally used in many parts of the world. Previous studies have reported that MS plays a role in several biological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer activities. However, the effects of a MS ethanolic extract (MSE) on the anti-inflammatory cellular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of MSE and its molecular mechanism both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of MSE on the production of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and related proteins and the identification of target genes were determined using LPS-stimulated macrophages. We also determined the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of MSE by examining acetic acid-induced writhing responses and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. Our results indicated that MSE markedly decreased iNOS and COX-2 levels without causing cytotoxicity and suppressed the secretion of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages. MSE also inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-6, and IL-1[Formula: see text], and induced the expression of HO-1. Moreover, MSE treatment significantly reduced the LPS-stimulated activation of MAPK, NF-[Formula: see text]B, and AP-1. Furthermore, MSE exerted an analgesic effect on the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing response test and an anti-inflammatory effect on xylene-induced ear edema in ICR mice. Finally, we investigated the components of MSE using UPLC-ESI-MS and found that it contains the maysin as a marker component. Overall, these observations demonstrate that MSE has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects both in vitro and in vivo, which may provide new scientific evidence for its use as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory effect of strawberry extract against LPS-induced stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages

A common denominator in the pathogenesis of most chronic inflammatory diseases is the involvement of oxidative stress, related to ROS production by all aerobic organisms. Dietary antioxidants from plant foods represent an efficient strategy to counteract this condition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of strawberry extracts on inflammatory status induced by E. Coli LPS on RAW 264.7 macrophages by measuring the main oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers and investigating the molecular pathways involved. Strawberry pre-treatment efficiently counteracted LPS-induced oxidative stress reducing the amount of ROS and nitrite production, stimulating endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and enhancing protection against lipid, protein and DNA damage (P < 0.05). Strawberry pre-treatment exerted these protective effects primarily through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which is markedly AMPK-dependent and also by the modulation of the NF-kB signalling pathway. Finally, an improvement in mitochondria functionality was also detected. The results obtained in this work highlight the health benefit of strawberries against inflammatory and oxidative stress in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, investigating for the first time the possible involved molecular mechanisms.

Sesquiterpene Lactone Composition and Cellular Nrf2 Induction of Taraxacum officinale Leaves and Roots and Taraxinic Acid β-d-Glucopyranosyl Ester

Taraxacum officinale, the common dandelion, is a plant of the Asteraceae family, which is used as a food and medical herb. Various secondary plant metabolites such as sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and steroids have been described to be present in T. officinale. Dandelion may exhibit various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. We analyzed the leaves and roots of the common dandelion (T. officinale) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine its sesquiterpene lactone composition. The main compound of the leaf extract taraxinic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (1), a sesquiterpene lactone, was isolated and the structure elucidation was conducted by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The leaf extract and its main compound 1 activated the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human hepatocytes more significantly than the root extract. Furthermore, the leaf extract induced the Nrf2 target gene heme oxygenase 1. Overall, present data suggest that compound 1 may be one of the active principles of T. officinale.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of phenolic fractions from the leaves and petals of dandelion in human plasma treated with H2O2 and H2O2/Fe

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is a widespread perennial of the Asteraceae family. Dandelion is a rich source of different bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamin and minerals. However, the content of phenolics in tested extracts by various authors was not always well described. Dandelion is also a commonly available food with a long history of human use and as such poses little risk of harm. In this study, we focused on four different phenolic fractions from leaves and petals of dandelion, which might be of great interest. The objective was to investigate the antioxidant properties of the phenolic fractions from dandelion leaves and petals in vitro. Effects of four different phenolic fractions from dandelion leaves and petals on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, a marker of lipid peroxidation) in human plasma were studied in vitro. Their antioxidant properties against human plasma protein carbonylation and oxidation of protein thiols induced by a strong biological oxidant - hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or H₂O₂/Fe (a donor of hydroxyl radicals) were also examined. The tested fractions of dandelion (0.5-50 μg/mL; the incubation time - 30 min) inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation induced by H₂O₂ or H₂O₂/Fe. However, their antioxidant properties were not concentration-dependent. All tested samples also inhibited plasma protein carbonylation and oxidation of thiol groups in plasma proteins stimulated by oxidants (H₂O₂ and OH^∙). The obtained results suggest that four tested dandelion fractions, especially phenolic fractions from petals which are recognized as better than leaves source of flavonoids, may be a new and promising source of natural compounds with antioxidant activity beneficial for diseases-associated with oxidative stress, and with changes of hemostasis.

A Potential Mechanism for the Anti-Apoptotic Property of Koumine Involving Mitochondrial Pathway in LPS-Mediated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Koumine is a kind of alkaloid extracted from Gelsemium elegans (G. elegans). Benth, which has shown promise as an anti-tumor, anxiolytic, and analgesic agent. In our present study, the effect of koumine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RAW 264.7 cell apoptosis was evaluated. MTT assays showed that koumine obviously increased cell viability in LPS-mediated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Preincubation with koumine ameliorated LPS-medicated apoptosis by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, koumine-pretreated RAW 264.7 macrophages exhibited reduction of LPS-induced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. Furthermore, pretreatment with koumine suppressed LPS-mediated p53 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, decrease of Bcl-2 expression, and elevation of Bax and caspase-3 expressions, suggesting that koumine might act directly on RAW 264.7 cells to inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis. It seems as though the mechanism that koumine possesses is the anti-apoptotic effect mediated by suppressing production of ROS, activation of p53, and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in RAW 264 cells. Koumine could potentially serve as a protective effect against LPS-induced apoptosis.

The dichloromethane fraction from Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. leaves exerts an anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Mahonia bealei has a long history of medical use in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases. Despite numerous phytochemical and pharmacological studies, there is a lack of systematic studies to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the dichloromethane fraction from M. bealei leaves (MBL-CH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of MBL-CH for 30min prior to treatment with 1μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway and subsequent production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were investigated. Furthermore, the in vivo mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was employed to study the anti-inflammatory effects of MBL-CH.

RESULTS

Pre-treatment with MBL-CH significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated secretion of NO, PGE2, and TNF-α into the culture medium, as well as the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α, which were associated with a reduction in the phosphorylation of IκBα, Akt, and PI3K and inhibition of the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that MBL-CH attenuated LPS-stimulated lung inflammation in mice.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our findings indicate that MBL-CH attenuates LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in macrophages by blocking NF-κB activation through interference with activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, providing scientific evidence that the plant can be employed in traditional remedies.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of taraxasterol on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Taraxasterol was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Taraxacum which has been frequently used as a remedy for inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we determined the in vivo anti-arthritic effect of taraxasterol on arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were immunized with FCA by intradermal injection into the right hind metatarsal footpad, and were orally treated daily with taraxasterol at 2, 4 and 8mg/kg from day 2-28 after immunization. Paw swelling, arthritis index, body weight, spleen index and thymus index were evaluated. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, OPG and RANKL in sera were measured using ELISA. Histopathological changes in joint tissues were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).

RESULTS

Taraxasterol significantly suppressed paw swelling and arthritis index, attenuated body weight loss, decreased the spleen index and thymus index induced by FCA. Furthermore, taraxasterol significantly inhibited the overproduction of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2 and RANKL, and increased serum OPG production in FCA-induced rats. Histopathological examination indicated that taraxasterol attenuated synovial hyperplasia, bone and cartilage damage, and inflammatory cell infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that taraxasterol has the potential protective effect against FCA-induced arthritis in rats.

Dandelion Extracts Protect Human Skin Fibroblasts from UVB Damage and Cellular Senescence

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes damage in skin by generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to skin photoageing. Dandelion extracts have long been used for traditional Chinese medicine and native American medicine to treat cancers, hepatitis, and digestive diseases; however, less is known on the effects of dandelion extracts in skin photoageing. Here we found that dandelion leaf and flower extracts significantly protect UVB irradiation-inhibited cell viability when added before UVB irradiation or promptly after irradiation. Dandelion leaf and flower extracts inhibited UVB irradiation-stimulated MMP activity and ROS generation. Dandelion root extracts showed less action on protecting HDFs from UVB irradiation-induced MMP activity, ROS generation, and cell death. Furthermore, dandelion leaf and flower but not root extracts stimulated glutathione generation and glutathione reductase mRNA expression in the presence or absence of UVB irradiation. We also found that dandelion leaf and flower extracts help absorb UVB irradiation. In addition, dandelion extracts significantly protected HDFs from H₂O₂-induced cellular senescence. In conclusion, dandelion extracts especially leaf and flower extracts are potent protective agents against UVB damage and H₂O₂-induced cellular senescence in HDFs by suppressing ROS generation and MMP activities and helping UVB absorption.