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Hussein HA, Kassim MNI, Maulidiani M, Abas F, Abdullah MA. Cytotoxicity and 1H NMR metabolomics analyses of microalgal extracts for synergistic application with Tamoxifen on breast cancer cells with reduced toxicity against Vero cells. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09192. [PMID: 35846482 PMCID: PMC9280575 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of Tamoxifen (TMX), an anti-estrogen drug, with microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) in single and synergistic application (TMX-MCEs) on MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cells, and non-cancerous Vero cells. The MCEs of Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis suecica and Chlorella sp. from five different solvents (methanol, MET; ethanol, ETH; water, W; chloroform, CHL; and hexane, HEX) were developed. The TMX-MCEs-ETH and W at the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios, attained IC50 of 15.84–29.51 μg/mL against MCF-7; 13.8–31.62 μg/mL against 4T1; and 24.54–85.11 μg/mL against Vero cells. Higher late apoptosis was exhibited against MCF-7 by the TMX-N. oculata-ETH (41.15 %); and by the TMX-T. suecica-ETH (65.69 %) against 4T1 cells. The TMX-T. suecica-ETH also showed higher ADP/ATP ratios, but comparable Caspase activities to control. For Vero cells, overall apoptotic effects were lowered with synergistic application, and only early apoptosis was higher with TMX-T. suecica-ETH but at lower levels (29.84 %). The MCEs-W showed the presence of alanine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, lactic acid, and fumaric acid. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the spectral signals for polar solvents such as MET and ETH, were found in the same cluster, while the non-polar solvent CHL was with HEX, suggesting similar chemical profiles clustered for the same polarity. The CHL and HEX were more effective with N. oculata and T. suecica which were of the marine origin, while the ETH and MET were more effective with Chlorella sp., which was of the freshwater origin. The synergistic application of microalgal bioactive compounds with TMX can maintain the cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells whilst reducing the toxicity against non-cancerous Vero cells. These findings will benefit the biopharmaceutical, and functional and healthy food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Ali Hussein
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Murni Nur Islamiah Kassim
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - M. Maulidiani
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- SIBCo Medical and Pharmaceuticals Sdn. Bhd., No. 2, Level 5, Jalan Tengku Ampuan Zabedah, D9/D, Seksyen 9, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
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Zonyane S, Fawole OA, la Grange C, Stander MA, Opara UL, Makunga NP. The Implication of Chemotypic Variation on the Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancer Activities of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. (Fabaceae) from Different Geographic Locations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E152. [PMID: 32069826 PMCID: PMC7070296 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (cancer bush) exhibit considerable qualitative and quantitative chemical variability depending on their natural wild origins. The purpose of this study was thus to determine bioactivity of extracts from different regions using in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer assays. Extracts of the species are complex and are predominantly composed of a species-specific set of triterpene saponins (cycloartanol glycosides), the sutherlandiosides, and flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), the sutherlandins. For the Folin-Ciocalteu phenolics test values of 93.311 to 125.330 mg GAE/g DE were obtained. The flavonoids ranged from 54.831 to 66.073 mg CE/g DE using the aluminum chloride assay. Extracts from different sites were also assayed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging method and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) methods. This was followed by an in vitro Cell Titer-Glo viability assay of various ecotypes using the DLD-1 colon cancer cell line. All test extracts displayed anti-oxidant activity through the DPPH• radical scavenging mechanism, with IC50 values ranging from 3.171 to 7.707 µg·mL-1. However, the degree of anti-oxidant effects differed on a chemotypic basis with coastal plants from Gansbaai and Pearly Beach (Western Cape) exhibiting superior activity whereas the Victoria West inland group from the Northern Cape, consistently showed the weakest anti-oxidant activity for both the DPPH• and FRAP methods. All extracts showed cytotoxicity on DLD-1 colon cancer cells at the test concentration of 200 µg·mL-1 but Sutherlandia plants from Colesburg (Northern Cape) exhibited the highest anti-cancer activity. These findings confirm that S. frutescens specimens display variability in their bioactive capacities based on their natural location, illustrating the importance of choosing relevant ecotypes for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samkele Zonyane
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (S.Z.); (C.l.G.)
| | - Olaniyi A. Fawole
- South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (O.A.F.); (U.L.O.)
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Chris la Grange
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (S.Z.); (C.l.G.)
| | - Maria A. Stander
- Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Umezuruike L. Opara
- South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (O.A.F.); (U.L.O.)
| | - Nokwanda P. Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (S.Z.); (C.l.G.)
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Chen L, Xu M, Gong Z, Zonyane S, Xu S, Makunga NP. Comparative cardio and developmental toxicity induced by the popular medicinal extract of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. detected using a zebrafish Tuebingen embryo model. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:273. [PMID: 30290800 PMCID: PMC6173916 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Sutherlandia frutescens is one of the most promising commercialized, indigenous and medicinal plants of South Africa that is used as an immune-booster, and a traditional treatment for cancer. However, few studies report on its toxicology and dosage in vivo. There is still room to better understand its cytotoxicity effects in animal systems. Methods We prepared two extracts, one with 80% (v/v) ethanol, and the other, with water. Both were studied to determine the maximum tolerable concentration when extracts were applied at 0 to 200 μg/ml to a Tuebingen zebrafish embryo line. The development of zebrafish embryos after 24 h post fertilization (hpf) was studied. A concentration range of 5 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml was then chosen to monitor the ontological development of cultured embryos. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to study the differences of the two experimental extracts. Chemical variation between the extracts was illustrated using chemometrics. Results Both extracts led to bleeding and pericardial cyst formation when applied at high concentrations to the zebrafish embryo culture. Chronic teratogenic toxicities, leading to pericardial edema, yolk sac swelling, and other abnormal developmental characteristics, were detected. The aqueous extracts of S. frutescens were less toxic to the larvae than the ethanol extracts, validating preference for aqueous preparations when used in traditional medicine. Chemical differences between the water extracts and alcoholic extracts were analysed using LC-MS/MS. A supervised metabolomics approach, targeting the sutherlandiosides and sutherlandins using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), illustrated that sutherlandiosides were the main chemical features that can be used to distinguish between the two extracts, despite the extracts being highly similar in their chemical constituents. Conclusion The water extract caused less cytotoxic and abnormal developmental effects compared to the ethanolic extract, and, this is likely due to differences in concentrations of extracted chemicals rather than the chemical profile per se. This study provides more evidence of cytotoxicity effects linked to S. frutescens using the zebrafish embryo bioassay as a study tool. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2303-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Chen T, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhang J. In vitro and in vivo antitumour activities of puerarin 6″-O-xyloside on human lung carcinoma A549 cell line via the induction of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1793-1799. [PMID: 26730946 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1127980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Pueraria lobata (Leguminoseae) shows cytotoxic effects against cancer cells; however, its active components remain unclear. Objective This study investigated the antitumour activity of puerarin 6″-O-xyloside (POS) on the human lung carcinoma A549 cell line. Materials and methods The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of POS (at 10, 20 and 40 μM) in vitro, and xenograft nude mice were established to evaluate the antitumour effect of POS (at 40 mg/kg/d) in vivo by 15 days intraperitoneal injection (ip). To explore its mechanism of action, flow cytometry was performed to determine the pro-apoptotic effect of POS (at 10, 20 and 40 μM). Subsequently, the expression of caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax in A549 cells were determined. Results POS showed significant cytotoxicity toward A549 cells (p < 0.05) by inducing apoptosis. Treatment with POS significantly upregulated the levels of caspase-3 (p < 0.01), caspase-7 (p < 0.01), caspase-9 (p < 0.01) and Bax (p < 0.01) in A549 cells, and Bcl-2 was downregulated (p < 0.01). Additionally, the in vivo animal study showed that POS significantly inhibited tumour growth in A549 cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion Our study demonstrated the POS has significant antitumour activities. The mechanisms are related to increased levels of caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 and Bax, and reduced levels Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Chen
- a Department of Oncology , Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital , Changshu , PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- a Department of Oncology , Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital , Changshu , PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- a Department of Oncology , Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital , Changshu , PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital , Changshu , PR China
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Lin H, Jackson GA, Lu Y, Drenkhahn SK, Brownstein KJ, Starkey NJ, Lamberson WR, Fritsche KL, Mossine VV, Besch-Williford CL, Folk WR, Zhang Y, Lubahn DB. Inhibition of Gli/hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer cells by "cancer bush" Sutherlandia frutescens extract. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:131-42. [PMID: 26377232 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens is a medicinal plant, traditionally used to treat various types of human diseases, including cancer. Previous studies of several botanicals link suppression of prostate cancer growth with inhibition of the Gli/hedgehog (Gli/Hh) signaling pathway. Here we hypothesized the anti-cancer effect of S. frutescens was linked to its inhibition of the Gli/Hh signaling in prostate cancer. We found a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition in human prostate cancer cells, PC3 and LNCaP, and mouse prostate cancer cell, TRAMP-C2, treated with S. frutescens methanol extract (SLE). We also observed a dose-dependent inhibition of the Gli-reporter activity in Shh Light II and TRAMP-C2QGli cells treated with SLE. In addition, SLE can inhibit Gli/Hh signaling by blocking Gli1 and Ptched1 gene expression in the presence of a Gli/Hh signaling agonist (SAG). A diet supplemented with S. frutescens suppressed the formation of poorly differentiated carcinoma in prostates of TRAMP mice. Finally, we found Sutherlandioside D was the most potent compound in the crude extract that could suppress Gli-reporter in Shh Light II cells. Together, this suggests that the S. frutescens extract may exert anti-cancer effect by targeting Gli/Hh signaling, and Sutherlandioside D is one of the active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Glenn A Jackson
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Technology, Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture, Curtis, Nebraska, 69025, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Sara K Drenkhahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Korey J Brownstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Nicholas J Starkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - William R Lamberson
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Cynthia L Besch-Williford
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Yang XK, Xu MY, Xu GS, Zhang YL, Xu ZX. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of scutebarbatine A on human lung carcinoma A549 cell lines. Molecules 2014; 19:8740-51. [PMID: 24968330 PMCID: PMC6270914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During our systematic study on the anticancer activities of Scutellaria barbata, scutebarbatine A (SBT-A), one of the major alkaloids in S. barbata, was found to have antitumor effects on A549 cells. Thus, we designed the present study to investigate in detail the antitumor effects of SBT-A. The cytotoxic effect of SBT-A on A549 in vitro were determined by an MTT assay and evaluated by IC50 values. Furthermore, results of Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V/PI staining assays demonstrated that SBT-A had significant antitumor effects on A549 cells via apoptosis, in a concentration-dependent manner. What's more, the mechanism was explored by western blotting, and our study revealed that SBT-A can up-regulate the expressions of cytochrome c, caspase-3 and 9, and down-regulate the levels of Bcl-2 in A549 cells. Finally, the antitumor effects of SBT-A were evaluated in vivo by using transplanted tumor nude mice, and the results confirmed that SBT-A has a notable antitumor effect on A549 cancer via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Collectively, our results demonstrated that SBT-A showed significant antitumor effects on A549 cells in vivo and in vitro via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating expressions of caspase-3 and 9, and down-regulating Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Yang
- Department of Emergency, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Ming-Yuan Xu
- Department of Emergency, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Gui-Sen Xu
- Department of Emergency, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Zhao-Xia Xu
- Department of Emergency, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
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