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Tekşen Y, Gündüz MK, Berikten D, Özatik FY, Aydın HE. Peganum harmala L. seed extract attenuates anxiety and depression in rats by reducing neuroinflammation and restoring the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway and monoamines after exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01416-6. [PMID: 39172328 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder characterised by persistent low mood, anhedonia and cognitive impairment that affects an estimated 3.8% of the world's population, including 5% of adults. Peganum harmala L. (P. harmala) is a medicinal plant and has been reported to be effective against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and depression. The present study was aimed to evaluate the behavioral and pharmacological effects of P. harmala seed extract in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in vivo and to investigate the mechanism of action. CUMS-exposed rats were treated with P. harmala extract (75 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 2 weeks. HPLC analysis was used to determine the concentration of harmaline and harmine alkaloids in the extract. Heavy metal analysis in seeds was performed by ICP-MS. Our results showed that P. harmala at the dose of 150 mg/kg significantly reduced the depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats, as evidenced by increased sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test (SPT), decreased immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) and plasma corticosterone levels, increased the time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze (EPM), and improved memory and learning in the passive avoidance test (PAT). In addition, P. harmala decreased monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) levels, and increased serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA) levels in the brains of rats exposed to CUMS. P. harmala decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and increased the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in rat brain. Furthermore, P. harmala improved brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) protein expression in rat brain. In conclusion, P. harmala at a dose of 150 mg/kg is more effective in preventing depressive-like behavior in CUMS-exposed rats by improving neurotransmitter levels, reducing oxidative stress, suppressing neuroinflammation and activating the BDNF/TrkB pathway, all of which are important in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Tekşen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, Kütahya, 43000, Türkiye.
| | - Meliha Koldemir Gündüz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, Kütahya, 43000, Türkiye
| | - Derya Berikten
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, 43000, Kütahya, Türkiye
| | - Fikriye Yasemin Özatik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, Kütahya, 43000, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Emre Aydın
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, 43000, Kütahya, Türkiye
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Ma J, Liu W, Wang X, Lu C, Hao Z, Wang Y, Ding Y, Li Y. Cnidium officinale Makino: Phytology, Phytochemistry, Toxicology, Pharmacology and Prescriptions (1967-2023). Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301639. [PMID: 38062000 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cnidium officinale Makino (COM), a perennial herbaceous plant in the Apiaceous family, widely distribute in Eastern Asia and Asia-Temperate. It has a long history application as a traditional medicine for invigorating the blood and removing blood stasis, and also has been employed to diet, pesticide, herbal bathing materials, the cosmetic and skin care industry. However, there has been no associated review of literature in the past half a century (1967-2023). By searching the international authoritative databases and collecting 229 literatures closely related to COM, herewith a comprehensive and systematic review was conducted. The phytology includes plant distribution and botanical characteristics. The phytochemistry covers 8 major categories, 208 compounds in total, and the quantitative determination of 14 monomer compounds, total polyphenols and total flavonoids. The clinical trial in pregnant women and toxic experiments in mice, the pharmacology of 7 aspects and 82 frequently used prescriptions are summarized. It is expected that this paper will provide forward-looking scientific thinking and literature support for the further modern research, development and utilization of COM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Chang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zezhuang Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yuling Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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Xiong B, Zhong Z, Chen C, Huang H, Lin J, Xu Y, Yang J, Yu C. The anxiolytic effect of koumine on a predatory sound stress-induced anxiety model and its associated molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154225. [PMID: 35689899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Koumine is the most abundant alkaloid extracted from Gelsemium elegans Benth.. Preliminary studies by our research group have shown that koumine has significant anxiolytic effect, but this needs to be further confirmed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To investigate the potential anxiolytic effect of koumine on predatory sound (PS) stress-induced anxiety models and preliminarily explore its therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The anxiolytic effect of koumine in an animal model of acute PS stress-induced anxiety were determined. Then, neurosteroids levels in the main brain regions involved in anxiety disorders, as well as plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) levels, were determinated. Finally, to clarify the effect of koumine on translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), the affinity between koumine and TSPO was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. RESULTS Koumine treatment mitigated anxiety-like behavior following acute PS stress in the open field test and elevated plus maze test. PS exposure significantly decreased progesterone and allopregnanolone levels in the PFC, Hip, and Amy and increased ACTH and CORT levels in plasma, and koumine administration significantly reversed these effects. Finally, the reliable SPR results showed that the KD of koumine with TSPO was 155.33 ± 11.0 μM, indicating that koumine is a human TSPO high-affinity ligand that has an affinity comparable to typical TSPO ligands. CONCLUSION Our results show that koumine has obvious anxiolytic effect in the PS-induced anxiety model. Targeting TSPO-neurosteroids-HPA axis may be an important mechanism by which koumine exerts its anxiolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Resource Recycling, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543002, China; Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jinxiang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Changxi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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Benoit S, Chaumontet C, Schwarz J, Cakir-Kiefer C, Boulier A, Tomé D, Miclo L. Anxiolytic Activity and Brain Modulation Pattern of the α-Casozepine-Derived Pentapeptide YLGYL in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051497. [PMID: 32455588 PMCID: PMC7285003 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Casozepine (α-CZP) is an anxiolytic-like bioactive decapeptide derived from bovine αs1-casein. The N-terminal peptide YLGYL was previously identified after proteolysis of the original peptide in an in vitro digestion model. Its putative anxiolytic-like properties were evaluated in a Swiss mice model using a light/dark box (LDB) after an intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mg/kg). The effect of YLGYL on c-Fos expression in brain regions linked to anxiety regulation was afterwards evaluated via immunofluorescence and compared to those of α-CZP and diazepam, a reference anxiolytic benzodiazepine. YLGYL elicited some anxiolytic-like properties in the LDB, similar to α-CZP and diazepam. The two peptides displayed some strong differences compared with diazepam in terms of c-Fos expression modulation in the prefontal cortex, the amygdala, the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the periaqueductal grey, and the raphe magnus nucleus, implying a potentially different mode of action. Additionally, YLGYL modulated c-Fos expression in the amygdala and in one of the raphe nuclei, displaying a somewhat similar pattern of activation as α-CZP. Nevertheless, some differences were also spotted between the two peptides, making it possible to formulate the hypothesis that these peptides could act differently on anxiety regulation. Taken together, these results showed that YLGYL could contribute to the in vivo overall action of α-CZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Benoit
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.-K.); (L.M.)
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, Inrae, Université Paris-Saclay, F-75231 Paris, France; (C.C.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-1223-769048
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, Inrae, Université Paris-Saclay, F-75231 Paris, France; (C.C.); (D.T.)
| | | | - Céline Cakir-Kiefer
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.-K.); (L.M.)
| | | | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, Inrae, Université Paris-Saclay, F-75231 Paris, France; (C.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Laurent Miclo
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.-K.); (L.M.)
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Potential Application of Yokukansan as a Remedy for Parkinson’s Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1875928
expr 870091642 + 807102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by complex motor and nonmotor symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of PD is defined by bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, although several nonmotor symptoms are also related to disability, an impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. Levodopa, which is used as a standard pharmacotherapy for PD, has limitations including a short half-life, fluctuations in efficacy, and dyskinesias with long-term use. There have been efforts to develop complementary and alternative therapies for incurable PD. Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for treating neurosis, insomnia, and night crying in children. The clinical efficacy of YKS for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and impaired agitation/aggression subscale and activities of daily living scores, has mainly been investigated in the context of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, YKS has previously been found to improve clinical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, pain, and tardive dyskinesia. Preclinical studies have reported that the broad efficacy of YKS for various symptoms involves its regulation of neurotransmitters including GABA, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine, as well as the expression of dynamin and glutamate transporters, and changes in glucocorticoid hormones and enzymes such as choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, YKS has neuroprotective effects at various cellular levels via diverse mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the clinical efficacy and neuropharmacological effects of YKS. We discuss the possible mechanisms underpinning the effects of YKS on neuropathology and suggest that the multiple actions of YKS may be beneficial as a treatment for PD. We highlight the potential that YKS may serve as a complementary and alternative strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Jang JH, Jung K, Kim JS, Jung I, Yoo H, Moon C. Potential Application of Yokukansan as a Remedy for Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:1875928. [PMID: 30671124 PMCID: PMC6317124 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1875928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by complex motor and nonmotor symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of PD is defined by bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, although several nonmotor symptoms are also related to disability, an impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. Levodopa, which is used as a standard pharmacotherapy for PD, has limitations including a short half-life, fluctuations in efficacy, and dyskinesias with long-term use. There have been efforts to develop complementary and alternative therapies for incurable PD. Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for treating neurosis, insomnia, and night crying in children. The clinical efficacy of YKS for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and impaired agitation/aggression subscale and activities of daily living scores, has mainly been investigated in the context of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer's disease, and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, YKS has previously been found to improve clinical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, pain, and tardive dyskinesia. Preclinical studies have reported that the broad efficacy of YKS for various symptoms involves its regulation of neurotransmitters including GABA, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine, as well as the expression of dynamin and glutamate transporters, and changes in glucocorticoid hormones and enzymes such as choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, YKS has neuroprotective effects at various cellular levels via diverse mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the clinical efficacy and neuropharmacological effects of YKS. We discuss the possible mechanisms underpinning the effects of YKS on neuropathology and suggest that the multiple actions of YKS may be beneficial as a treatment for PD. We highlight the potential that YKS may serve as a complementary and alternative strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Jung
- Department of Korean Neuropsychology, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Jang JH, Lee J, Jung I, Yoo H. Efficacy of Yokukansankachimpihange on sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease: A study protocol of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11298. [PMID: 29953013 PMCID: PMC6039679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that includes motor and nonmotor symptoms. Sleep disturbance is known to decrease the quality of life in patients with PD, and there are limitations to the pharmacotherapy currently in use. Therefore, complementary treatment therapies are required to address these limitations. The traditional herbal medicines Yokukansan (YKS) and Yokukansankachimpihange (YKSCH) have been used to treat insomnia and night crying in children, suggesting their effectiveness against sleep disturbance in patients with PD. We will evaluate whether YKSCH improves sleep disturbance in PD and will identify YKS-related changes in hemodynamic parameters, and neurotransmitter and hormone levels in patients with PD experiencing sleep disturbance. METHODS We will conduct a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel trial in 34 patients with PD and sleep disturbance, randomly allocating the patients to either placebo-control (n = 17) or treatment groups (n = 17). The total study period will be 16 weeks; administration of YKSCH or placebo, as intervention, will be performed for a 12-week period, and follow-up will be performed over a 4-week period. All subjects will undergo conventional treatment, and be required to maintain a regular medication schedule throughout the study period. The primary outcome measure will be the Scales for Outcomes in PD-Sleep Scale score, and the secondary outcome measures will be polysomnography results, findings from instruments related to sleep disorders, neurotransmitter and hormone levels, and hemodynamic changes in the brain cortex. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This trial will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YKSCH for sleep improvement in PD with sleep disturbance, and investigate the underlying mechanism of action. We expect improvement in the scores for subjective and objective sleep scales, hemodynamic changes in prefrontal cortical activity, and changes in neurotransmitter and hormone levels. The findings will provide insight into the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of YKSCH in PD, and lay the foundation for further studies on whether YKSCH improves sleep disturbance in PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0002869).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - JuAh Lee
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Keunumul-Ro, Jung-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Jung
- Department of Korean Neuropsychology, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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Ohno R, Miyagishi H, Tsuji M, Saito A, Miyagawa K, Kurokawa K, Takeda H. Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, enhances the anxiolytic effect of fluvoxamine and reduces cortical 5-HT 2A receptor expression in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:89-96. [PMID: 29382554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yokukansan is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that has been approved in Japan as a remedy for neurosis, insomnia, and irritability in children. It has also been reported to improve behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with various forms of dementia. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the usefulness of co-treatment with an antidepressant and an herbal medicine in the psychiatric field, the current study examined the effect of yokukansan on the anxiolytic-like effect of fluvoxamine in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anxiolytic-like effect in mice was estimated by the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. Contextual fear conditioning consisted of two sessions, i.e., day 1 for the conditioning session and day 2 for the test session. The expression levels of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor in the mouse brain regions were quantified by western blot analysis. RESULTS A single administration of fluvoxamine (5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) before the test session dose-dependently and significantly suppressed freezing behavior in mice. In the combination study, a sub-effective dose of fluvoxamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed freezing behavior in mice that had been repeatedly pretreated with yokukansan (0.3 and 1 g/kg, p.o.) once a day for 6 days after the conditioning session. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression level of 5-HT2A receptor was specifically decreased in the prefrontal cortex of mice that had been administered yokukansan and fluvoxamine. Furthermore, microinjection of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (5 nmol/mouse) into the prefrontal cortex significantly suppressed freezing behavior. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that repeated treatment with yokukansan synergistically enhances the anxiolytic-like effect of fluvoxamine in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm in mice in conjunction with a decrease in 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, combination therapy with fluvoxamine and yokukansan may be beneficial for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Anxiety/prevention & control
- Anxiety/psychology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Fear/drug effects
- Fluvoxamine/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Ohno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyagishi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsumi Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kurokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
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Ranjbar H, Radahmadi M, Reisi P, Alaei H. Effects of electrical lesion of basolateral amygdala nucleus on rat anxiety-like behaviour under acute, sub-chronic, and chronic stresses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:470-479. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ranjbar
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Maryam Radahmadi
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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Mizoguchi K, Ikarashi Y. Multiple Psychopharmacological Effects of the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan, and the Brain Regions it Affects. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28377723 PMCID: PMC5359390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, has indications for use in night crying and irritability in children, as well as neurosis and insomnia. It is currently also used for the remedy of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as aggressiveness, agitation, and hallucinations. In parallel with clinical evidence, a significant amount of fundamental researches have been undertaken to clarify the neuropsychopharmacological efficacies of YKS, with approximately 70 articles, including our own, being published to date. Recently, we reviewed the neuropharmacological mechanisms of YKS, including its effects on glutamatergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and pharmacokinetics of the ingredients responsible for the effects. This review is aimed to integrate the information regarding the psychopharmacological effects of YKS with the brain regions known to be affected, to facilitate our understanding of the clinical efficacy of YKS. In this review, we first show that YKS has several effects that act to improve symptoms that are similar to BPSDs, like aggressiveness, hallucinations, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, as well as symptoms like tardive dyskinesia and cognitive deficits. We next provide the evidence showing that YKS can interact with various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and spinal cord, dysfunctions of which are related to psychiatric symptoms, cognitive deficits, abnormal behaviors, and dysesthesia. In addition, the major active ingredients of YKS, geissoschizine methyl ether and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, are shown to predominantly bind to the frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Our findings suggest that YKS has multiple psychopharmacological effects, and that these are probably mediated by interactions among several brain regions. In this review, we summarize the available information about the valuable effects of a multicomponent medicine YKS on complex neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki Japan
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Semax, an analog of ACTH (4-7), regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury in rats. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:635-653. [PMID: 28255762 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain stroke continues to claim the lives of million people every year. To build the effective strategies for stroke treatment it is necessary to understand the neuroprotective mechanisms that are able to prevent the ischemic injury. Consisting of the ACTH(4-7) fragment and the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), the synthetic peptide Semax effectively protects brain against ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotection and participation of PGP in them are still needed to be clarified. To reveal biological processes and signaling pathways, which are affected by Semax and PGP, we performed the transcriptome analysis of cerebral cortex of rats with focal cerebral ischemia treated by these peptides. The genome-wide biochip data analysis detected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and bioinformatic web-tool Ingenuity iReport found DEGs associations with several biological processes and signaling pathways. The immune response is the process most markedly affected by the peptide: Semax enhances antigen presentation signaling pathway, intensifies the effect of ischemia on the interferon signaling pathways and affects the processes for synthesizing immunoglobulins. Semax significantly increased expression of the gene encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain, highly affects on cytokine, stress response and ribosomal protein-encoding genes after occlusion. PGP treatment of rats with ischemia attenuates the immune activity and suppresses neurotransmission in the CNS. We suppose that neuroprotective mechanism of Semax is realized via the neuroimmune crosstalk, and the new properties of PGP were found under ischemia. Our results provided the basis for further proteomic investigations in the field of searching Semax neuroprotection mechanism.
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Ikarashi Y, Mizoguchi K. Neuropharmacological efficacy of the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan and its active ingredients. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:84-95. [PMID: 27373856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction, and is often complicated by behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) including excitement, aggression, and hallucinations. Typical and atypical antipsychotics are used for the treatment of BPSD, but induce adverse events. The traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan (YKS), which had been originated from the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan-San, has been reported to improve BPSD without severe adverse effects. In the preclinical basic studies, there are over 70 research articles indicating the neuropharmacological efficacies of YKS. In this review, we first describe the neuropharmacological actions of YKS and its bioactive ingredients. Multiple potential actions for YKS were identified, which include effects on serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions as well as neuroprotection, anti-stress effect, promotion of neuroplasticity, and anti-inflammatory effect. Geissoschizine methyl ether (GM) in Uncaria hook and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) in Glycyrrhiza were responsible for several pharmacological actions of YKS. Subsequently, we describe the pharmacokinetics of GM and GA in rats. These ingredients were absorbed into the blood, crossed the blood-brain barrier, and reached the brain, in rats orally administered YKS. Moreover, autoradiography showed that [(3)H]GM predominantly distributed in the frontal cortex and [(3)H]GA in the hippocampus. Thus, YKS is a versatile herbal remedy with a variety of neuropharmacological effects, and may operate as a multicomponent drug including various active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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Ogawa Y, Fujii Y, Sugiyama R, Konishi T. The role of the seven crude drug components in the sleep-promoting effect of Yokukansan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 177:19-27. [PMID: 26611914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yokukansan is a traditional Japanese "Kampo" medicine derived from Yi-Gan San in traditional Chinese medicine. Many studies have been published on its effects and mechanisms. In this study, we focused on the sleep-promoting effects of Yokukansan. AIM OF THE STUDY Yokukansan composes of seven crude drugs: Uncaria Hook, Bupleurm Root, Cnidium Rhizome, Japanese Angelica Root, Poria Sclerotium, Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome, and Glycyrrhiza. Although each has distinctive effects in isolation, they combine to work as a sleep aid in the Yokukansan formula. We examined the roles of the seven crude drug components in the sleep-promoting effect of Yokukansan. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we used an easy in vivo assay method which we developed previously to screen sleeping substances using thermography. This assay method focuses on the decrease in skin temperature of mice during sleep inducement. RESULTS By administering the crude drug components of Yokukansan one at a time, it was possible to separate them into two groups: those that caused a decrease in body temperature (Uncaria Hook, Bupleurm Root, Cnidium rhizome, and Japanese Angelica root) and those that did not (Poria Sclerotium, Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome, and Glycyrrhiza). Accordingly, it was thought that the crude drugs causing a drop in body temperature were responsible for promoting sleep, while those in the other group would have no such effect in isolation. To investigate whether the crude drugs that did not cause a decrease in body temperature might be unnecessary for the sleep-promoting effect of Yokukansan, a number of decoctions were prepared using only six of the seven crude drug components, excluding a different crude drug in each case. Results showed that when any of the three components (Poria Sclerotium, Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome, or Glycyrrhiza) of Yokukansan that had no effect on body temperature in isolation were removed from Yokukansan, the resulting extract no longer had any of Yokukansan's sleep-promoting effects. This result suggested that these three crude drug components were involved indirectly in the activity of Yokukansan, by supporting other crude drugs. The interactions of the three supporting crude drugs were then examined further. As a result, a combination of Poria Sclerotium, Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome, and Glycyrrhiza was found to cause a decrease in body temperature, even though none of the three crude drugs had this effect in isolation. When an extract prepared by infusing the three crude drugs together was tested alongside extracts made by infusing the three crude drugs separately, the latter showed no effect and there were differences between the two in constituent analysis by HPLC. These results indicate that some reactions may occur during extraction. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study show that all crude drug components of Yokukansan contribute to its sleep-promoting effects. This is the first report to show the role of the seven clude drug components in the sleep-inducing effects of Yokukansan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Fujushirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuuko Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reina Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tenji Konishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
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RANJBAR H, RADAHMADI M, ALAEI H, REISI P, KARIMI S. The effect of basolateral amygdala nucleus lesion on memory under acute,mid and chronic stress in male rats. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1915-1925. [DOI: 10.3906/sag-1507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Yokukansan Increases 5-HT1A Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex and Enhances 5-HT1A Receptor Agonist-Induced Behavioral Responses in Socially Isolated Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:726471. [PMID: 26681968 PMCID: PMC4670863 DOI: 10.1155/2015/726471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Japanese medicine yokukansan has an anxiolytic effect, which occurs after repeated administration. In this study, to investigate the underlying mechanisms, we examined the effects of repeated yokukansan administration on serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor density and affinity and its expression at both mRNA and protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of socially isolated mice. Moreover, we examined the effects of yokukansan on a 5-HT1A receptor-mediated behavioral response. Male mice were subjected to social isolation stress for 6 weeks and simultaneously treated with yokukansan. Thereafter, the density and affinity of 5-HT1A receptors were analyzed by a receptor-binding assay. Levels of 5-HT1A receptor protein and mRNA were also measured. Furthermore, (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT; a 5-HT1A receptor agonist) was injected intraperitoneally, and rearing behavior was examined. Social isolation stress alone did not affect 5-HT1A receptor density or affinity. However, yokukansan significantly increased receptor density and decreased affinity concomitant with unchanged protein and mRNA levels. Yokukansan also enhanced the 8-OH-DPAT-induced decrease in rearing behavior. These results suggest that yokukansan increases 5-HT1A receptors in the PFC of socially isolated mice and enhances their function, which might underlie its anxiolytic effects.
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Ueki T, Mizoguchi K, Yamaguchi T, Nishi A, Sekiguchi K, Ikarashi Y, Kase Y. Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, decreases head-twitch behaviors and serotonin 2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex of isolation-stressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:23-30. [PMID: 25732836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, has recently been used to treat the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including aggressiveness, excitability, and hallucination. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of yokukansan on BPSD using animals exhibiting hallucination-like behaviors. For this purpose, we initially examined whether chronic isolation stress increases the frequency of hallucination in response to a psychedelic drug. Using this animal model, we next examined the effects of yokukansan on drug-induced hallucination-like behaviors. Finally, we examined the density and mRNA levels of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice were subjected to isolation stress for six weeks. Yokukansan was incorporated into food pellets, and administered to the mice for six weeks. In some experiments, yokukansan and each of seven constituent herbs were administered orally to the mice for the last two weeks during the six-week period of isolation stress. A 5-HT2A receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI, 2.5mg/kg), was injected into the mice, and head-twitch behaviors were quantified. The binding sites of 5-HT2A receptors on the plasma membrane of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were assessed by a receptor-binding assay using tritium-labeled ketanserin, and the density and affinity were calculated from a Scatchard plot. The level of mRNAs was measured by PCR analyses. RESULTS Isolation stress enhanced the frequency of the DOI-induced head-twitch response, and yokukansan treatment by feeding significantly reduced this enhancement. Isolation stress significantly increased the 5-HT2A receptor density in the PFC, and yokukansan treatment by feeding as well as administration significantly down-regulated this increase. Isolation stress and yokukansan did not affect the affinity. Among seven constituent herbs, Bupleurum Root, Uncaria Hook, Japanese Angelica Root, and Glycyrrhiza down-regulated the increase, but statistically not significant, in which their efficacies were over 50% relative to yokukansan. Neither isolation stress nor yokukansan affected mRNA levels of 5-HT2A receptors. CONCLUSION Yokukansan attenuated drug-induced hallucination-like behaviors in isolated mice, which is suggested to be mediated by 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation in the PFC. This mechanism may underlie the ameliorative effects of yokukansan on hallucination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ueki
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamaguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
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The metabolism of YiGan San and subsequent pharmacokinetic evaluation of four metabolites in rat based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:22-8. [PMID: 25306115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to identify the metabolites in rat urine after oral administration of YiGan San (YGS). Eighteen prototype compounds and four metabolites named 11-hydroxyhirsuteine, 19-carbonylhirsutine, 19-carbonyl-dihydrocorynantheine, and 18-hydroxy-geissoschizine methyl ether were identified. Subsequently, a method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry was established for pharmacokinetic study of YGS in rat plasma. The concentration-time curves of four prototype compounds, senkyunolide I, ajmalicine, isocorynoxeine and rhynchophylline were constructed after an oral (9.1g YGS per kilogram of body weight) administration in rats. Method validation revealed excellent linearity over the range 220.00-0.55, 220.00-0.55, 21.40-0.05, and 19.80-0.05ng/mL for the four prototype compounds respectively. The stabilities results indicate that all of the analytes were stable in rat plasma in the autosampler for 24h, under freeze/thaw cycles (4 times in 24h), and at -20°C for one week. Residual analysis, heteroskedasticity test, and goodness-of-fit test were also performed to determine the accuracy of the linear regression method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. Four hours after administration, compound 11-hydroxyhirsuteine can be detected in rat plasma. Compared with purified ligustilide, YGS required a slightly longer period to reach maximum concentration (Cmax) in rat plasma.
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Okamoto H, Iyo M, Ueda K, Han C, Hirasaki Y, Namiki T. Yokukan-san: a review of the evidence for use of this Kampo herbal formula in dementia and psychiatric conditions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1727-42. [PMID: 25246794 PMCID: PMC4168872 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s65257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo) has its origins in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It was introduced to Japan in the middle of the sixth century and has evolved over the past 1,400 years after combining with Japan's original folk remedies. While it retains some similarities to TCM, Kampo has evolved in Japan, resulting in a system of medicine that has many differences from TCM. Kampo medicine is considered to be very safe; in Japan, Kampo herbal formulas are manufactured by licensed pharmaceutical companies, prescribed by Western-trained medical doctors (usually as a freeze-dried extract), and have quality control standards similar to those of prescription drugs. The present study examined Yokukan-san (Yi-Gan San in TCM), a Kampo formula that has been used empirically in Japan for more than 400 years. Accumulating clinical trials have demonstrated Yokukan-san's efficacy in treating patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, which has resulted in the Japanese Society of Neurology listing it in the Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Dementia 2010. Efficacy in other diseases and conditions, such as sleep disorders, tardive dyskinesia, aggression, and impulsivity has also been reported. This article reviews both clinical and basic studies of Yokukan-san, with the goal of clarifying its clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Okamoto
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Keigo Ueda
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Cheolsun Han
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Hirasaki
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
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Skórzewska A, Lehner M, Wisłowska-Stanek A, Krząścik P, Ziemba A, Płaźnik A. The effect of chronic administration of corticosterone on anxiety- and depression-like behavior and the expression of GABA-A receptor alpha-2 subunits in brain structures of low- and high-anxiety rats. Horm Behav 2014; 65:6-13. [PMID: 24200620 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine changes in rat emotional behavior and determine differences in the expression of GABA-A receptor alpha-2 subunits in brain structures of low- (LR) and high-anxiety (HR) rats after the repeated corticosterone administration. The animals were divided into LR and HR groups based on the duration of their conditioned freezing in a contextual fear test. Repeated daily administration of corticosterone (20 mg/kg) for 21 days decreased activity in a forced swim test, reduced body weight and decreased prefrontal cortex corticosterone concentration in both the LR and HR groups. These effects of corticosterone administration were stronger in the HR group in comparison with the appropriate control group, and compared to LR treated and LR control animals. Moreover, in the HR group, chronic corticosterone administration increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. The behavioral effects in HR rats were accompanied by a decrease in alpha-2 subunit density in the medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic cortex and frontal association cortex) and by an increase in the expression of alpha-2 subunits in the basolateral amygdala. These studies have shown that HR rats are more susceptible to anxiogenic and depressive effects of chronic corticosterone administration, which are associated with modification of GABA-A receptor function in the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. The current data may help to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for individual differences in changes in mood and emotions induced by repeated administration of high doses of glucocorticoids or by elevated levels of these hormones associated with chronic stress or affective pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skórzewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, 26/28 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krząścik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, 26/28 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ziemba
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Science, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Płaźnik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, 26/28 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
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