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Tran KN, Kwon JH, Kim MK, Nguyen NPK, Yang IJ. Intranasal delivery of herbal medicine for disease treatment: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 127:155484. [PMID: 38442431 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasal administration has been adopted in traditional medicine to facilitate access to the bloodstream and central nervous system (CNS). In modern medicine, nasal drug delivery systems are valuable for disease treatment because of their noninvasiveness, good absorption, and fast-acting effects. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically organize preclinical and clinical studies on intranasal herbal medicines to highlight their potential in drug development. METHODS A comprehensive search for literature until February 2023 was conducted on PubMed and the Web of Science. From the selected publications, we extracted key information, including the types of herbal materials, target diseases, intranasal conditions, methods of toxicity evaluation, main outcomes, and mechanisms of action, and performed quality assessments for each study. RESULTS Of the 45 studies, 13 were clinical and 32 were preclinical; 28 studies used herbal extracts, 9 used prescriptions, and 8 used natural compounds. The target diseases were rhinosinusitis, influenza, fever, stroke, migraine, insomnia, depression, memory disorders, and lung cancer. The common intranasal volumes were 8-50 µl in mice, 20-100 µl in rats, and 100-500 µl in rabbits. Peppermint oil, Ribes nigrum folium, Melia azedarach L., Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Radix Bupleuri, Da Chuan Xiong Fang, Xingnaojing microemulsion, and Ginsenoside Rb1 emerged as potential candidates for rapid intranasal therapy. The in vivo toxicity assessments were based on mortality, body weight, behavioral changes, mucociliary activity, histopathology, and blood tests. Most intranasal treatments were safe, except for Cyclamen europaeum, Jasminum sambac, Punica granatum L., and violet oil, which caused mild adverse effects. At lower doses, intranasal herbal treatments often show greater effects than oral administration. The actions of intranasal herbal medicine mainly involve regulating inflammation and neurotransmission, with the olfactory bulb and anterior cingulate cortex to be relevant brain regions. CONCLUSION Intranasal delivery of herbal materials holds promise for enhancing drug delivery efficacy and reducing treatment duration, offering a potential future perspective for developing intranasal therapies for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Nguyen Tran
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kwon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhi Phuc Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Y, Cheng Q, Zeng S, Lv S. Potential analgesic effect of Foshousan oil-loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles on the treatment of migraine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1190920. [PMID: 37680717 PMCID: PMC10482050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1190920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder with typical throbbing and unilateral headaches, causing a considerable healthcare burden on the global economy. This research aims to prepare chitosan-alginate (CS-AL) nanoparticles (NPs) containing Foshousan oil (FSSO) and investigate its potential therapeutic effects on the treatment of migraine. Methods: FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs were prepared by using the single emulsion solvent evaporation method. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells and nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine mice were further used to explore anti-migraine activities and potential mechanisms of this botanical drug. Results: FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs (212.1 ± 5.2 nm, 45.1 ± 6.2 mV) had a well-defined spherical shape with prolonged drug release and good storage within 4 weeks. FSSO and FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs (5, 10, and 15 μg/mL) showed anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-treated BV-2 cells via reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO), but elevating interleukin-10 (IL-10) expressions. Moreover, FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs (52 and 104 mg/kg) raised pain thresholds against the hot stimulus and decreased acetic acid-induced writhing frequency and foot-licking duration in NTG-induced migraine mice. Compared with the model group, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and NO levels were downregulated, but 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and endothelin (ET) levels were upregulated along with rebalanced ET/NO ratio, and vasomotor dysfunction was alleviated by promoting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs (104 mg/kg) group. Conclusion: FSSO-loaded CS-AL NPs could attenuate migraine via inhibiting neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells and regulating vasoactive substances in NTG-induced migraine mice. These findings suggest that the FSS formula may be exploited as new phytotherapy for treating migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingzhou Cheng
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Site Lv
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Oshima N, Saito M, Niino M, Hiraishi Y, Ueki K, Okoshi K, Hakamatsuka T, Hada N. Elucidation of Chemical Interactions between Crude Drugs Using Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030593. [PMID: 35163854 PMCID: PMC8839786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the interactions between crude drugs in Kampo medicines (traditional Japanese medicines), it is important to determine the content of the constituents in a cost-effective and simple manner. In this study, we quantified the constituents in crude drug extracts using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), an inexpensive and simple analytical method, to elucidate the chemical interactions between crude drugs. We focused on five crude drugs, for which quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are stipulated in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia XVIII (JP XVIII) and compared the analytical data of HPLC and TLC, confirming that the TLC results corresponded with the HPLC data and satisfied the criteria of JP XVIII. (Z)-ligustilide, a major constituent in Japanese Angelica Root, for which a method of quantification has not been stipulated in JP XVIII, was also quantitatively analyzed using HPLC and TLC. Furthermore, Japanese Angelica Root was combined with 26 crude drugs to observe the variation in the (Z)-ligustilide content from each combination by TLC. The results revealed that combinations with Phellodendron Bark, Citrus Unshiu Peel, Scutellaria Root, Coptis Rhizome, Gardenia Fruit, and Peony Root increased the (Z)-ligustilide content. Quantifying the constituents in crude drug extracts using the inexpensive and simple TLC method can contribute to elucidating interactions between crude drugs in Kampo medicines, as proposed by the herbal-pair theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Oshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence: (N.O.); (N.H.); Tel.: +81-4-7121-3612 (N.H.)
| | - Maho Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
| | - Mina Niino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
| | - Yuki Hiraishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
| | - Kana Ueki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
| | - Kazuki Okoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Science, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan;
| | - Noriyasu Hada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (M.S.); (M.N.); (Y.H.); (K.U.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence: (N.O.); (N.H.); Tel.: +81-4-7121-3612 (N.H.)
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Chen Y, Wang S, Wang Y. Role of herbal medicine for prevention and treatment of migraine. Phytother Res 2021; 36:730-760. [PMID: 34818682 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disease with unilateral or bilateral pulsatile headache, which intensively affects human health and quality of life due to high morbidity worldwide. Migraine is commonly accompanied by abnormal pain sensitization, neuroinflammatory response, and vasomotor dysfunction. Owing to the management dilemmas of migraine, there is an urgent need to develop effective and low-cost therapies. In recent years, herbal medicines as a promising strategy with analgesic activity and minor side effect, have been proposed for the prevention and treatment of migraine. Considering the lack of a review integrating experimental studies regarding the herbal treatment of migraine, this review systematically summarizes the important potential applications of herbal medicines in ameliorating migraine via multiple therapeutic targets and pathways, as well as provides a reference for further development of novel antimigraine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Mahnashi MH, Alyami BA, Alqahtani YS, Jan MS, Rashid U, Sadiq A, Alqarni AO. Phytochemical profiling of bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials of Habenaria digitata Lindl.: Molecular docking based synergistic effect of the identified compounds. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113976. [PMID: 33647424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Members of Orchidaceae family has a long history in herbal and Chinese medicines. Members of this family are most commonly famous in the management of inflammation and analgesia in folk medicine. Habenaria digitata, an unexplored specie of Orchidaceae is found in North areas of Pakistan and is used by the local population for the management of analgesia and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the effective outcomes of the natural products as alternative therapies, we have evaluated Habenaria digitata for the management of analgesia and inflammation. The aim of the designed project is to provide a scientific basis of using this plant for the management of analgesia and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The H. digitata crude extract (Hd.Cr) and subfractions, i.e. n-hexane (Hd.Hex), chloroform (Hd.Chf), ethyl acetate (Hd.EtAc), n-butanol (Hd.Bt) and aqueous (Hd.Aq) were used. The GC-MS analysis was used for the identification of phytochemicals. The plants samples were subjected to cyclooxygenase (COX 2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes assays. The hot plate model, acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced paw licking models were used for in-vivo analgesic studies. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory potential was determined with carrageenan induced paw edema test. Molecular docking studies of the identified compounds were carried out by using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE, 2016.08). RESULTS The GC-MS analysis confirmed sixty-five compounds in Hd.Cr. Among the fractions, Hd.Chf and Hd.EtAc displayed highest activities. The observed IC50 values were 21.30 and 32.39 μg/ml against COX 2 while 14.42and 16.40 μg/ml for 5-LOX respectively. The in-vivo inflammatory and analgesic studies were pre-requisited with acute toxicity tests. In carrageenan induced inflammation, Hd.Chf excelled the standard drug aspirin by giving 62.92% inhibition of paw edema at 4th h. Similarly, at highest concentration (75 mg/kg) of acetic acid induced analgesia, Hd.Chf was more potent than the standard drug. In formalin method, Hd.Chf exhibited 85.81% inhibition at phase-I and 74.15% at Phase-II. In hot plate model, Hd.Chf exhibited average reaction time of 10.90 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min intervals. Docking studies supported our results and confirm the synergistic effects of phytochemicals. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental results concluded that H. digitata contains several bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds synergistically have therapeutic efficacy for the management of inflammation and analgesia. We have confirmed both of these potentials from the in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Moreover, it is also obvious that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions are rich in these bioactive compounds. Specifically, the Hd.Chf is observed to be more practical in all the tested models of analgesia and inflammation. Computed binding energies of the compounds revealed that all the compounds have synergistic effect to prevent analgesia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bandar A Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahya S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan.
| | - Ali O Alqarni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
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Long Y, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Wan J, Liu S, Li N, Peng W. Nose to brain drug delivery - A promising strategy for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104795. [PMID: 32278035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), one of the major causes of death from stroke in the world, not only causes tremendous damage to human health, but also brings heavy economic burden to society. Current available treatments for CIRI, including mechanical therapies and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side-effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CIRI. Many studies have confirmed that the herbal medicine has the advantages of abundant resources, good curative effect and little side effects, which can be used as potential drug for treatment of CIRI through multiple targets. It's known that oral administration commonly has low bioavailability, and injection administration is inconvenient and unsafe. Many drugs can't delivery to brain through routine pathways due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Interestingly, increasing evidences have suggested the nasal administration is a potential direct route to transport drug into brain avoiding the BBB and has the characteristics of high bioavailability for treating brain diseases. Therefore, intranasal administration can be treated as an alternative way to treat brain diseases. In the present review, effective methods to treat CIRI by using active ingredients derived from herbal medicine through nose to brain drug delivery (NBDD) are updated and discussed, and some related pharmacological mechanisms have also been emphasized. Our present study would be beneficial for the further drug development of natural agents from herbal medicines via NBDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Songyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Liu ZK, Ng CF, Shiu HT, Wong HL, Wong CW, Li KK, Zhang JF, Lam PK, Poon WS, Lau CBS, Leung PC, Ko CH. A traditional Chinese formula composed of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Da Chuanxiong Formula) suppresses inflammatory response in LPS -induced RAW 264.7 cells through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 196:20-28. [PMID: 27965052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Da Chuanxiong Formula (DCXF) which origins from Jin Dynasty is a famous classical 2-herb Chinese medicinal prescription. It is composed of dried rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma, CR) and Gastrodia elata (Gastrodiae Rhizoma, GR) at the ratio of 4:1 (w/w). It has been used to treat headache which is caused by wind pathogen and blood stasis for thousands of years in China. AIM OF STUDY The present study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of DCXF and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory effect of DCXF was evaluated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by the Griess colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, the effect of DCXF on NF-κB activation was measured by western blot assay. RESULTS Treatment with DCXF significantly suppressed the productions of NO and PGE2 through inhibitions of iNOS and COX-2 expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DCXF significantly decreased IκBα phosphorylation, inhibited p65 expression and reduced p-p65 level. These results suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of DCXF was associated with the reduction of inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that DCXF inhibited inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through inactivation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ke Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun-Fai Ng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hoi-Ting Shiu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hing-Lok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun-Wai Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kai-Kai Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jin-Fang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ping-Kuen Lam
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Chun-Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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