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Shah B, Solanki N. Ameliorative effect of nodakenin in combating TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis by suppressing NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03304-3. [PMID: 39042157 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an enduring and complex inflammatory bowel disease that is clinically prevalent, progressive, and debilitating. As of now, the few effective medical treatments for UC have unacceptably high side effects. It is crucial to find safer and more effective UC treatments. Nodakenin possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity by suppressing several pro-inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the colonoprotective effect of nodakenin in combating colitis through the NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In mice, UC was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Nodakenin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) was introduced intragastrically, and disease activity index (DAI) score was calculated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) levels, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were evaluated in colon homogenate. Colon samples were used for histopathological investigation and mRNA expression studies involving nuclear factor kappa B (NFƙB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), nucleotide-binding receptor domain 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Nodakenin treatment was found effective in lowering the DAI score, histological score, MPO, MDA, and NO levels while elevating SOD levels as compared to the model control group, showcasing its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nodakenin (40 mg/kg) significantly downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, NFƙB (1.24-fold), iNOS (1.2-fold), COX-2 (1.98-fold), NLRP3 (1.78-fold), IL-1β (1.29-fold), and IL-18 (1.17-fold) conferring its great anti-inflammatory potential in combating colitis. Taking together, nodakenin presumably alleviated TNBS-induced colitis by NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and reduced colon damage by downregulating various transcriptional genes and pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyabhumi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nilay Solanki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, India
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Xu Y, Huang C, Xu H, Xu J, Cheng KW, Mok HL, Lyu C, Zhu L, Lin C, Tan HY, Bian Z. Modified Zhenwu Decoction improved intestinal barrier function of experimental colitis through activation of sGC-mediated cGMP/PKG signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118570. [PMID: 39002824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasion of luminal antigens and an aberrant immune response resulting from a disrupted physical epithelial barrier are the key characteristics of ulcerative colitis (UC). The restoration of damaged epithelial function is crucial for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and disease quiescence. Current therapies for UC primarily focus on suppressing inflammation. However, most patients fail to respond to therapy or develop secondary resistance over time, emphasizing the need to develop novel therapeutic targets for UC. Our study aimed to identify the potential targets of a novel modified herbal formula from the Zhen Wu Decoction, namely CDD-2103, which has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating chronic colitis. METHODS The effect of CDD-2103 on epithelial barrier function was examined using in vitro and ex vivo models of tissue injury, as well as a chronic colitis C57BL/6 mouse model. Transcriptomic analysis was employed to profile gene expression changes in colonic tissues following treatment with CDD-2103. RESULTS Our in vivo experiments demonstrated that CDD-2103 dose-dependently reduced disease severity in mice with chronic colitis. The efficacy of CDD-2103 was mediated by a reduction in goblet cell loss and the enhancement of tight junction protein integrity. Mechanistically, CDD-2103 suppressed epithelial cell apoptosis and tight junction protein breakdown by activating the soluble guanynyl cyclase (sGC)-mediated cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/PKG signaling cascade. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong sGC ligand recognition by the CDD-2103-derived molecules, warranting further investigation. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a novel formulation CDD-2103 that restores intestinal barrier function through the activation of sGC-regulated cGMP/PKG signaling. Furthermore, our findings suggest that targeting sGC can be an effective approach for promoting mucosal healing in the management of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Xu
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hengyue Xu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaruo Xu
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wing Cheng
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heung Lam Mok
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kang YH, Zhou T, Wu SX, Li XJ, Huang XY, Xia R, Ling YH, Zhou HT, Zhang SW, Yin WY. Effects of Rosa roxburghii Tratt on Ulcerative Colitis: An Integrated Analysis of Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:1477-1499. [PMID: 37530508 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a traditional Chinese plant that has been used to treat different inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of Rosa roxburghii Tratt extract (RRTE) against ulcerative colitis (UC) using network pharmacology and experimental validation. HPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS was used to rapidly identify the substances contained in RRTE after extracting the active components from the fruit. Then, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking was used to explore the critical target and potential mechanism of RRTE against UC using the active ingredients in RRTE as the research object. Data are presented in a visual manner. Finally, the pharmacological effects of RRTE in alleviating UC were further verified using a DSS-induced UC model of NCM460. The results showed that 25 components in RRTE were identified. A total of 250 targets of the active components and 5376 targets associated with UC were collected. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks suggests that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), and serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) are critical targets for RRTE in the treatment of UC. A comprehensive regulatory network analysis showed that RRTE alleviated UC through the EGFR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, and molecular docking showed that active components could strongly bind to EGFR, PIK3R1, and AKT1. In addition, RRTE alleviated dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced cell injury and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of EGFR, PIK3R1, and p-AKT in NCM460 cells in vitro. Furthermore, RRTE significantly regulated the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf1), cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), and Bcl2 associated X protein (Bax). In conclusion, the components of RRTE are complex, and RRTE can relieve UC through the EGFR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Kang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Xun Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Huang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Han Ling
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - He-Ting Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ya Yin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
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Kim YJ, Kim HH, Shin CS, Yoon JW, Jeon SM, Song YH, Kim KY, Kim K. 2'-Fucosyllactose and 3-Fucosyllactose Alleviates Interleukin-6-Induced Barrier Dysfunction and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081845. [PMID: 37111064 PMCID: PMC10145275 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with relapsing and remitting patterns, and it is caused by varied factors, such as the intestinal inflammation extent and duration. We examined the preventative effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on epithelial barrier integrity and intestinal inflammation in an interleukin (IL)-6-induced cell model and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute mouse colitis model. HMOs including 2'-fucosyllactose (FL) and 3-FL and positive controls including fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and 5-acetylsalicylic acid (5-ASA) were orally administrated once per day to C57BL/6J mice with colitis induced by 5% DSS in the administered drinking water. 2'-FL and 3-FL did not affect the cell viability in Caco-2 cells. Meanwhile, these agents reversed IL-6-reduced intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, 2'-FL and 3-FL reversed the body weight loss and the remarkably short colon lengths in DSS-induced acute colitis mice. Moreover, 2'-FL and 3-FL obviously protected the decreasing expression of zonula occluden-1 and occludin in colon tissue relative to the findings in the DSS-treated control group. 2'-FL and 3-FL significantly reduced IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in serum relative to the control findings. The summary of these results shows that HMOs prevent colitis mainly by enhancing intestinal barrier function and advancing anti-inflammatory responses. Therefore, HMOs might suppress inflammatory responses and represent candidate treatments for IBD that protect intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ji Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Hae Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Shin
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Song
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
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Wu F, Wuri G, Fang B, Shi M, Zhang M, Zhao L. Alleviative mechanism and effect of Bifidobacterium animalisA6 on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:892-902. [PMID: 36789079 PMCID: PMC9922152 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been increasingly investigated for their role in alleviating symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), but the specific mechanism involved remains unclear. We investigated the alleviating effect of Bifidobacterium animalis A6 (BAA6) in UC through a mouse dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model. When treated with a high dose of BAA6 (1 × 1010 cfu/ml), it was found that colitis symptoms were significantly alleviated, and mucosal damages experienced obvious relief. Moreover, a high dose of BAA6 effectively upregulated free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3) expression and butyric acid metabolism specifically. Furthermore, the supplement of BAA6 significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (interleukin-13) and the expression of pore-forming protein claudin-2. The upstream regulatory genes of claudin-2, such as STAT6, GATA4, Cdx2, were also significantly inhibited by BAA6. Collectively, this study concludes that BAA6 attenuated DSS-induced colitis by increasing the levels of intestinal butyric acid, activating the butyric acid-FFAR pathway, suppressing excessive proinflammatory response, and protecting the function of the colon epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- School of Food and HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guna Wuri
- School of Food and HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bing Fang
- The Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health (Beijing)College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengxuan Shi
- The Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health (Beijing)College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liang Zhao
- The Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health (Beijing)College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Functional DairyCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Bayazid AB, Jeong SA, Park CW, Kim DH, Lim BO. The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Fermented Curcuma That Contains Butyrate Mitigate DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154745. [PMID: 35897919 PMCID: PMC9331479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by a radical imbalance of inflammatory signaling pathways in the gastrointestinal tract, and it is categorized into two diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activities using fermented Curcuma that contains butyrate (FB). Nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the intestinal mucosa appears to be enhanced in active ulcerative colitis. Here, the cytotoxicity, physiological activity, and anti-inflammatory efficacy of FB in colitis animals were investigated. To verify the anti-inflammatory effect, this study was conducted using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model. As a result, non-toxicity was confirmed, and anti-inflammatory effects were revealed by inducing a reduction of LPS-induced NO production. In the DSS-induced colitis, reduced weight was recovered and a decrease in inflammatory factors Ig-E and TNF-α in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and spleen was induced, and it was confirmed to help with the morphological remodeling of the intestine. In conclusion, this paper suggests that FB can help to alleviate intestinal inflammation and to improve the intestinal environment, with the help of morphological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beong Ou Lim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3570; Fax: +82-43-840-3929
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He XQ, Liu D, Liu HY, Wu DT, Li HB, Zhang XS, Gan RY. Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Sweet Tea ( Lithocarpus litseifolius) via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Butyric-Acid-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112208. [PMID: 35684007 PMCID: PMC9183097 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun) is a new resource for food raw materials, with plenty of health functions. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect and potential mechanism of sweet tea extract (STE) against ulcerative colitis (UC). Briefly, BABL/c mice were treated with STE (100 and 400 mg/kg) for 2 weeks to prevent 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. It was found that STE supplementation significantly prevented DSS-induced UC symptoms; suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as myeloperoxidase and tumor necrosis factor-α; increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines; and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins (Zonula occludens-1 and Occludin). STE also altered the gut microbiota profile of UC mice by increasing Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Alistipes and inhibiting Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Helicobacter, accompanied by a significant increase in the content of butyric acid. Moreover, STE increased the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 and GPR109A and inhibited the expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in the colon. In conclusion, this study indicated that STE has a good preventive effect on UC by regulating gut microbiota to activate butyrate-GPR-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling and simultaneously inhibit HDAC3/NF-κB inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin He
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xin-Shang Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610212, China
- Correspondence: (X.-S.Z.); (R.-Y.G.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
- Correspondence: (X.-S.Z.); (R.-Y.G.)
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Zhai L, Peng J, Zhuang M, Chang YY, Cheng KW, Ning ZW, Huang T, Lin C, Wong HLX, Lam YY, Tan HY, Xiao HT, Bian ZX. Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Zhen-Wu-Bu-Qi Decoction on dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice assessed by multi-omics approaches. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154001. [PMID: 35240530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zhen-Wu-Bu-Qi Decoction (ZWBQD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula comprising Poria, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Radix Codonopsis and Rhizoma Coptidis, is used for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). In a previous study, we have reported ZWBQD mitigates the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. HYPOTHESIS In this study, we aimed to understand the systemic actions and underlying mechanisms of ZWBQD on experimental colitis in mice. METHODS We used multi-omics techniques and immunoblotting approach to study the pharmacological actions and mechanisms of ZWBQD in DSS-induced chronic colitic mice. RESULTS We showed that ZWBQD exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties and significantly protected DSS-induced colitic mice against colon injury by regulating the PI3K-AKT, MAPK signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathways. We also revealed that ZWBQD significantly ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis and abnormalities of tryptophan catabolites induced by DSS. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of ZWBQD on experimental colitis are mediated by regulating multiple signaling pathways and modulation of gut microbiota. Our study employed an integrative strategy to elucidate novel mechanisms of ZWBQD, which provides new insights into the development of Chinese herbal medicine-based therapeutics for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiao Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; School of Pharmacy, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yao-Yao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ka Wing Cheng
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Wan Ning
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Y Lam
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Li S, Tang X, Liang R, Yang X. SOCS3 protects against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis via suppressing NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation and p65 nuclear translocation. Mol Immunol 2020; 122:21-27. [PMID: 32278838 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired disorder of mucosal damage characterized by the diffuse or local necrosis of the intestine. The suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory action in gastritis, ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory diseases. The present study aims to explore the effects of SOCS3 on LPS-induced colonic cell model of NEC, and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Expression of SOCS3 in tissue samples of NEC and LPS-induced enterocytes were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were applied to examine the effect of SOCS3 on inflammatory molecules. Co-immunoprecipitation assay were devoted to explore the relation between SOCS3 and TLR4. RESULTS We proved that SOCS3 was expressed at a low level in tissue samples of NEC and LPS-induced enterocytes, and LPS inhibited SOCS3 expression via JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Overexpression of SOCS3 weaken the LPS-induced inflammatory response in FHC and CACO2 cells. Moreover, SOCS3 downregulates proinflammatory cytokines by targeting TLR4, thus mediating the p65 nuclear translocation, and the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3/absent in melanoma-2 (NLRP3/AIM2) inflammasome, ultimately reveals its anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data revealed that LPS inhibited SOCS3 expression via JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and SOCS3 protects enterocytes against NEC through mediating p65 nuclear translocation and NLRP3/AIM2 inflammasome activation in a TLR4 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Pediatric intensive care unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Sixiu Li
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Xiaojing Tang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Ruobing Liang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 69 Xijuyuan Lane, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China.
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10
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Güvenç M, Cellat M, Özkan H, Tekeli İO, Uyar A, Gökçek İ, İşler CT, Yakan A. Protective Effects of Tyrosol Against DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats. Inflammation 2020; 42:1680-1691. [PMID: 31115770 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of tyrosol were investigated in DSS-induced experimental ulcerative colitis model. For this purpose, rats were divided into five groups of seven rats in each: control group, colitis group (DSS-4%), tyrosol group (tyrosol 20 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (sulfasalazine+DSS 100 mg/kg), and treatment group (tyrosol+DSS 20 mg/kg). In the study, the active substances were administered to all animals for a period of 21 days. At the end of the study, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased (p < 0.001); GSH level (p < 0.05) along with GSH.Px (p < 0.01) and CAT (p < 0.001) activities decreased in the DSS-induced colitis group. However, with the administration of tyrosol, MDA and GSH levels along with GSH.Px and CAT activities came to the same levels as the control group. In the colitis group, an increase occurred in IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB parameters, which created a significant difference compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Similarly, TNF-α levels also significantly increased with the administration of DSS (p < 0.05) which created a significant difference compared to the control group, while there was no difference among the other groups. As for the Nrf-2 data, it decreased with the administration of DSS which created a significant difference compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no difference in other groups. In the colitis-induced group, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB gene expression levels also similarly increased but returned to the normal levels with the administration of tyrosol. In the histopathological scoring, the negativity that increased with the administration of DSS returned to the normal levels with the administration of tyrosol+DSS. In conclusion, according to the data obtained, tyrosol fixed the destruction picture in the DSS-induced colitis model, giving rise to thought that it has a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güvenç
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cellat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uyar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - İshak Gökçek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Cafer Tayer İşler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Akın Yakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Zootechnics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Lu PD, Zhao YH. Targeting NF-κB pathway for treating ulcerative colitis: comprehensive regulatory characteristics of Chinese medicines. Chin Med 2020; 15:15. [PMID: 32063999 PMCID: PMC7011253 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a kind of multi-functional nuclear transcription factor involved in regulating gene transcription to influence pathological evolution of inflammatory and immune diseases. Numerous literature evidence that NF-κB pathway plays an essential role in pathogenic development of ulcerative colitis (UC). UC is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease, and until now, therapeutic agents for UC including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and immune inhibitors still cannot exert satisfied effects on patients. In recent years, Chinese medicines suggest the advantages of alleviating symptoms and signs, decreasing side-effects and recurrence, whose one of mechanisms is related to regulation of NF-κB pathway. In this review, we categorize Chinese medicines according to their traditional therapeutic functions, and summarize the characteristics of Chinese medicines targeting NF-κB pathway in UC treatment. It indicates that 85 kinds of Chinese medicines’ compounds and formulae can directly act on NF-κBp65; while 58 Chinese medicines’ ingredients and formulae indirectly suppress NF-κBp65 by regulation of its upstream or other related pathways. Moreover, by the analysis of Chinese medicines’ category based on their traditional functions, we conclude the category of dampness-drying and detoxificating medicine targeting NF-κB pathway accounts for primary status for amelioration of UC. Simultaneously, this review also contributes to the choices of Chinese medicine category and provides curative potential of Chinese medicines for clinical UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-De Lu
- 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hua Zhao
- 2State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao, Special Administrative Region of China
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12
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Qiu S, Li P, Zhao H, Li X. Maresin 1 alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating NRF2 and TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106018. [PMID: 31780371 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, characterized as a chronic, relapsing inflammation that causes damage to the colonic mucosa. Maresin 1 (MaR1), a specialized proresolving mediator, has powerful anti-inflammatory activity that prevents the occurrence of various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the role and potential mechanism of MaR1 in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. METHODS In the present study, we established dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis rat model in vivo. Rats with colitis received tail vein injection of MaR1, with or without intraperitoneal injection of ML385. The changes of body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), colonic histopathology, inflammatory cytokines, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and infiltration of macrophages expressing F4/80 were analyzed for the evaluation of colitis severity. In addition, protein expressions were detected using western blot. RESULTS MaR1 significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines production, and restored body weight, DAI and colonic histopathology. Besides, MaR1 improved the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and reduced the infiltration of neutrophil and macrophages, as well as a decreased activity of MPO and ROS. Meanwhile, MaR1 activated Nrf2 signaling and decreased toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) activation. Furthermore, ML385, an inhibitor of Nrf2, significantly reversed the protective effect of MaR1. CONCLUSION MaR1 play a protective role in DSS-induced colitis by activating Nrf2 signaling and inactivating Nrf2-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which mediate proinflammatory mediators and intestinal TJ proteins in rats, providing novel insights into the therapeutic strategy of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Qiu
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Shannxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Hengfang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- International Medicine Services, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, No. 10 Fengcheng Third Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710018, China.
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Tao JH, Duan JA, Zhang W, Jiang S, Guo JM, Wei DD. Polysaccharides From Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Ameliorate Colitis Rats via Regulation of the Metabolic Profiling and NF-κ B/TLR4 and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:746. [PMID: 30042683 PMCID: PMC6049019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that Chrysanthemum polysaccharides (CP) could prominently ameliorate colitis rats, but its possible mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the underlying mechanism of CP was explored by the metabolic profiling analysis and correlated signaling pathways. TNBS/ethanol induced colitis was used to investigate the intervention efficacy following oral administration of CP. The levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β, and the activities of SOD, MPO, and MDA were determined. We also performed western-blot for p65, TLR4, p-JAK2, and STAT3 protein expression in the colon tissue to probe their mechanisms of correlated signaling pathways. What’s more, the metabolic changes in plasma and urine from colitis rats were investigated based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with MetabolynxTM software. The potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways were also tentatively confirmed. The metabolic profiles of plasma and urine were clearly improved in model rats after oral administration of CP. Thirty-two (17 in serum and 15 in urine) potential biomarkers were identified. The endogenous metabolites were mainly involved in linoleic acid, retinol, arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipid and primary bile acid metabolism in plasma, and nicotinate and nicotinamide, ascorbate and aldarate, histidine and β-alanine metabolism in urine. After polysaccharides intervention, these markers turned back to normal level at some extent. Meanwhile, the elevated expression levels of pp65, TLR4, p-STAT3, and p-JAK2 were significantly decreased after treatment. Results suggested that CP would be a potential prebiotics for alleviation of TNBS-induced colitis. The study paved the way for the further exploration of the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and curative drug development of the colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ma N, Wu Y, Xie F, Du K, Wang Y, Shi L, Ji L, Liu T, Ma X. Dimethyl fumarate reduces the risk of mycotoxins via improving intestinal barrier and microbiota. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44625-44638. [PMID: 28574825 PMCID: PMC5546506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on mycotoxins and animal growth performance are well documented. However, its mechanism of anti-mildew effects is still unknown. The current study investigated how DMF detoxified the mycotoxin and improved the growth performance using BALB/c mice model, especially its effects on intestinal barrier function and gut micro-ecology. Our study also compared with the ultraviolet radiation (UR) treatment, a traditional anti-mildew control (TC). The results indicated that the DMF treatment had a lower contents of mycotoxin, better growth performance and improved mucosal morphology (P < 0.05), accompanied with the decreased intestinal permeability and the tighter gut barrier. Moreover, the efficiency of DMF was better than TC (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the richness and diversity of bacteria was increased in DMF treatment. The most abundant OTUs belonged to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and their changes in DMF were more moderate than the TC group, suggesting a more stable micro-ecology and the positive impact of DMF on the biodiversity of intestine. Specifically, the increased abundance of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Gemella, Roseburia, Bacillus and Bacteroides in DMF group and prebiotics such as Lactobacillus in TC group, suggested a more healthier microbial composition and distribution. These findings supported that DMF had significant effects on animal's growth performance and intestinal barrier function by modulating the pathway of nutrient absorption and increasing the diversity and balance of gut microbes, which also illuminate that DMF is more efficient than traditional anti-mildew method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linbao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Jiao YF, Lu M, Zhao YP, Liu N, Niu YT, Niu Y, Zhou R, Yu JQ. N-Methylcytisine Ameliorates Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2018; 23:E510. [PMID: 29495327 PMCID: PMC6017650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of N-methylcytisine (NMC) in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and explore its possible mechanisms. Experimental colitis was induced by administering the mice with 5% DSS for 7 days. Different doses of NMC (1, 4 and 16 mg/kg) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) were given orally once every day for 7 days. The protective effect of NMC was evaluated using the disease activity index, colon length and results of histopathological examination. The possible mechanisms of NMC were explored by evaluating the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using ELISA and analysing the protein expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, p-IκB, IκB, IκB kinase (IKK) and p-IKK using western blots. Results demonstrated that the oral administration of NMC attenuated the DSS-induced clinical symptoms and pathological damage. In addition, NMC treatment significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity and level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further studies revealed that NMC blocked the activation of NF-κB by inhibiting IκB and IKK phosphorylation. These findings suggested that NMC exerts anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis, and its mechanism may be related to the suppression of NF-κB activation. Thus, NMC may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Yu-Ping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Ya-Ting Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.-F.J.); (M.L.); (Y.-P.Z.); (N.L.); (Y.-T.N.)
- Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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16
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Baicalin may alleviate inflammatory infiltration in dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic ulcerative colitis via inhibiting IL-33 expression. Life Sci 2017; 186:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Dai YC, Zheng L, Zhang YL, Chen X, Chen DL, Wang LJ, Tang ZP. Jianpi Qingchang decoction regulates intestinal motility of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through reducing autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4724-4734. [PMID: 28765693 PMCID: PMC5514637 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the underlying effect of Jianpi Qingchang decoction (JQD) regulating intestinal motility of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.
METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the DSS group, the JQD group, and the 5-aminosalicylic acid group. Except for the control group, colitis was induced in other groups by giving distilled water containing 5% DSS. Seven days after modeling, the mice were administered corresponding drugs intragastrically. The mice were sacrificed on the 15th day. The disease activity index, macroscopic and histopathologic lesions, and ultrastructure of colon interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were observed. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, c-kit, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) and Beclin-l mRNA, and the colonic smooth muscle tension were assessed.
RESULTS Acute inflammation occurred in the mice administered DSS. Compared with the control group, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IFN-γ, the expression of LC3-II, Beclin-1 and NF-κB p65 mRNA, and the contractile frequency increased (P < 0.05), the expression of c-kit mRNA and the colonic smooth muscle contractile amplitude decreased in the DSS group (P < 0.05). Compared with the DSS group, the levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ, the expression of c-kit mRNA, and the colonic smooth muscle contractile amplitude increased (P < 0.05), the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, the expression of LC3-II, Beclin-1 and NF-κB p65 mRNA, and the contractile frequency decreased in the JQD group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION JQD can regulate the intestinal motility of DSS-induced colitis in mice through suppressing intestinal inflammatory cascade reaction, reducing autophagy of ICC, and regulating the network path of ICC/smooth muscle cells.
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Mi H, Liu FB, Li HW, Hou JT, Li PW. Anti-inflammatory effect of Chang-An-Shuan on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:315. [PMID: 28619075 PMCID: PMC5473004 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), denominated by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is often associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea and bloody stool. The standard protocols for treating colitis conditions are not satisfactory; thus, complementary and alternative medicines have been increasingly accepted by IBD sufferers worldwide. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of Chang-An-Shuan (CAS), a 6-herb Chinese medicinal formula, on 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with rectal gavage of 2.5% TNBS in 50% ethanol for the induction of experimental colitis which is considered as a model for Crohn’s disease. Upon the TNBS induction, rats were given CAS at 0.5 g/kg/day or 5 g/kg/day for 10 days. The application of salicylazosulfapyridine (0.5 g/kg/day) was served as a positive reference drug for the colitis condition. The efficacy and mechanistic action of CAS were evaluated by means of histopathological and biochemical approaches such as histological staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Oral administration of CAS at 5 g/kg/day, but not 0.5 g/kg/day, significantly ameliorated the severity of TNBS-induced colitis as evidenced by the reduced loss of body weight, alleviated diarrhea and decreased bloody stool. While lowering the disease activity index, the administration of CAS lessened mucosal lesions thus mucosal integrity of the colitis rats was notably improved. Further, the CAS treatment also significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α while enhancing the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the TNBS-treated rats. Importantly, the ameliorative effect of CAS was related to an inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by downregulating the expression levels of NF-κBp-65, p-38 and p-AKT. Conclusions We suggest that CAS is a potential alternative remedial approach for treating IBD conditions, and the anti-inflammatory effect of CAS is associated with the down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the balanced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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You BH, Chae HS, Song J, Ko HW, Chin YW, Choi YH. α-Mangostin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:212-221. [PMID: 28601023 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the colon as a target site. Previous reports regarding the efficacy of α-mangostin (αMG) to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as relatively high distribution to the colon suggested the therapeutic potential of this compound in UC model. In dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice (DSS mice), the disease activity index scores involving diarrhea, bloody stool, body weight reduction, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities of the esophagus and colon increased with the reduced colon length. Also histologic disturbances and changes of NF-κB and MAPK pathways including phosphorylation of IκB kinase, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK and p38 were observed in the colon of the DSS mice. However, all of these impaired conditions in the DSS mice were restored by αMG treatment, and the intestinal metabolism of αMG decreased, increasing its distribution to the colons in the DSS mice compared with the control mice. All of these results suggest that high distribution of αMG in the colon might attenuate DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Wan Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
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刘 海, 姜 曼, 陈 朝, 李 彦, 侯 中, 李 温, 战 淑. 壳寡糖改善TNBS/乙醇法诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:1352-1359. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i15.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
目的 观察壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide, COS)对2,4,6一三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, TNBS)/乙醇法诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)的改善作用, 探讨其治疗UC的作用机制.
方法 采用TNBS/乙醇法制备UC小鼠模型, 小鼠随机分3组: 正常组、模型组、COS组. 造模成功后给予干预治疗, 分别在12、24 h处死全部小鼠, 进行一般状态、形态及组织学观察(肉眼观察、显微镜观察); 应用Western blot检测COS组小鼠于COS处理0、12、24 h后对核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)表达的影响.
结果 COS组小鼠一般状态较模型组好转. 模型组小鼠结肠黏膜组织损伤肉眼观积分较正常组明显增高(12 h组: 4.5±0.5 vs 0; 24 h组: 4.67±0.47 vs 0), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). COS组肉眼积分较模型组明显下降(12 h组: 2.67±0.47 vs 4.5±0.5; 24 h组: 1.83±0.69 vs 4.67±0.47), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). COS 12 h组肉眼积分较24 h组差异不显著(2.67±0.47 vs 1.83±0.69), 无统计学意义(P>0.05). 模型组小鼠结肠黏膜组织病理积分较正常组明显升高(12 h组: 8.00±0.63 vs 0; 24 h组: 8.17±0.75 vs 0), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). COS组小鼠结肠组织病理积分较模型组明显下降(12 h组: 3.67±0.52 vs 8.00±0.63; 24 h组: 3.83±0.41 vs 8.17±0.75), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). COS 12 h组小鼠结肠组织病理积分与COS 24 h组比较差异不显著(3.67±0.52 vs 3.83±0.41), 无统计学意义(P>0.05). COS组小鼠于COS处理12、24 h后NF-κB表达下调, 表明COS抑制NF-κB表达.
结论 COS通过抑制NF-κB的表达对TNBS/乙醇法诱导的UC小鼠有改善作用.
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Wang H, Gu J, Hou X, Chen J, Yang N, Liu Y, Wang G, Du M, Qiu H, Luo Y, Jiang Z, Feng L. Anti-inflammatory effect of miltirone on inflammatory bowel disease via TLR4/NF-κB/IQGAP2 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:531-540. [PMID: 27903427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a radical imbalance in the activation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in the gut. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammation effect of miltirone against IBD in vitro and in vivo, and try to explore the underlying mechanisms. Miltirone could extenuate the loss of colon length and weight caused by TNBS. Additionally, macroscopic scores and DAI were reduced significantly compared with the TNBS group. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were increased significantly with the induction by TNBS (100mg/kg) or LPS (0.5mg/mL). Interestingly, miltirone could down-regulate the levels of these increased pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. The protein and mRNA expressions of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65 were up-regulated by TNBS or LPS stimulation. CRX-526, the TLR4 inhibitor, as well as miltirone could significantly suppress the increased protein and mRNA expressions. Miltirone could up-regulate the descreased IQGAP2 expression induced by LPS. All these revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of miltirone on IBD may be via regulating TLR4/NF-κB/IQGAP2 signaling pathway. The findings might supply beneficial hints for the drug research to cure the IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Wang
- The Fifth Department of Digestion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Junfei Gu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Mei Du
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Huihui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
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Inhibition of pancreatic oxidative damage by stilbene derivative dihydro-resveratrol: implication for treatment of acute pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22859. [PMID: 26971398 PMCID: PMC4789643 DOI: 10.1038/srep22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol is a natural stilbenoid possessing multifarious pharmacological benefits; however, when orally consumed, it is rapidly metabolised by colonic microflora and converted to dihydro-resveratrol. Thus, this microbial metabolite is of great therapeutic relevance. In the present study, upon the oral administration of dihydro-resveratrol (10–50 mg/kg), the severity of acute pancreatitis in the cerulein-treated rats was significantly ameliorated as evidenced by decreased α-amylase activities in the plasma and lessened oedema formation in the pancreatic parenchyma. In addition, the generation of intracellular reactive oxidative products, including malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls, was accordingly reduced, so as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. While inhibiting the activities of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase, the depletion of glutathione was considerably restored. Importantly, the attenuation of pancreatic oxidative damage by dihydro-resveratrol was associated with a down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-serine/threonine kinase signalling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the solubility of dihydro-resveratrol was at least 5 times higher than trans-resveratrol whilst exhibiting a much lower cytotoxicity. Collectively, the current findings accentuate new mechanistic insight of dihydro-resveratrol in pancreatic oxidative damage, and advocate its therapeutic potential for the management of acute pancreatitis, particularly for patients unresponsive to trans-resveratrol due to the lack of proper microbial strains.
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Lin ZS, Ku CF, Guan YF, Xiao HT, Shi XK, Wang HQ, Bian ZX, Tsang SW, Zhang HJ. Dihydro-Resveratrol Ameliorates Lung Injury in Rats with Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. Phytother Res 2016; 30:663-70. [PMID: 26833708 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process originated in the pancreas; however, it often leads to systemic complications that affect distant organs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is indeed the predominant cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. In this study, we aimed to delineate the ameliorative effect of dihydro-resveratrol, a prominent analog of trans-resveratrol, against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury and the underlying molecular actions. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats with repetitive injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg/h) and a shot of lipopolysaccharide (7.5 mg/kg). By means of histological examination and biochemical assays, the severity of lung injury was assessed in the aspects of tissue damages, myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When treated with dihydro-resveratrol, pulmonary architectural distortion, hemorrhage, interstitial edema, and alveolar thickening were significantly reduced in rats with acute pancreatitis. In addition, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activity of myeloperoxidase in pulmonary tissues were notably repressed. Importantly, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation was attenuated. This study is the first to report the oral administration of dihydro-resveratrol ameliorated acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury via an inhibitory modulation of pro-inflammatory response, which was associated with a suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Si Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuen Fai Ku
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi-Fu Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Qi Wang
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu Wai Tsang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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