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Rajkovic J, Novakovic R, Grujic-Milanovic J, Ydyrys A, Ablaikhanova N, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Al-Omari B. An updated pharmacological insight into calotropin as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160616. [PMID: 37138852 PMCID: PMC10149670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calotropin is a pharmacologically active compound isolated from milkweed plants like Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, and Asclepias currasavica that belong to the Asclepiadaceae family. All of these plants are recognised as medical traditional plants used in Asian countries. Calotropin is identified as a highly potent cardenolide that has a similar chemical structure to cardiac glycosides (such as digoxin and digitoxin). During the last few years, cytotoxic and antitumor effects of cardenolides glycosides have been reported more frequently. Among cardenolides, calotropin is identified as the most promising agent. In this updated and comprehensive review, we aimed to analyze and discuss the specific mechanisms and molecular targets of calotropin in cancer treatment to open new perspectives for the adjuvant treatment of different types of cancer. The effects of calotropin on cancer have been extensively studied in preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro using cancer cell lines and in vivo in experimental animal models that have targeted antitumor mechanisms and anticancer signaling pathways. The analyzed information from the specialized literature was obtained from scientific databases until December 2022, mainly from PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases using specific MeSH search terms. The results of our analysis demonstrate that calotropin can be a potential chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive adjunctive agent in cancer pharmacotherapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Rajkovic
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Novakovic
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Grujic-Milanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurzhanat Ablaikhanova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Daniela Calina, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Basem Al-Omari,
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González Gutiérrez FH, Rascón Valenzuela LA, Meneses Sagrero SE, Dias-Silva MJ, Valenzuela Antelo O, Velazquez C, Vilegas W, Robles Zepeda RE. Antiproliferative activity of standardized herbal phytopreparation from Asclepias subulata. F1000Res 2022; 11:527. [PMID: 37025948 PMCID: PMC10071139.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111181.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have shown that active compounds of Asclepias subulata (cardenolides) have antiproliferative effect on human cancer cells. Cardenolides isolated from A. subulata can be used as active chemical markers to elaborate phytopharmaceutical preparations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of a standardized extract of the aerial parts, based on Asclepias subulata cardenolides. Methods: Four standardized extracts were prepared by HPLC-DAD depending on the concentration of calotropin and the antiproliferative activity was measured for the MTT assay, on the A549, MCF-7, HeLa, PC3 and ARPE cell lines. The concentrations of calotropin used for the standardization of the extracts were 10, 7.6, 5 and 1 mg/dL. Results: Standardization of the A. subulata extract based on calotropin at 7.6 mg/g dry weight was achieved and the antiproliferative activity was evaluated over A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, obtaining proliferation percentages of 3.8 to 13.4%. Conclusions: The standardized extracts of A. subulata at different concentrations of calotropin showed antiproliferative activity against all the cell lines evaluated. The greatest effect was observed against the HeLa cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Velazquez
- Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Meneses-Sagrero SE, Rascón-Valenzuela LA, García-Ramos JC, Vilegas W, Arvizu-Flores AA, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Robles-Zepeda RE. Calotropin and corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside from the desert milkweed Asclepias subulata inhibit the Na +/K +-ATPase activity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13524. [PMID: 35673388 PMCID: PMC9167584 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase is an essential transmembrane enzyme found in all mammalian cells with critical functions for cell ion homeostasis. The inhibition of this enzyme by several cardiotonic steroids (CTS) has been associated with the cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines of phytochemicals such as ouabain and digitoxin. This study evaluated the inhibitory capacity of cardenolides calotropin and corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside (C3OG) from Asclepias subulata over the Na+/K+-ATPase activity in vitro and silico. The inhibitory assays showed that calotropin and C3OG decreased the Na+/K+-ATPase activity with IC50 values of 0.27 and 0.87 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the molecules presented an uncompetitive inhibition on Na+/K+-ATPase activity, with Ki values of 0.2 μM to calotropin and 0.5 μM to C3OG. Furthermore, the molecular modeling indicated that calotropin and C3OG might interact with the Thr797 and Gln111 residues, considered essential to the interaction with the Na+/K+-ATPase. Besides, these cardenolides can interact with amino acid residues such as Phe783, Leu125, and Ala323, to establish hydrophobic interactions on the binding site. Considering the results, these provide novel evidence about the mechanism of action of cardenolides from A. subulata, proposing that C3OG is a novel cardenolide that deserves further consideration for in vitro cellular antiproliferative assays and in vivo studies as an anticancer molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan C. García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Rogerio R. Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo AC, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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González Gutiérrez FH, Rascón Valenzuela LA, Meneses Sagrero SE, Dias-Silva MJ, Valenzuela Antelo O, Velazquez C, Vilegas W, Robles Zepeda RE. Antiproliferative activity of standardized herbal phytopreparation from Asclepias subulata. F1000Res 2022; 11:527. [PMID: 37025948 PMCID: PMC10071139 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111181.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have shown that active compounds of Asclepias subulata (cardenolides) have antiproliferative effect on human cancer cells. Cardenolides isolated from A. subulata can be used as active chemical markers to elaborate phytopharmaceutical preparations. To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of a standardized extract of the aerial parts, based on Asclepias subulata cardenolides. Methods: Four standardized extracts were prepared by HPLC-DAD depending on the concentration of calotropin and the antiproliferative activity was measured for the MTT assay, on the A549, MCF-7, HeLa, PC3 and ARPE cell lines. The concentrations of calotropin used for the standardization of the extracts were 10, 7.6, 5 and 1 mg/dL. Results: Standardization of the A. subulata extract based on calotropin at 7.6 mg/g dry weight was achieved and the antiproliferative activity was evaluated over A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, obtaining proliferation percentages of 3.8 to 13.4%. Conclusions: The standardized extracts of A. subulata at different concentrations of calotropin showed antiproliferative activity against all the cell lines evaluated. The greatest effect was observed against the HeLa cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Velazquez
- Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Meneses-Sagrero SE, Rascón-Valenzuela LA, Sotelo-Mundo R, Vilegas W, Velazquez C, García-Ramos JC, Robles-Zepeda RE. Antiproliferative activity of cardenolides on cell line A549: structure-activity relationship analysis. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2289-2305. [PMID: 32627094 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning, natural products have represented an important source of bioactive molecules for cancer treatment. Among them, cardenolides attract the attention of different research groups due to their cardiotonic and antitumor activity. The observed biological activity is closely related to their Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition potency. Currently, the discovery of new compounds against cancer is an urgent need in modern pharmaceutical research. Thus, the aim of this work is to determine the physicochemical properties and substituent effects that module the antiproliferative activity of cardenolides on the human lung cancer cell line A549. We build and curate a library with results obtained from literature; molecular descriptors were calculated in PaDEL software, and SAR/QSAR analysis was performed. The SAR results showed that cardenolides were sensitive to modifications in C and D steroidal ring and required substituent groups with the function of hydrogen bond acceptor at the C3 position. QSAR models to doubly linked-type cardenolides indicated that properties as lipoaffinity and atoms with the capacity to be hydrogen bond acceptors are involved in the increment of antiproliferative activity on A549 cell line. In contrast, the presence and position of very electro-negative atoms on the molecule decreased the antiproliferative effect on A549 cells. These results suggest that the antiproliferative capacity of cardenolides on the cell line A549 is strongly related to substituent groups on the C3 position, which must not be carbohydrate. Additionally, the steroidal rings C and D must remain without modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Alondra Rascón-Valenzuela
- Unidad Regional Centro, Departamento de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Rogerio Sotelo-Mundo
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos y Desarrollo A. C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- UNESP, São Paolo State University, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Unidad Regional Centro, Departamento de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Blvd. Zartuche y Blvd. Los Lagos, Fraccionamiento Valle Dorado, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Enrique Robles-Zepeda
- Unidad Regional Centro, Departamento de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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Thakur A, Moyo P, van der Westhuizen CJ, Yang HO, Maharaj V. A Novel Cardenolide Glycoside Isolated from Xysmalobium undulatum Reduces Levels of the Alzheimer's Disease-Associated β-Amyloid Peptides Aβ42 In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080743. [PMID: 34451840 PMCID: PMC8400651 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of the amylo β-proteins (Aβ), particularly Aβ42, are associated with a high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Aβ proteins are produced from cellular processing of the amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). To identify natural products that block the formation of Aβ-proteins from APPs, we previously screened a library of plant extracts and identified Xysmalobium undulaum (Apocynaceae) as a potential plant for further research. Here, we provide a report on the isolation and identification of the active principles from the plant species using a bioassay-guided fractionation. Fractions and resulting pure compounds from the purification process of the extract of X. undulatum were screened in vitro against APPs transfected HeLa cell lines. Three compounds, acetylated glycosydated crotoxogenin (1), xysmalogenin-3, β-d-glucopyranoside (2), and crotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside (3), were subsequently isolated and their structures elucidated using NMR and mass spectrometry. Compound 1, a novel cardenolide, and 2 significantly decreased the Aβ42 levels in a dose-dependent manner while compound 3 was inactive. In silico investigations identified the AD’s β-secretase enzyme, BACE1, as a potential target for these compounds with the glycoside moiety being of significance in binding to the enzyme active site. Our study provides the first report of a novel cardenolide and the potential of cardenolides as chemical scaffolds for developing AD treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Phanankosi Moyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Carl Johan van der Westhuizen
- Future Production: Chemicals, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-Do, Korea
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.O.Y.); (V.M.)
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (H.O.Y.); (V.M.)
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Zheng Z, Zhou Z, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Yang J, Yang MR, Zhu GY, Jiang ZH, Li T, Lin Q, Bai LP. Non-classical cardenolides from Calotropis gigantea exhibit anticancer effect as HIF-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104740. [PMID: 33626453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Six new non-classical cardenolides (1-6), and seventeen known ones (7-23) were isolated from Calotropis gigantea. All cardenolides showed inhibitory effect on hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity with IC50 of 8.85 nM-16.69 µM except 5 and 7. The novel 19-dihydrocalotoxin (1) exhibited a comparable HIF-1 inhibitory activity (IC50 of 139.57 nM) to digoxin (IC50 of 145.77 nM), a well-studied HIF-1 inhibitor, and 11, 12, 14, 16 and 19 presented 1.4-15.4 folds stronger HIF-1 inhibition than digoxin. 1 and 11 showed a dose-dependent inhibition on HIF-1α protein, which led to their HIF-1 suppressing effects. Compared with LO2 and H9c2 normal cell lines, both 1 and 11 showed selective cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines including HCT116, HeLa, HepG2, A549, MCF-7, A2780 and MDA-MB-231. Moreover, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship was concluded for these non-classical cardenolides as HIF-1 inhibitors, which may shed some light on the rational design and development of cardenolide-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, People's Republic of China.
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Gutiérrez-Pacheco SL, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Hernández-Mendoza A, Burgos-Hernández A, Robles-Zepeda RE, Peña-Ramos EA. Antimutagenic effect of an Asclepias subulata extract against heterocyclic aromatic amines commonly found in cooked meat and its heat stability. Food Chem 2020; 322:126725. [PMID: 32283373 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The antimutagenicity of an extract from the medicinal plant Asclepias subulata (ASE) against heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) commonly found in cooked meat, as well as its stability to heat treatment (HT), was evaluated. HT (180 °C/3 min) had no effect on the content in ASE of the bioactive compound corotoxigenin-3-O-glucopyranoside; conversely, calotropin significantly decreased by 72%. ASE exerted antimutagenicity against PhIP, MelQ, and MelQx in TA98 and TA100 Salmonella strains, and this activity was not affected by heat, with the exception of MelQ (p < 0.05). Since HAAs can induce colorectal cancer, the thermal stability of ASE's antiproliferative effect against colorectal cancer cells was also evaluated. HT decreased (p < 0.05) the antiproliferative activity of ASE; however, the remaining activity was still strong with an IC50 of 16.8 ± 2.03 µg/mL. Therefore, ASE can be used as a food ingredient to reduce the carcinogenic potential of thermally induced HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaria L Gutiérrez-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, Mexico
| | - Martin Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, Mexico.
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, Mexico.
| | - Armando Burgos-Hernández
- Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales SN, Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico.
| | - Ramón E Robles-Zepeda
- Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales SN, Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico.
| | - E Aída Peña-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, Mexico.
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Thakur A, Chun YS, October N, Yang HO, Maharaj V. Potential of South African medicinal plants targeting the reduction of Aβ42 protein as a treatment of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:363-373. [PMID: 30496841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Twenty South African medicinal plant species were selected by conducting a literature review based on the relevant information of their reported traditional medicinal uses and scientific reports against Alzheimer's disease, dementia, anxiety, mental illness, depression, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, headache, epilepsy, convulsion, hysteria, and sedative effects. AIM OF STUDY The goal of this study was to investigate the biological activity of the traditionally used medicinal plant extracts against Alzheimer's disease by in vitro screening of the extracts to determine their potential to decrease levels of Aβ42 protein. MATERIAL AND METHODS Different plant parts (leaves, stem, bark, and stalks) of twenty selected plants were collected from the Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden, University of Pretoria. Plant parts were dried, ground and then extracted using DCM:MeOH (1:1). We measured the levels of β-amyloid precursor protein proteolytic products in HeLa cells stably transfected with APP carrying the Swedish mutation using ELISA. RESULTS Of 33 plant extract 10 (30.3%) were found active based on the potential to significantly reduce the production of Aβ42. Amongst them extracts of leaves of Xysmalobium undulatum (Apocynaceae), leaves of Cussonia paniculata (Araliaceae) and leaves of Schotia brachypetala (Fabaceae) potently decreased the production of Aβ42 by 77.3 ± 0.5%, 57.5 ± 1.3%, and 44.8 ± 0.1%, respectively. X. undulatum and S. brachypetala enhanced non-amyloidogenic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein, thereby decreasing Aβ42 level. We also showed that C. paniculata induced the decrease of Aβ42 level through inhibiting APP processing. In addition, we isolated two cardenolides, compound [A] and [B], from X. undulatum and found that they potently decreased the Aβ42 production. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the extract of X. undulatum, C. paniculata, and S. brachypetala have potential to be developed for Alzheimer's disease treatment. These active extracts and compounds are considered for further studies which examine their efficacy towards the reduction of Aβ42 through inhibiting APP process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Centre Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Yoon Sun Chun
- Natural Products Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natasha October
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Centre Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Centre Pretoria, South Africa.
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10
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Cardenolides: Insights from chemical structure and pharmacological utility. Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:123-175. [PMID: 30579976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are a class of naturally occurring steroid-like compounds, and members of this class have been in clinical use for more than 1500 years. They have been used in folk medicine as arrow poisons, abortifacients, heart tonics, emetics, and diuretics as well as in other applications. The major use of CGs today is based on their ability to inhibit the membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme, and they are regarded as an effective treatment for congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiac arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, increasing evidence has indicated the potential cytotoxic effects of CGs against various types of cancer. In this review, we highlight some of the structural features of this class of natural products that are crucial for their efficacy, some methods of isolating these compounds from natural resources, and the structural elucidation tools that have been used. We also describe their physicochemical properties and several modern biotechnological approaches for preparing CGs that do not require plant sources.
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Coronado-Aceves EW, Gigliarelli G, Garibay-Escobar A, Zepeda RER, Curini M, López Cervantes J, Inés Espitia-Pinzón CI, Superchi S, Vergura S, Marcotullio MC. New Isoflavonoids from the extract of Rhynchosia precatoria (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC. and their antimycobacterial activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:92-100. [PMID: 28506901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE The evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of extracts of medicinal plants used by Mayos against tuberculosis and respiratory problems, allowed the identification of Rhynchosia precatoria (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC (Fabaceae) as the best candidate to find new antimycobacterial compounds. AIM OF THE STUDY To isolate and characterize the compounds of R. precatoria responsible for the inhibitory and bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 700084. To determine antimycobacterial synergistic effect of pure compounds and their selectivity index towards Vero cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of six flavonoids were purified by silica gel column chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques. The configuration at the C-3 chiral center was established by quantum mechanical calculation of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum. In vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis were determined with the redox indicator Alamar Blue (resazurin). Synergy was determined by X/Y quotient. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. RESULTS The isolated compounds were identified as precatorin A (1), precatorin B (2), precatorin C (3), lupinifolin (4), cajanone (5) and lupinifolinol (6). Compounds 1-3 are new. Compounds 1 to 5 inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis (MIC ≥31.25µg/mL); compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 killed the bacteria (MBC ≥31.25µg/mL) and also inhibited M. smegmatis (MIC ≥125µg/mL), while 1 and 4 also resulted bactericidal (MBC ≥125µg/mL). Compounds 4 and 5 presented synergistic effect (X/Y quotient value <0.5) at a concentration of 1/2 MIC of each compound in the combination. Cytotoxicity in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) gave IC50 values of 13.3-46.98µM, for compounds 1-5. CONCLUSIONS In this work we isolated two new isoflavanones (1 and 2), and one new isoflavone (3) with a weak antimycobacterial activity. The (3R) absolute configuration was assigned to 1 by computational analysis of its ECD spectrum and to 2 and 5 by similarity of their ECD spectra with that of 1. We are also reporting by first time, activity against virulent strain of M. tuberculosis for compounds 4 and 5 and their antimycobacterial synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Wenceslao Coronado-Aceves
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; Department of Biotechnology and Alimentary Sciences, Technological Institute of Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000 Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Giulia Gigliarelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Ramón Enrique Robles Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Massimo Curini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jaime López Cervantes
- Department of Biotechnology and Alimentary Sciences, Technological Institute of Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000 Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Clara Inés Inés Espitia-Pinzón
- Immunology Department, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 DF, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefania Vergura
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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12
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Antiproliferative activity of spinasterol isolated of Stegnosperma halimifolium (Benth, 1844). Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:1137-1143. [PMID: 30166901 PMCID: PMC6111116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the major cause of death in the world, representing a significant public health problem. Plants have been shown as a great source of secondary metabolites with anticancer activity. The aim of this work was evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extracts, chemical fractions and the compound spinasterol isolated of medicinal plant Stegnosperma halimifolium. The methanolic extracts of stem, leaf and stem/leaf was obtained by maceration. The methanolic extract of stem was purified by successive extractions with solvents as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The n-hexane fraction was separated by column chromatographic and monitored by thin layer chromatographic. The compound spinasterol was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectrometry. Methanolic extracts, chemical, chromatographic fractions and spinasterol was evaluated against RAW 264.7, M12.C3.F6, PC-3, LS-180, A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines by the standardized method MTT for determinate the antiproliferative activity. Methanolic extract of stem shown the better antiproliferative activity against the murine macrophage cancer cell line RAW 264.7. n-Hexane chemical fraction shown antiproliferative activity against human alveolar cancer cell line A549 and RAW 264.7. Was isolated and characterized a compound by NMR 1H and 13C, revealing the presence of sterol spinasterol. Spinasterol shown to have antiproliferative activity against cervical cancer cell line HeLa and RAW 264.7, indicating that spinasterol can be a responsible compound of antiproliferative activity found in the methanolic extract of Stegnosperma halimifolium.
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13
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Bello-Martínez J, Jiménez-Estrada M, Rosas-Acevedo JL, Avila-Caballero LP, Vidal-Gutierrez M, Patiño-Morales C, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Robles-Zepeda RE. Antiproliferative activity of Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S289-S293. [PMID: 28808394 PMCID: PMC5538168 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_466_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haematoxylum brasiletto is a tree that grows in Central America, commonly known as "Palo de Brasil," which is used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer and gastric ulcers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to isolate the compounds responsible for antiproliferative activity of H. brasiletto. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bioassay-guided fractionation of ethanol extract of H. brasiletto was performed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay to measure the antiproliferative activity on six human cancer cell lines (A549, LS180, HeLa, SiHa, MDA-MB-231, and NCI-H1299) and one human noncancer cell line (ARPE-19). The ethanol extract was partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. The active dichloromethane fraction was fractioned by silica-column chromatography, and active subfractions were separated using preparative-thin layer chromatography. The chemical structure of an isolated compound was elucidated with different chemical and spectroscopic methods. RESULTS The flavonoid brazilin (1) was isolated from the heartwood of H. brasiletto. The measurement of antiproliferative activity showed that brazilin can inhibit the growth of SiHa, MDA-MB-231, A549, and NCI-H1299 cell lines by 50% at doses of 44.3, 48.7, 45.4, and 48.7 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the flavonoid showed a high antiproliferative activity on LS 180 and HeLa with IC50 values of 62.2 and 71.9 μM, respectively. Brazilin also exhibited a high antiproliferative activity on the human noncancer cell line ARPE-19 with an IC50 value of 37.9 μM. CONCLUSIONS Brazilin: (6aS, 11bR)-7,11b-Dihidro-6H-indeno[2,1-c] cromeno-3,6a, 9,10-tetrol was isolated; this compound demonstrated antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines. This work demonstrated that brazilin, a flavonoid isolated and characterized of H. brasiletto, has antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. SUMMARY The flavonoid brazilin was isolated from the heartwood of H. brasilettoBrazilin is able to inhibit the growth of SiHa, MDA-MB-231, A549 and NCI- H1299 cancerous cell linesBrazilin exhibited a moderate antiproliferative activity on the human non-cancer cell line ARPE-19Brazilin demonstrated to have antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines and could be a potential source of anticancer agents. Abbreviations used: MTT: [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium]; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; TLC: Thin layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bello-Martínez
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - M Jiménez-Estrada
- Department of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, Mexico National Autonomous University (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - JL Rosas-Acevedo
- School of Regional Development Sciences, Guerrero State University, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - LP Avila-Caballero
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - M Vidal-Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sonora State University, Blvd. Luis Donaldo Colosio esq. Rosales s/n Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - C Patiño-Morales
- National Institute of Cancerology, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Ortiz-Sánchez
- National Institute of Cancerology, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - RE Robles-Zepeda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sonora State University, Blvd. Luis Donaldo Colosio esq. Rosales s/n Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
- Correspondence: Dr. Robles-Zepeda RE, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Sonora State University, Blvd. Luis Donaldo Colosio esq. Rosales s/n Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. E-mail:
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14
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de Oliveira JT, Barbosa MCDS, de Camargos LF, da Silva IVG, Varotti FDP, da Silva LM, Moreira LM, Lyon JP, Dos Santos VJDSV, Dos Santos FV. Digoxin reduces the mutagenic effects of Mitomycin C in human and rodent cell lines. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:699-710. [PMID: 28321777 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Digoxin is a drug widely used to treat heart failure and studies have demonstrated its potential as anticancer agent. In addition, digoxin presents the potential to interact with a series of other compounds used in medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of digoxin and its potential to interact with the mutagen Mitomycin C (MMC). The cytotoxicity of digoxin was assessed by employing the MTT method and the comet assay was performed to assess the genotoxicity of this medicine in CHO-K1 and HeLa cell lines. Besides, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was performed to assess the mutagenicity and the antimutagenicity of this drug. The Ames assay was also performed with TA98 and TA100 strains of S. typhimurium. Results showed that digoxin was cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic for HeLa and CHO-K1 cell lines at concentrations many times higher than those observed in human therapeutic conditions. Nevertheless, an antimutagenic effect against the mutagen MMC was observed on both cell lines in concentrations near those used therapeutically in humans. This chemoprotective effect observed is an interesting finding that should be better explored regarding its impact in anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Teixeira de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Mutagênese (LaBCeM), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-506, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Maria C da Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Mutagênese (LaBCeM), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-506, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Luiz F de Camargos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Mutagênese (LaBCeM), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-506, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Isabella Viana Gomes da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Mutagênese (LaBCeM), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-506, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Luciana M da Silva
- Serviço de Biologia Celular (SBC), Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510-010, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marmo Moreira
- Departamento de Zootecnia (DZOO), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Lyon
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCNAT), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Vieira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Mutagênese (LaBCeM), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-506, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
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15
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Rascón-Valenzuela LA, Velázquez C, Garibay-Escobar A, Vilegas W, Medina-Juárez LA, Gámez-Meza N, Robles-Zepeda RE. Apoptotic activities of cardenolide glycosides from Asclepias subulata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:303-311. [PMID: 27545974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asclepias subulata Decne. (Apocynaceae) is a shrub occurring in Sonora-Arizona desert. The ethnic groups of Sonora, Mexico, Seris and Pimas, use this plant for the treatment of sore eyes, gastrointestinal disorders and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the cell death pathways that the cardenolide glycosides with antiproliferative activity found in the methanol extract of A. subulata are able to activate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of cardenolide glycosides isolated of A. subulata on induction of apoptosis in cancer cells was evaluated through the measuring of several key events of apoptosis. A549 cells were treated for 12h with doses of 3.0, 0.2, 3.0 and 1.0µM of 12, 16-dihydroxicalotropin, calotropin, corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside and desglucouzarin, respectively. Apoptotic and necrotic cell levels were measured by double staining with annexin V-FITC/PI. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was examined through JC-1 staining. Apoptosis cell death and the apoptosis pathways activated by cardenolide glycosides isolated of A. subulata were further characterized by the measurement of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity. RESULTS Apoptotic assays showed that the four cardenolide glycosides isolated of A. subulata induced apoptosis in A549 cells, which was evidencing by phosphatidylserine externalization in 18.2%, 17.0%, 23.9% and 22.0% for 12, 16-dihydroxicalotropin, calotropin, corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside and desglucouzarin, respectively, compared with 4.6% of control cells. Cell death was also associated with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, which was more than 75% in the treated cultures respect to control. The activation of caspase-3 was observed in all cardenolide glycosides-treated cancer cells indicating the caspase-dependent apoptosis of A549 cells. Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways were activated by cardenolide glycosides treatment at the doses tested. CONCLUSION In this study was found that cardenolide glycosides, 12, 16-dihydroxicalotropin, calotropin, corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside and desglucouzarin, isolated from A. subulata induced the cell death trough caspase-dependent apoptosis, which was activated, preferably, by extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Rascón-Valenzuela
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Colosio s/n, entre Sahuaripa y Reforma Colonia Centro, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - C Velázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Encinas y Rosales Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
| | - A Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Encinas y Rosales Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - W Vilegas
- UNESP - São Paulo State University - Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, Brasil
| | - L A Medina-Juárez
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Colosio s/n, entre Sahuaripa y Reforma Colonia Centro, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - N Gámez-Meza
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Colosio s/n, entre Sahuaripa y Reforma Colonia Centro, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - R E Robles-Zepeda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Encinas y Rosales Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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