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Tessema Desta G, Andargie Ferede Y, Sisay Zewdu W, Adela Alemu M. Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in Swiss Albino Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7968973. [PMID: 35586684 PMCID: PMC9110169 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7968973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Withaniasomnifera is an important medicinal plant for the treatment of diarrhea in Ethiopian folklore medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of Withania somnifera leaves in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods Hydromethanolic crude extraction and solvent fractionation were done using cold maceration technique. 80% methanol was used as a solvent in crude extraction, while distilled water, n-butanol, and chloroform were employed during fractionation. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility models were employed to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. Mice were randomly divided into five groups (six mice per group): negative control, which received 2% Tween 80 in distilled water; positive control, which received 3 mg/kg loperamide; and three test groups (III, IV, and V), which were treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of crude extract and solvent fractions, respectively. Results The crude extract, aqueous, and n-butanol fractions significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg dose. There was a significant reduction in the number and weight of stools at all tested doses of the crude extract and aqueous fraction, and at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of n-butanol fraction. Significant reduction in volume and weight of intestinal contents was observed at all tested doses of the crude extract, and at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous and n-butanol fractions. All tested doses of the crude extract and 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous and n-butanol fractions significantly reduced the motility of charcoal meal. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the crude extract and solvent fractions of the Withania somnifera leaves have antidiarrheal activity and supported the folklore use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaye Tessema Desta
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Andargie Ferede
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Woretaw Sisay Zewdu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Adela Alemu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Kotańska M, Knutelska J, Nicosia N, Mika K, Szafarz M. Guanabenz-an old drug with a potential to decrease obesity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:963-974. [PMID: 35511242 PMCID: PMC9068504 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine, in the diet-induced obesity model in rats, the potential of Guanabenz to reduce body weight and ameliorate some metabolic disturbances. Obesity was induced in rats by a high-fat diet. After 10 weeks, rats were treated intraperitoneally with Guanabenz at the two doses: 2 or 5 mg/kg b.w./day, once daily for 25 days. The spontaneous activity of rats was measured for 24 h on the 1st and 24th day of the Guanabenz treatment with a special radio-frequency identification system. Gastric emptying was measured in intragastric phenol red-treated mice by measuring the color of the stomach homogenate 30 min after phenol red administration. Intraperitoneal administration of Guanabenz for 25 days to obese rats resulted in a significant decrease in body weight compared to the baseline values (about 11% at a dose of 5 mg/kg). Both body weight and the amount of adipose tissue in the groups receiving Guanabenz decreased to the levels observed in the control rats fed only standard feed. The anorectic effect occurred in parallel with a reduction in plasma triglyceride levels. We also confirmed the beneficial effect of Guanabenz on plasma glucose level. The present study demonstrates that the administration of Guanabenz strongly inhibits gastric emptying (about 80% at a dose of 5 mg/kg). Guanabenz can successfully and simultaneously attenuate all the disorders and risk factors of metabolic syndrome: hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and dyslipidemia. However, the exact cellular mechanisms of its action require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Knutelska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.,Foundation "Prof. Antonio Imbesi", University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122, Messina, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland
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Ahmad MH, Zezi AU, Anafi SB, Alhassan Z, Mohammed M, Danraka RN. Mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum diels (combretaceae): Involvement of opioidergic and (α 1 and β)-adrenergic pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113750. [PMID: 33359856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plant Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases in Africa. Previously, the antidiarrhoeal activity of its methanol leaf extract was reported. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for this activity is yet to be evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism(s) of antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum (MECH) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity study were conducted according to standard methods. Adult mice were orally (p.o) administered distilled water (10 ml/kg), MECH (1000 mg/kg) and loperamide (5 mg/kg). The probable mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal activity of MECH were investigated following pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), prazosin (1 mg/kg, s.c), yohimbine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.p), pilocarpine (1 mg/kg, s.c) and isosorbide dinitrate (150 mg/kg, p.o) 30 min before administration of MECH (1000 mg/kg). The mice were then subjected to castor oil-induced intestinal motility test. RESULTS The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of MECH was found to be higher than 5000 mg/kg. There were significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the charcoal movement in the mice treated with the MECH (1000 mg/kg) and loperamide (5 mg/kg). The pretreatment of the mice with naloxone, prazosin and propranolol each significantly (p<0.05) reversed the antidiarrhoeal activity produced by MECH. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study suggest the probable involvement of opioidergic and (α1 and β)-adrenergic systems in the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Hussaini Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy Technician, Aminu Dabo College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kano State, Nigeria.
| | - Abdulkadir Umar Zezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Sherifat Bola Anafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Zakariyya Alhassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mustapha Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains, 11800, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Rabi'u Nuhu Danraka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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William YN, Gilbert A, Shah AJ, Wahid F, Marius M, Yameen MA, Shah SL, Bashir K, Sajjad W, Kuiate JR, Albert K, Khan T. Curative effects of Distemonanthus benthamianus Baillon. Trunk-bark extracts on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 31-induced diarrhea in rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 16:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2018-0202/jcim-2018-0202.xml. [PMID: 31125314 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Distemonanthus benthamianus is used in the Western part of Cameroon to treat diarrheal episodes and infections. This study assessed its trunk-bark extracts activity against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 31 (EPEC 31)-induced diarrhea in rats. Methods Aqueous and methanolic extracts were analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs) were evaluated on Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 10,541), E. coli (ATCC 6539), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13,883), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539) strains and on Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA 01) and Shigella flexneri isolates using the microdilution method. Diarrhea was induced by inoculating rats with EPEC 31 (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL; p.o). Serum transaminases level assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokines determination were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining was used for intestinal tissue analysis. Results HPLC fingerprints of extracts showed presence of gallic acid and other unidentified compounds. The lowest MIC of 256 µg/mL was obtained with methanolic extract. At 100 mg/kg, both extracts significantly (p<0.001) inhibited diarrhea, with the methanolic extract being the most active. In addition, the methanolic extract significantly (p<0.001) increased the relative mass of the liver compared to negative control (Tween-DMSO 8%). The aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum concentration; while the methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) exhibited similar effect over aspartate aminotransferase (AST). At 50 and 100 mg/kg, the methanolic extract significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) decreased the Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) serum level, compared to negative control (Tween-DMSO 8%). Serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) significantly (p<0.001) decreased with 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract and all doses of methanolic extract. Inhibition of inflammatory cells tissue infiltration and epithelial regeneration was highly noticed in the ileum and colon of extracts-treated rats than in ciprofloxacin-treated animals. Conclusion These findings suggest that D. benthamianus trunk-bark extracts displayed therapeutic effects against infectious diarrhea in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousseu Nana William
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ateufack Gilbert
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mbiantcha Marius
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Muhammad Arfat Yameen
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Luqman Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Kamanyi Albert
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus 22060, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Akhigbemen AM, Ozolua RI, Bafor EE, Okwuofu EO. Evaluation of some neuropharmacological effects of Caladium bicolor aiton (araceae) leaf extracts in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:537-544. [PMID: 30729385 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-0390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caladium bicolor Aiton (Araceae) is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of boils, wound ulcers and convulsion. This study investigated the effects of the leaf extracts on some neuropharmacological parameters. The leaves were collected, dried, powdered and then extracted by maceration in methanol to yield the whole extract (WE). Extraction was also done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus to obtain n-hexane (HE), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME) extracts. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done using the whole extract. Some neuropharmacological evaluations were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids and flavonoids. WE showed varying levels of protection against strychnine-induced convulsion. Each of HE, EA and ME increased latency (P < 0.01) to pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion and offered varying levels of protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizure. Each of WE, HE and ME significantly increased the duration of stay on the open arm of the elevated plus maze. Both EA and ME at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, and HE at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility in forced swim test. It is concluded that the leaf extracts possess anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Akhigbemen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Raymond I Ozolua
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria
| | - Enitome E Bafor
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Okwuofu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria
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Rawat P, Singh PK, Kumar V. Evidence based traditional anti-diarrheal medicinal plants and their phytocompounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1453-1464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Domínguez F, Ruiz-Padilla AJ, Campos-Xolalpa N, Zapata-Morales JR, Carranza-Alvarez C, Maldonado-Miranda JJ. Medicinal Plants from North and Central America and the Caribbean Considered Toxic for Humans: The Other Side of the Coin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:9439868. [PMID: 29234446 PMCID: PMC5688365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9439868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of medicinal plants has notably increased over the past two decades. People consider herbal products as safe because of their natural origin, without taking into consideration whether these plants contain a toxic principle. This represents a serious health problem. A bibliographic search was carried out using published scientific material on native plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, which describe the ethnobotanical and toxicological information of medicinal plants empirically considered to be toxic. A total of 216 medicinal plants belonging to 77 families have been reported as toxic. Of these plants, 76 had been studied, and 140 plants lacked studies regarding their toxicological effects. The toxicity of 16 plants species has been reported in clinical cases, particularly in children. From these plants, deaths have been reported with the consumption of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Argemone mexicana, and Thevetia peruviana. In most of the cases, the principle of the plant responsible for the toxicity is unknown. There is limited information about the toxicity of medicinal plants used in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. More toxicological studies are necessary to contribute information about the safe use of the medicinal plants cited in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, PUE, Mexico
| | - Alan Joel Ruiz-Padilla
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Ramón Zapata-Morales
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Candy Carranza-Alvarez
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria de la Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, SLP, Mexico
| | - Juan Jose Maldonado-Miranda
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria de la Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, SLP, Mexico
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