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Ono T, Nishino N, Iwai Y, Iwai Y, Sakai N, Kuroki Y, Nishino S. Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) enhances wakefulness during active periods but facilitates sleep during resting periods in C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4298-4309. [PMID: 37968729 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the Eurycoma longifolia (also known as Tongkat Ali [TA]) on sleep and wakefulness was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. While TA has been used as an aphrodisiac in males, it exhibits various pharmacological effects. The most notable effect observed with TA was wake-enhancement during the second half of the active period, accompanied by significant elevations in core body temperature (CBT). In contrast, sleep was enhanced during the resting period (i.e., increase in rapid eye movement [REM] sleep and delta electroencephalography [EEG] power in non-REM sleep) with significant declines in CBT. The transition of TA's effects between resting and active periods was rapid. The results of the experiments in constant darkness indicate that TA prolongs the circadian tau and that this transition is governed by circadian clock mechanisms rather than light exposure. TA did not demonstrate efficacy in aiding sleep in an acute stress-induced insomnia model; thus, TA may be more suitable as a wake-enhancing agent for daytime sleepiness, as sleep propensity tends to accumulate towards the end of active period. Since TA amplifies the rest-activity pattern, prolongs circadian tau and increases REM sleep, thereby reversing some common symptoms seen in elderly subjects, it may also hold promise as a rejuvenating medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ono
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishino
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yusuke Iwai
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yumi Iwai
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Noriaki Sakai
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yutaka Kuroki
- D-LAB, Japan Tobacco Inc., Minato, Japan
- Delightex Pte. Ltd., Singapore
| | - Seiji Nishino
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Abdul Rahim R, Jayusman PA, Lim V, Ahmad NH, Abdul Hamid ZA, Mohamed S, Muhammad N, Ahmad F, Mokhtar N, Mohamed N, Shuid AN, Naina Mohamed I. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Bone Anabolic Effects of Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796509. [PMID: 35111063 PMCID: PMC8802550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson [Asteraceae] (B. acmella) is an important medicinal plant native to Brazil, and it is widely known as a toothache plant. A plethora of studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activities of B. acmella and few studies on the stimulatory effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion from bone cells; however, there is no study on its antioxidant and anabolic activity on bone cells. The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of aqueous and ethanol extracts of B. acmella using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LCTOFMS) along with the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum colorimetric methods. The extracts of B. acmella leaves were used to scavenge synthetic-free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The bone anabolic effects of B. acmella extracts on MC3T3-E1 cells were measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoium bromide (MTT) at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, Sirius-red and ALP at 7 and 14 days, and Alizarin Red S at 14 and 21 days. Comparatively, ethanol extract of B. acmella (BaE) contributed higher antioxidant activities (IC50 of 476.71 µg/ml and 56.01 ± 6.46 mg L-ascorbic acid/g against DPPH and FRAP, respectively). Anabolic activities in bone proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were also higher in B. acmella of ethanol (BaE) than aqueous (BaA) extracts. Positive correlations were observed between phenolic content (TPC and TFC) to antioxidant (ABTS and FRAP) and anabolic activities. Conversely, negative correlations were present between phenolic content to antioxidant (DPPH) activity. These potential antioxidant and bone anabolic activities in BaE might be due to the phytochemicals confirmed through GCMS and LCTOFMS, revealed that terpenoids of α-cubebene, cryophyllene, cryophyllene oxide, phytol and flavonoids of pinostrobin and apigenin were the compounds contributing to both antioxidant and anabolic effects in BaE. Thus, B. acmella may be a valuable antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis agent. Further study is needed to isolate, characterize and elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant and bone anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohanizah Abdul Rahim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vuanghao Lim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hazwani Ahmad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sharlina Mohamed
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Muhammad
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fairus Ahmad
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mokhtar
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fan M, An X, Cui X, Jiang X, Piao X, Jin M, Lian M. Production of eurycomanone and polysaccharides through adventitious root culture of Eurycoma longifolia in a bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leitão AE, Vieira MDCS, Gomes DA, Boing L, Pelegrini A, Luiz E, Guimarães ACDA. Exercise associated or not to the intake of Eurycoma longifolia improves strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in men with androgen deficiency. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 42:101301. [PMID: 33445146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effects of a concurrent training (CT) associated with Eurycoma longifolia (EL) supplementation on the muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and symptomatology score of men with the androgen deficiency of aging male (ADAM). Forty-five subjects (47.6 ± 5.2 years) were included in the study. The randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial lasted for 6 months. Participants were randomized into four groups, control (C; n = 12); EL (n = 11); CT (n = 11); and CT + EL (n = 11). Along this period, the isokinetic peak torque of the knee extensors increased in the CT (14%) and CT + EL (17%) groups (p = 0.040; p = 0.006, respectively), while the isokinetic peak torque of knee flexion increased in the CT + EL group only (p < 0.05). For all participants, testosterone levels were correlated with isokinetic peak torque of knee extension (r = 0.517, p = 0.001) and flexion (r = 0.362, p = 0.028). Subjects of the CT (27.3%) and CT + EL (36.1%) groups decreased the symptomatology of ADAM (p = 0.005). This study demonstrated the benefits of CT and EL consumption as a non-pharmacological treatment for ADAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Erwig Leitão
- Master's in Sciences of Human Movement of the Center of Sciences of the Health and of the Sport of the State University of Santa Catarina. Scholarship of the Coordination of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, Brazil.
| | - Melissa de Carvalho Souza Vieira
- PhD in Human Movement Sciences at the Health and Sports Sciences Center of the State University of Santa Catarina. Scholarship of the Coordination of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, Brazil
| | - Diogo Almeida Gomes
- Graduation Student in Physiotherapy of the Center of Sciences of the Health and of the Sport of the State University of Santa Catarina. LaBClin Neuromusculoskeletal Rehabilitation and Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Leonessa Boing
- PhD Student in Sciences of Human Movement of the Center of Sciences of the Health and of the Sport of the State University of Santa Catarina. Scholarship of the Coordination of Sigher Education Personnel - CAPES, Brazil
| | - Andreia Pelegrini
- Professor of the Department of Physical Education and Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences at the Health and Sports Sciences Center of the State University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz
- Professor of the Departments of Nutrition and Pharmacy and Post-Graduation Programs in Pharmacy and Nutrition at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães
- Professor of the Department of Physical Education and Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences at the Health and Sports Sciences Center of the State University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Leitão AE, Vieira MCDS, Pelegrini A, da Silva EL, Guimarães ACDA. A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) and concurrent training on erectile function and testosterone levels in androgen deficiency of aging males (ADAM). Maturitas 2020; 145:78-85. [PMID: 33541567 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deficiency of aging males (ADAM) largely manifests as sexual symptoms. Erectile dysfunction is one of the most common symptoms of ADAM. AIM To ascertain the effect of concurrent training and supplementation with Eurycoma longifolia on erectile function and testosterone levels in men with ADAM, and the association of erectile function with levels of total testosterone. METHODS 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled four-arm clinical. 45 men (47.38 ± 5.03 years) were randomized into 4 groups (G1: control + placebo; G2: control + Eurycoma longifolia; G3: concurrent training + placebo; G4: concurrent training + Eurycoma longifolia). 22 received a 200 mg supplement of Eurycoma longifolia and 23 underwent the intervention with concurrent training, 3 times a week for 60 min at progressive intensity. OUTCOMES International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), Aging Male Scale (AMS) and total testosterone. RESULTS Erectile function demonstrated improvements in both interventions; however, the most significant results were obtained by men allocated to concurrent training + Eurycoma longifolia. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS A 200 mg supplement of Eurycoma longifolia and the practice of concurrent training for 6 months significantly improved the erectile function of men with ADAM. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The study's design stands out as a strength, in addition to the six-month intervention. The main limitation is the study not having groups that used only Eurycoma longifolia and only concurrent training. CONCLUSION The combination of Eurycoma longifolia and concurrent training improved erectile function and increased total testosterone levels in men with ADAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Erwig Leitão
- University of Santa Catarina State, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | | | - Andreia Pelegrini
- University of Santa Catarina State, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz da Silva
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Contessi Negrini N, Toffoletto N, Farè S, Altomare L. Plant Tissues as 3D Natural Scaffolds for Adipose, Bone and Tendon Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:723. [PMID: 32714912 PMCID: PMC7344190 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tissues are a valid alternative as tissue engineering scaffolds, thanks to the three-dimensional structure that mimics native tissues to be regenerated and the biomimetic microenvironment for cells and tissues growth. Despite decellularized animal tissues have long been used, plant tissue decellularized scaffolds might overcome availability issues, high costs and ethical concerns related to the use of animal sources. The wide range of features covered by different plants offers a unique opportunity for the development of tissue-specific scaffolds, depending on the morphological, physical and mechanical peculiarities of each plant. Herein, three different plant tissues (i.e., apple, carrot, and celery) were decellularized and, according to their peculiar properties (i.e., porosity, mechanical properties), addressed to regeneration of adipose tissue, bone tissue and tendons, respectively. Decellularized apple, carrot and celery maintained their porous structure, with pores ranging from 70 to 420 μm, depending on the plant source, and were stable in PBS at 37°C up to 7 weeks. Different mechanical properties (i.e., Eapple = 4 kPa, Ecarrot = 43 kPa, Ecelery = 590 kPa) were measured and no indirect cytotoxic effects were demonstrated in vitro after plants decellularization. After coating with poly-L-lysine, apples supported 3T3-L1 preadipocytes adhesion, proliferation and adipogenic differentiation; carrots supported MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation; celery supported L929 cells adhesion, proliferation and guided anisotropic cells orientation. The versatile features of decellularized plant tissues and their potential for the regeneration of different tissues are proved in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Toffoletto
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Farè
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abourehab MAS. Hyaluronic Acid Modified Risedronate and Teriparatide Co-loaded Nanocarriers for Improved Osteogenic Differentiation of Osteoblasts for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2975-2988. [PMID: 31368869 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190801140703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its multifactorial intricate pathogenesis, combined therapeutic regimen is considered appropriate for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, a multi-drug regimen is also associated with adverse effects due to the non-specific distribution of drugs. Therefore, the present study aims for efficient codelivery of risedronate (RDN) (a potent bone anti-resorptive drug) and teriparatide (TPD) (anabolic agent) as hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified chitosan nanoparticles (NPs). METHODS RDN/TPD NPs were synthesized using the high- pressure homogenization - solvent evaporation technique. The fabricated NPs were then characterized and optimized for suitable physicochemical characteristics. The optimized NPs were then evaluated for bone remodeling potential via assessment of time-mannered modulation in proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts. RESULTS Results showed that HA-RDN/TPD NPs exhibited excellent physicochemical characteristics (nanoscopic size, stable zeta potential, high entrapment efficiency, and smooth spherical shape) and remained stable upon storage in the refrigerator. Assessment of various aspects of the cell growth cycle (i.e., proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization) evidenced promising bone regeneration efficacy of HA-RDN/TPD NPs. CONCLUSION This new strategy of employing simultaneous delivery of anti-resorptive and bone-forming agents would open new horizons for scientists, researchers, and healthcare providers as an efficient pharmacotherapy for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Hussain Z. Nanotechnology guided newer intervention for treatment of osteoporosis: efficient bone regeneration by up-regulation of proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1683558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Bukhari SNA, Hussain F, Thu HE, Hussain Z. Synergistic effects of combined therapy of curcumin and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi for treatment of osteoporosis: cellular and molecular evidence of enhanced bone formation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yan S, Ren J, Jian Y, Wang W, Yun W, Yin J. Injectable Maltodextrin-Based Micelle/Hydrogel Composites for Simvastatin-Controlled Release. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4554-4564. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Jian
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yun
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
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Dong J, Tao L, Abourehab MA, Hussain Z. Design and development of novel hyaluronate-modified nanoparticles for combo-delivery of curcumin and alendronate: fabrication, characterization, and cellular and molecular evidences of enhanced bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:1268-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Thu HE, Hussain Z, Mohamed IN, Shuid AN. Eurycoma longifolia, a promising suppressor of RANKL-induced differentiation and activation of osteoclasts: An in vitro mechanistic evaluation. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 10:102-110. [PMID: 30120052 PMCID: PMC6598823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) has gained remarkable recognition due to its promising efficacy of stimulating bone formation in androgen-deficient osteoporosis. Numerous in vivo studies have explored the effects of E. longifolia on osteoporosis; however, the in vitro cellular mechanism was not discovered yet. Objectives The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of E. longifolia on the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts and the translational mechanism of inhibition of osteoclastogenesis using RAW 264.7 cells as an in vitro osteoclastic model. Materials and methods Having assessed cytotoxicity, the cell viability, cell proliferation rate and osteoclastic differentiation capacity of E. longifolia was investigated by evaluating the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclasts. Taken together, the time-mannered expression of osteoclast-related protein biomarkers such as matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), cathepsin-K, TRAP, nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), superoxide (free radicals) generation and superoxide dismutase activity were also measured to comprehend the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis. Results E. longifolia did not show significant effects on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells; however, a significant inhibition of cells differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts was observed. Moreover, a significant down-regulation of RANKL-induced TRAP activity and expression of MMP-9, cathepsin-K, TRAP, NFATc1 and generation of superoxide and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity was observed in E. longifolia treated cell cultures. Conclusion We anticipated that E. longifolia that enhances bone regeneration on the one hand and suppresses osteoclast’s maturation on the other hand may have great therapeutic value in treating osteoporosis and other bone-erosive diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and metastasis associated with bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Ei Thu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia.
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Jayusman PA, Mohamed IN, Alias E, Mohamed N, Shuid AN. The Effects of Quassinoid-Rich Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Bone Turnover and Histomorphometry Indices in the Androgen-Deficient Osteoporosis Rat Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:E799. [PMID: 29933617 PMCID: PMC6073572 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Male osteoporosis is associated with higher rates of disability and mortality. Hence the search for suitable intervention and treatment to prevent the degeneration of skeletal health in men is necessary. Eurycoma longifolia (EL), a traditional plant with aphrodisiac potential may be used to treat and prevent male osteoporosis. The skeletal protective effect of quassinoid-rich EL extract, which has a high content of eurycomanone, has not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether EL could prevent skeletal deteriorations in gonadal hormone-deficient male rats. Ninety-six male Sprague⁻Dawley rats were randomly assigned to baseline, sham-operated (Sham), orchidectomised or chemically castrated groups. Chemical castration was achieved via subcutaneous injection of degarelix at 2 mg/kg. The orchidectomised and degarelix-castrated rats were then divided into negative control groups (ORX, DGX), testosterone-treated groups (intramuscular injection at 7 mg/kg weekly) (ORX + TES, DGX + TES), and EL-supplemented groups receiving daily oral gavages at doses of 25 mg/kg (ORX + EL25, DGX + EL25), 50 mg/kg (ORX + EL50, DGX + EL50), and 100 mg/kg (ORX + EL100, DGX + EL100). Following 10 weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their blood and femora were collected. Bone biochemical markers, serum testosterone, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β-ligand (RANKL) levels and histomorphometric indices were evaluated. Quassinoid-rich EL supplementation was found to reduce degenerative changes of trabecular structure by improving bone volume, trabecular number, and separation. A reduction in the percentage of osteoclast and increase in percentage of osteoblast on bone surface were also seen with EL supplementation. Dynamic histomorphometric analysis showed that the single-labeled surface was significantly decreased while the double-labeled surface was significantly increased with EL supplementations. There was a marginal but significant increase in serum testosterone levels in the ORX + EL25, DGX + EL50, and DGX + EL100 groups compared to their negative control groups. Quassinoid-rich EL extract was effective in reducing skeletal deteriorations in the androgen-deficient osteoporosis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ekram Alias
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Jolly JJ, Chin KY, Alias E, Chua KH, Soelaiman IN. Protective Effects of Selected Botanical Agents on Bone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E963. [PMID: 29751644 PMCID: PMC5982002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious health problem affecting more than 200 million elderly people worldwide. The early symptoms of this disease are hardly detectable. It causes progressive bone loss, which ultimately renders the patients susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis must be prevented because the associated fragility fractures result in high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Many plants used in herbal medicine contain bioactive compounds possessing skeletal protective effects. This paper explores the anti-osteoporotic properties of selected herbal plants, including their actions on osteoblasts (bone forming cells), osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells), and bone remodelling. Some of the herbal plant families included in this review are Berberidaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Labiatae, Simaroubaceaea, and Myrsinaceae. Their active constituents, mechanisms of action, and pharmaceutical applications were discussed. The literature shows that very few herbal plants have undergone human clinical trials to evaluate their pharmacological effects on bone to date. Therefore, more intensive research should be performed on these plants to validate their anti-osteoporotic properties so that they can complement the currently available conventional drugs in the battle against osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jam Jolly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ekram Alias
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kien Hui Chua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Thu HE, Mohamed IN, Hussain Z, Shuid AN. Exploring molecular mechanism of bone-forming capacity of Eurycoma longifolia: Evidence of enhanced expression of bone-related biomarkers. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 9:272-280. [PMID: 29146110 PMCID: PMC6314246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the numerous well-documented medicinal herbs, Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has gained remarkable recognition due to its promising efficacy of stimulating bone formation in androgen-deficient osteoporosis. Though numerous animal studies have explored the bone-forming capacity of EL, the exact mechanism was yet to be explored. OBJECTIVE(S) The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of bone-forming capacity of EL using MC3T3-E1 as an in vitro osteoblastic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell differentiation capacity of EL was investigated by evaluating cell growth, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen deposition and mineralization. Taken together, time-mannered expression of bone-related mediators which include bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), ALP, runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteocalcin (OCN), type I collagen, osteopontin (OPN), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and androgen receptor (AR) were measured to comprehend bone-forming mechanism of EL. RESULTS Results demonstrated a superior cell differentiation efficacy of EL (particularly at a dose of 25 μg/mL) that was evidenced by dramatically increased cell growth, higher ALP activity, collagen deposition and mineralization compared to the testosterone. Results analysis of the bone-related protein biomarkers indicated that the expression of these mediators was well-regulated in EL-treated cell cultures compared to the control groups. These findings revealed potential molecular mechanism of EL for the prevention and treatment of male osteoporosis. CONCLUSION The resulting data suggested that EL exhibited superior efficacy in stimulating bone formation via up-regulating the expression of various mitogenic proteins and thus can be considered as a potential natural alternative therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Ei Thu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia.
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