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Lu G, Ren T, Zhao Z, Li B, Tan S. Chemical component of differences in the endosperm of Gleditsia species seeds revealed based on comparative metabolomics. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101060. [PMID: 38187947 PMCID: PMC10767367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the chemical composition and interfunctional differences among the endosperm of Gleditsia species seeds (EGS), this study was conducted to determine the metabolic profiles in three EGSs based on the metabolomics approach of UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 505 metabolites were identified, of which 156 metabolites of EGS were annotated as pharmaceutical ingredients for six human diseases. A total of 110, 146, and 104 metabolites showed different accumulation patterns in the three control groups, LEGS vs. MEGS, LEGS vs. SEGS, and MEGS vs. SEGS, respectively. The metabolic profiles of EGSs differed significantly, and KEGG annotation and enrichment analyses indicated aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis as the key metabolic pathway of EGSs. This study enriches the understanding of the chemical composition of EGSs and provides theoretical support for the development and application of EGSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Lu
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 55025, China
| | - Tingyuan Ren
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 55025, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 55025, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 55025, China
| | - Shuming Tan
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 55025, China
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Abstract
A new flavonoid, (2'''E,6'''S)-4''-(6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,7-dienoyl)-vitexin (1), and five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the thorn of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Their structures were determined by comprehensive and comparative spectroscopic analysis of NMR and MS data. The absolute configuration of the new compound was deduced by analysis of the experimental and calculated 13C NMR data. The protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis in normal rat kidney tubule epithelioid (NRK 52e) cells of the isolated compounds were investigated in vitro, whose results showed that compound 1 showed significant protective effect with the EC50 value of 3.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Man Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Gu S, Xu D, Zhou F, Chen C, Liu C, Tian M, Jiang A. The Garbage Enzyme with Chinese Hoenylocust Fruits Showed Better Properties and Application than When Using the Garbage Enzyme Alone. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112656. [PMID: 34828937 PMCID: PMC8622515 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garbage enzyme (GE) is a vinegar or alcohol product derived from fermenting fresh kitchen waste, such as vegetable and fruit residues (peels, cuttings and bits), sugar (brown sugar, jaggery or molasses sugar) and water. Chinese honeylocust fruits (Gleditsia sinensis) have been used in China for at least 2000 years as a detergent. The aim of the study was to investigate the properties and application of Chinese honeylocust garbage enzyme (CHGE), which is produced when equal amounts of Chinese honeylocust fruits and fresh wastes are mixed. The results showed that CHGE had lesser microbial communities and lower surface tension than GE. CHGE also had higher viscosity, foam stability and emulsion stability than GE. Compared with GE, CHGE induced higher enzymatic amylase, cellulase, lipase and protease activities. CHGE had stronger detergency than GE and a 100× dilution of CHGE could significantly remove pesticide residues after a 30 min soaking treatment. The study showed that as a biological detergent, CHGE is safer and more environmentally friendly than GE and has remarkable washing and cleaning power. The preparation method of the detergent is simple: it can be prepared at home using fruit and vegetable waste, which is beneficial to the secondary utilization of waste and the reduction of pollution to the environment and damage to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Dongying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Fuhui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Mixia Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China; (S.G.); (D.X.); (F.Z.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (M.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-87656203
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Kim WJ, Yu HS, Bae WY, Ko KY, Chang KH, Lee NK, Paik HD. Chrysanthemum indicum suppresses adipogenesis by inhibiting mitotic clonal expansion in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13896. [PMID: 34368979 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herbs have been of interest to treat diseases, including obesity, owing to their various bioactive constituents that exhibit therapeutic and prophylactic properties. The present study examined the anti-adipogenic effects and mechanisms of Chrysanthemum indicum aqueous extract (CAE) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. CAE comprises 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, and apigenin, which were corresponded with previous reports. CAE inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and significantly alleviated the expression of lipogenesis- and adipogenesis-associated biomarkers. Treatment with CAE inhibited the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), corroborated by cell cycle arrest at the G0 /G1 phase, and mitigated the expression of cell cycle progression-associated proteins and in addition to phosphorylation of MCE-promoting transcription factors. Moreover, CAE downregulated the activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways. In summary, CAE facilitates adipogenic inhibition during the early phase of differentiation, especially MCE, and its phenolic compounds can contribute to its anti-obesogenic properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chrysanthemum indicum has been mainly used as traditional herbal tea and drinks. Chrysanthemum indicum aqueous extract (CAE) inhibits adipogenesis by suppressing mitotic clonal expansion during the early phase of differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, and apigenin were detected in CAE. Based on these findings, CAE can be used as nutraceutical agents for prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Young Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Yuk Ko
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Korea
| | | | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Yu HS, Kim WJ, Bae WY, Lee NK, Paik HD. Inula britannica Inhibits Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes via Modulation of Mitotic Clonal Expansion Involving ERK 1/2 and Akt Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3037. [PMID: 33023055 PMCID: PMC7599673 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flower of Inula britannica contains various phenolic compounds with prophylactic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-adipogenic effect of an I. britannica flower aqueous extract (IAE) and its underlying mechanisms in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and to identify the phenolic compounds in the extract. Treatment with IAE inhibited the adipogenesis by showing a dose-dependent suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation and mitigated expression levels of lipogenesis- and adipogenesis-associated biomarkers including transcription factors. IAE exerted an anti-adipogenic effect through the modulation of the early phases of adipogenesis including mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). Treatment with IAE inhibited MCE by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and suppressing the activation of MCE-related transcription factors. Furthermore, IAE inhibited adipogenesis by regulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. Protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and 6-methoxyluteolin, which are reported to exhibit anti-adipogenic properties, were detected in IAE. Therefore, modulation of early phases of adipogenesis, especially MCE, is a key mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic activity of IAE. In summary, the anti-obesity effects of IAE can be attributed to its phenolic compounds, and hence, IAE can be used for the development of anti-obesity products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (W.-J.K.); (W.-Y.B.); (N.-K.L.)
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Han JH, Jang KW, Park MH, Myung CS. Garcinia cambogia suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by inhibiting p90RSK and Stat3 activation during mitotic clonal expansion. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1822-1839. [PMID: 32716094 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increase in adipose tissue, which is mediated by hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Therefore, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is one of the major strategies for preventing obesity. The antagonistic effects of Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) on obesity have been studied in animal experimental models. However, the effects of G. cambogia extract on MCE, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this study, 3T3-L1 cells were used to investigate whether G. cambogia extract affected cell proliferation during MCE and to identify target molecules for any anti-adipogenic activity. G. cambogia extract suppressed isobutylmethylxanthine and dexamethasone-and-insulin (MDI)-induced adipogenesis at an early stage by attenuating MCE. In G. cambogia extract-treated preadipocytes, MDI-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were inhibited by G0 /G1 arrest due to an increase in p21 and p27 expression, and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1 expression, and retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation. In addition, the MDI-induced phosphorylation and subsequent translocation into the nucleus of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 were suppressed. Specific inhibitors of p90RSK (FMK) and Stat3 (stattic) regulated cell proliferation and adipogenesis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that G. cambogia extract inhibited MCE by regulating p90RSK, Stat3, and cell cycle proteins, leading to G0 /G1 arrest. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which G. cambogia suppresses adipocyte differentiation and show that p90RSK is critical for adipogenesis as a new molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Liu M, Cai GH, Chen Y, Shi XC, Zhang CC, Xia B, Xie BC, Liu H, Zhang RX, Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Yang SZ, Chu XY, Zhang DY, Wang YL, Wu JW. A Potential Nutraceutical Candidate Lactucin Inhibits Adipogenesis through Downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Mitotic Clonal Expansion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020331. [PMID: 32023857 PMCID: PMC7072480 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide in the past ~50 years. Searching for safe and effective anti-obesity strategies are urgently needed. Lactucin, a plant-derived natural small molecule, is known for anti-malaria and anti-hyperalgesia. The study is to investigate whether lactucin plays a key role in adipogenesis. To this end, in vivo male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with 20 mg/kg/day of lactucin or vehicle by gavage for seven weeks. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, Lactucin-treated mice showed lower body mass and mass of adipose tissue. Consistently, in vitro 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 20 μM of lactucin. Compared to controls, lactucin-treated cells showed significantly less lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation and lower levels of lipid synthesis markers. Mechanistically, we showed the anti-adipogenic property of lactucin was largely limited to the early stage of adipogenesis. Lactucin-treated cells fail to undergo mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). Further studies demonstrate that lactucin-induced MCE arrests might result from reduced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. We then asked whether activation of JAK2/STAT3 would restore the inhibitory effect of lactucin on adipogenesis with pharmacological STAT3 activator colivelin. Our results revealed similar levels of lipid accumulation between lactucin-treated cells and controls in the presence of colivelin, indicating that inactivation of STAT3 is the limiting factor for the anti-adipogenesis of lactucin in these cells. Together, our results provide the indication that lactucin exerts an anti-adipogenesis effect, which may open new therapeutic options for obesity.
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