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Zhang K, Yin Z, Chen F, Cao Z, Guan J, Chen C, Wang Y, Fan G. Omics-based pharmacological evaluation reveals Yuanhu Zhitong oral liquid ameliorates arthritis by regulating PKC/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118289. [PMID: 38718892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Successful use of herbal medicine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) creates opportunities for alternative therapies. Yuanhu Zhitong oral liquid (YZOL) is an herbal preparation known for its potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in traditional use. However, the pharmacological mechanism of YZOL for treating RA remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of YZOL in the treatment of RA and to explore its potential mechanisms through omics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type II collagen was used to induce an arthritis rat model. The effects of YZOL on paw swelling, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes were systematically investigated. A pathway-driven transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify key signaling pathways associated with YZOL therapy. The key alterations were validated by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. RESULTS YZOL significantly attenuated arthritis progression, reduced paw swelling rate, and lowered arthritis score in CIA rats. YZOL also inhibited systemic inflammation and associated oxidative stress during RA. Transcriptomic analysis identified 341 genes with significantly altered expression following YZOL treatment. These genes were enriched in inflammation-related pathways, particularly in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, we discovered that YZOL can alleviate inflammation in the local synovial tissue. The effect of YZOL was confirmed by the suppression of PKC/ERK/NF-κB p65 signaling at systemic and local levels. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence that YZOL treatment ameliorates RA by suppressing the PKC/ERK/NF-κB pathway, suggesting its potential as an alternative therapy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhaorui Yin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhiming Cao
- Henan Fusen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Henan, China.
| | - Jianli Guan
- Henan Fusen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Henan, China.
| | - Chengyu Chen
- Jiaheng Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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Wang X, Kong Y, Li Z. Advantages of Chinese herbal medicine in treating rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1371461. [PMID: 38515982 PMCID: PMC10954842 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1371461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition characterized by an imbalance between the oxidative and antioxidant processes within the human body. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is significantly influenced by the presence of oxidative stress, which acts as a pivotal factor in its pathogenesis. Elevated levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation have been found to be closely associated in the plasma of patients with RA. The clinical treatment strategies for this disease are mainly chemical drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids (GCs) and biological agents, but it is difficult for patients to accept long-term drug treatment and its side effects. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), RA is thought to be caused by the attack of "wind, cold, damp humor," and herbs with the effect of removing wind and dampness are used to relieve pain. Chinese herbal medicine boasts a rich heritage in effectively attenuating the symptoms of RA, and its global recognition continues to ascend. In particular, RA-relevant anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative effects of TCM herbs/herbal compounds. The main aim of this review is to make a valuable contribution to the expanding pool of evidence that advocates for the incorporation of Chinese herbal medicine in conventional treatment plans for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Youqian Kong
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zeguang Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Li J, Cao H, Zhou X, Guo J, Zheng C. Advances in the study of traditional Chinese medicine affecting bone metabolism through modulation of oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1235854. [PMID: 38027015 PMCID: PMC10646494 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1235854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolic homeostasis is dependent on coupled bone formation dominated by osteoblasts and bone resorption dominated by osteoclasts, which is a process of dynamic balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Notably, the formation of bone relies on the development of bone vasculature. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by disturbances in the antioxidant system of the whole organism is an important factor affecting bone metabolism. The increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species can lead to disturbances in bone metabolism, which can initiate multiple bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Traditional Chinese medicine is considered to be an effective antioxidant. Cumulative evidence shows that the traditional Chinese medicine can alleviate oxidative stress-mediated bone metabolic disorders by modulating multiple signaling pathways, such as Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, NF-κB signaling, and MAPK signaling. In this paper, the potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate bone me-tabolism through oxidative stress is summarized to provide direction and theoretical basis for future research related to the treatment of bone diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- School of Sports and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Sports and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sports and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengqiang Zheng
- School of Sports and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Niu X, Yang Y, Yu J, Song H, Yu J, Huang Q, Liu Y, Zhang D, Han T, Li W. Panlongqi tablet suppresses adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the inflammatory reponse in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116250. [PMID: 36791928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panlongqi Tablet is prepared with the ancestral secret recipe provided by Mr. Wang Jiacheng, a famous specialist in orthopedics and traumatology of China. The efficacy and safety of PLQT have been supported by years of clinical practice in the treatment of joint-related conditions. Has remarkable effect for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinically. However, its mechanism is not entirely clear. AIM OF THE STUDY We aim to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of PLQT and explore its mechanism in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) mice and LPS-induced Human fibroblast-like synovial (HFLS) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this end, we analyzed the active ingredients in PLQT by HPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the anti-RA effect of PLQT was studied through proliferation, apoptosis, foot swelling, cytokine levels, immune organ index, histopathology and related signal pathways in LPS-induced HFLS cells and AA-treated mice. RESULTS HPLC-MS/MS results showed that PLQT contained a variety of active compounds, such as epicatechin, imperatorin, hydroxysafflor yellow A and so on. PLQT significantly inhibited the abnormal proliferation of HFLS cells induced by LPS, promoted cell apoptosis. In AA-treated mice, PLQT alleviated RA symptoms by alleviating paw swelling, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibiting abnormal immune responses. The results showed that PLQT significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17) in vivo and in vitro, which may be related to the regulation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Based on serum pharmacology and in vivo pharmacology studies, PLQT may regulate RA symptoms by regulating inflammatory and immune response-related pathways, which is an effective method for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yajie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huixin Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiabao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dezhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Limited By Share LTD, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tengfei Han
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Limited By Share LTD, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
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Zhang H, Jiang HL, Dai SM. No Significant Effects of IL-23 on Initiating and Perpetuating the Axial Spondyloarthritis: The Reasons for the Failure of IL-23 Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818413. [PMID: 35222393 PMCID: PMC8868936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is comprised of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiographic axSpA. In recent years, the involvement of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis in the pathophysiology of axSpA has been widely proposed. Since IL-23 is an upstream activating cytokine of IL-17, theoretically targeting IL-23 should be effective in axSpA, especially after the success of the treatment with IL-17 blockers in the disorder. Unfortunately, IL-23 blockade did not show meaningful efficacy in clinical trials of AS. In this review, we analyzed the possible causes of the failure of IL-23 blockers in AS: 1) the available data from an animal model is not able to support that IL-23 is involved in a preclinical rather than clinical phase of axSpA; 2) Th17 cells are not principal inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of axSpA; 3) IL-17 may be produced independently of IL-23 in several immune cell types other than Th17 cells in axSpA; 4) no solid evidence supports IL-23 as a pathogenic factor to induce enthesitis and bone formation. Taken together, IL-23 is not a principal proinflammatory cytokine in the pathogenesis of axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Lei Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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6
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Li N, Li X, Su R, Wu R, Niu HQ, Luo J, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Altered Gut Microbiota and Ameliorated Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1365-1379. [PMID: 35241924 PMCID: PMC8887675 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s344393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Low-dose interleukin-2 (ld-IL-2) has been shown to regulate the balance between effector T and regulatory T (Treg) cells and has been used in several clinical trials to treat autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigated the effects of ld-IL-2 on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods Arthritis severity in CIA mice was measured using the arthritis index (AI), radiographs, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gut microbiota alterations and short-chain fatty acid production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography. Results The AI scores of CIA mice treated with ld-IL-2 were significantly lower compared to the model group, which significantly reduced the severity of arthritis. Ld-IL-2 also altered the gut microbiota in CIA mice. The diversity, composition, and dominant species of gut microbiota were altered by ld-IL-2 treatment. Ld-IL-2 also increased short-chain fatty acid levels. There was a strong correlation between ld-IL-2 treatment and improved gut microbiota. Conclusion Ld-IL-2 significantly ameliorated joint inflammation and bone damage and improved gut microbial dysbiosis in CIA, indicating that it may be a promising therapy for RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Qing Niu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Caihong Wang, Tel +8613603515399, Fax +863513365551, Email
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7
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Glytabastan B, a coumestan isolated from Glycine tabacina, alleviated synovial inflammation, osteoclastogenesis and collagen-induced arthritis through inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114912. [PMID: 35032460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Glycine tabacina are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and joint infection in folk medicine. Glytabastan B (GlyB), a newly reported coumestan isolated from this species, was found to significantly attenuate IL-1β-induced inflammation in SW982 human synovial cells at 3 and 6 μM, as evidenced by the decreased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). GlyB also suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, decreased the expression of osteoclastogenic markers (NFATc1, CTSK, MMP-9) and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Further, GlyB administration (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) significantly inhibited inflammation, osteoclast formation and disease progression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Integration of network pharmacology, quantitative phosphoproteomic and experimental pharmacology results revealed that these beneficial actions were closely associated with the blockade of GlyB on the activation of MAPK, PI3K/AKT and their downstream signals including NF-κB and GSK3β/NFATc1. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay, cellular thermal shift (CETSA) assay and molecular docking analysis confirmed that there were direct interactions between GlyB and its target proteins ERK2, JNK1 and class Ⅰ PI3K catalytic subunit p110 (α, β, δ and γ), which significantly contributed to the inhibition of activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest GlyB is a promising multiple-target candidate for the development of agents for the prevention and treatment of RA.
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Wang Y, Chen S, Du K, Liang C, Wang S, Owusu Boadi E, Li J, Pang X, He J, Chang YX. Traditional herbal medicine: Therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114368. [PMID: 34197960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease influenced by diverse endogenous and exogenous factors. It is characterized by cartilage and bone destruction. The current conventional allopathic therapy is expensive and carries adverse side effects. Recently, there were some ethnopharmacological studies on RA including anti-RA effects and therapeutic targets of distinct dosage forms of traditional herbal medicines (THMs). AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides a brief overview of the current understanding of the potential pharmacological mechanisms of THMs (active constituents, extracts and prescriptions) in RA. This study is intended to provide comprehensive information and reference for exploring new therapeutic strategies of THMs in the RA treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review captured scientific literatures invivo and vitro experiments on effects of anti-RA THMs published between 2016 and 2021 from journals and electronic databases (e.g. PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Relevant literatures were searched and analyzed by using keywords such as 'rheumatoid arthritis AND traditional herbal medicines', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND immune cells', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND inflammation', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND miRNA', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND Angiogenesis', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND oxidative stress', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND osteoclasts', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND CIA model', 'rheumatoid arthritis AND AA model' AND 'rheumatoid arthritis herbal prescription'. RESULTS Experiments in vitro and in vivo jointly demonstrated the potential of THMs in the RA treatment. There are plentiful therapeutic targets in RA. THMs and active ingredients could alleviate RA symptoms through different therapeutic targets, such as immunoregulation, inflammation, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), microRNAs (miRNAs), angiogenesis, oxidative stress, osteoclasts and multiple targets interaction. Anti-RA THMs, active ingredients and prescriptions through corresponding therapeutic targets were summarized and classified. CONCLUSIONS Flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids and triterpenes of THMs are identified as the main components to ameliorate RA. Regulation of different and multiple related therapeutic targets by THMs and their active ingredients were associated with greater therapeutic benefits, among which inflammation is the main therapeutic target. Nonetheless, further studies are required to unravel the complexities and in-depth mechanisms of THMs in alleviating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chunxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shuangqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Evans Owusu Boadi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Academy of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Mu JK, Zi L, Li YQ, Yu LP, Cui ZG, Shi TT, Zhang F, Gu W, Hao JJ, Yu J, Yang XX. Jiuzhuan Huangjing Pills relieve mitochondrial dysfunction and attenuate high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112092. [PMID: 34449316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common global chronic liver disease. Jiuzhuan Huangjing Pills (JHP) have been used for the treatment of human disease for over a thousand years, but their efficacy and underlying mechanism(s) of action against MAFLD are unknown. We investigated the alleviating effects of JHP on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD. METHODS In vitro and in vivo methods were used to evaluate the effects of JHP on MAFLD. L02 adipocyte models were induced by fat emulsion and adipocytes were treated with JHP for 24 h. MAFLD rat models were induced by HFD-feeding and were intragastrically administered JHP for 12 weeks. Changes in fat accumulation, L02 cell damage, body weight, food intake, histological parameters, organ indexes, biochemical parameters, and mitochondrial indicators including ultrastructure, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism were investigated. RESULTS JHP attenuated the increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels, and significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol. JHP up-regulated levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and down-regulated malondialdehyde (MDA). JHP afforded protection to the mitochondrial ultrastructure, and inhibited the HFD-induced increase in MDA and the reduction of SOD, GSH, ATP synthase, and complex I and II, in liver mitochondria. JHP regulated the expression of β-oxidation genes, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, cyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α and peroxide proliferator activated receptor α. CONCLUSION JHP alleviates HFD-induced MAFLD through the protection of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Zi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan-Qin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Li-Ping Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji 910-1193, Japan
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xing-Xin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, China.
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Sun S, Du Y, Li S, Gao B, Xia R, Cao W, Zhang C, Zhu E. Anti-inflammatory activity of different isolated sites of Chloranthus serratus in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:848. [PMID: 34149894 PMCID: PMC8210295 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloranthus serratus is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating arthritis and bruises. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-arthritic activities and possible associated mechanisms of different isolated sites of Chloranthus serratus (DISC) in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats. The therapeutic effects of the extracts were assessed through changes in body weights, swelling rates, arthritis indexes (AI) and organ indexes. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were determined using one-step method, TBA method and hydroxylamine method, respectively; the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2, macrophage inhibitor factor-1, VEGF, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IFN-γ in serum were determined using ELISA. Pathological changes and positive expression of VEGF in the ankle joints were investigated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. DISC treatment increased the weight gains and thymus indexes, and decreased the swelling rates, spleen indexes and AI in AA rats. The water isolated site (WA) and ethyl acetate isolated site (EA) significantly reversed complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced changes in the levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, IgG and IFN-γ, while the n-butanol isolated site (NB) only reversed the changes in IL-6 and IgG contents. Some changes in the chloroform isolated site group showed the same trend as those in the model group. The extracts relieved synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration and articular surface defects, and reduced the positive expression rate of VEGF in the synovial tissues of the AA rats to varying degrees. The WA exhibited the most marked effects, followed by the EA and NB, indicating that WA had optimal therapeutic effects on CFA-induced arthritic rats, which may be mediated by the oxidative stress and inhibition of inflammatory factors. C. serratus may serve as a potential candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Sun
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
- Institute of Natural Daily Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Yunyan Du
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Li
- The Third Orthopedics Department, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Bianbian Gao
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Rongping Xia
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Enze Zhu
- Pharmacy Teaching and Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
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Huang XJ, Wang J, Muhammad A, Tong HY, Wang DG, Li J, Ihsan A, Yang GZ. Systems pharmacology-based dissection of mechanisms of Tibetan medicinal compound Ruteng as an effective treatment for collagen-induced arthritis rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113953. [PMID: 33610711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Compound Ruteng (CRT) is a prescribed formulation based on the theory of Tibetan medicine for the treatment of yellow-water-disease. It is consisted with 7 medicinal material include Boswellia carterii Birdw (named "Ruxiang" in Chinese); Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (named "Kuan-Jin-Teng" in Chinese), Cassia obtusifolia L (named "Jue-Ming-Zi" in Chinese); Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic (named "Huang-Kui-Zi" in Chinese); Terminalia chebula Retz. (named "He-Zi" in Chinese); Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo (named "Du-Yi-Wei" in Chinese) and Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling (named "Da-Jian-Ju" in Chinese). They are widely distributed in Tibet area of China and have been used to treat rheumatism, jaundice, and skin diseases for centuries. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-arthritis effect of CRT and to disclose the systems pharmacology-based dissection of mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents in CRT were identified using HPLC method, and CRT candidate targets against RA were screened by network pharmacology-based analysis and further experimentally validated based on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. Furthermore, therapeutic mechanisms and pathways of CRT were investigated. RESULTS 391 potential targets (protein) were predicted against 92 active ingredients of 7 medicinal materials in CRT. Enrichment analysis and molecular docking studies also enforced the practiced results. X-ray based physiological imaging showed the attenuated effect of CRT on paw swelling, synovial joints and cartilage with improved inflammation in CIA rats. Moreover, the expression of biomarkers associated with RA such as MMP1, MMP3 and MMP13 and TNF-a, COX2 and iNOS are down-regulated in ankle joints, serum, or liver. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CRT compound could attenuate RA symptoms and active ingredients of this compound could be considered for drug designing to treat RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Collagen/toxicity
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Joints/diagnostic imaging
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Medicine, Tibetan Traditional
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Protein Interaction Maps
- Rats, Wistar
- Triterpenes/chemistry
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Azhar Muhammad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Hai-Ying Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Da-Gui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China.
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12
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Li Y, Lv D, Liu R, Shi Y, Wang R, Zhu Z, Yuan Y. Non-target metabolomic analysis reveals the therapeutic effect of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction on collagen-induced arthritis rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113837. [PMID: 33460755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD), a Chinese crude drug, has long been recognized for therapeutic effect to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At present, the mechanisms of SD treatment in RA have not been fully understood especially on the perspective of metabolomics. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the pharmacodynamic effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction on CIA rats, and explore the therapeutic mechanism by metabolomics methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, CIA model group, dexamethasone group and SD decoction groups (10 g crude drug/kg, 5 g crude drug/kg and 2.5 g crude drug/kg of SDD). Body weight, arthritis scores, serum cytokine levels and histopathological parameters of rats were assessed. A metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOFMS) was established to collect the metabolic profiles of rats and explore the metabolic changes that occurred after SDD treatment. RESULTS SDD showed its protective effect on the affected joints, especially in the middle dosage group of SDD. Eighteen and 13 potential biomarkers for the SDD treatment of CIA rats were identified in the plasma and urine, respectively. SDD could regulate the disturbed metabolic pathways including tryptophan metabolism, glycerophospholipid catabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SDD treatment could effectively alleviate symptoms of RA and regulate metabolic disorders in CIA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Diya Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuhuan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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13
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Su J, Li Q, Liu J, Wang H, Li X, Wüntrang D, Liu C, Zhao Q, RuyuYao, Meng X, Zhang Y. Ethyl acetate extract of Tibetan medicine Rhamnella gilgitica ameliorated type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats via regulating JAK-STAT signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113514. [PMID: 33223115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhamnella gilgitica Mansf. et Melch. (སེང་ལྡེང་།, RG) is a traditional Tibetan medicinal plant that is currently grown throughout Tibet. According to the theory of Tibetan medicine, RG is efficient for removing rheumatism, reducing swelling, and relieving pain. Hence, it has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Tibet for many years. However, there are no previous reports on the anti-RA activities of ethyl acetate extract of RG (RGEA). AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the anti-RA effect and mechanism of RGEA on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CIA model was established in male Wister rats by intradermal injection of bovine type II collagen and Complete Freund's Adjuvant at the base of the tail and left sole, respectively. The rats were orally administered with RGEA (9.71, 19.43, or 38.85 mg/kg) for 23 days. The body weight, swelling volume, arthritis index score, thymus and spleen indices, and pathological changes were observed to evaluate the effect of RGEA on RA. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokines in serum, such as interleukin1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin6 (IL-6), interleukin17 (IL-17), interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin4 (IL-4), and interleukin10 (IL-10) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of RGEA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining was used to examine apoptosis. Finally, the protein and gene expression of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Caspase3, janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), suppressor of cytokine signaling1 (SOCS1), and 3 (SOCS3) in synovial tissue were detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS After the treatment with RGEA, the body weight of rats was restored, both the arthritis index and paw swelling were suppressed, and spleen and thymus indices were decreased. RGEA reduced the inflammatory cells and synovial hyperplasia in the synovial tissue of the knee joint, and suppressed bone erosion. Meanwhile, RGEA decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and INF-γ, while increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10. TUNEL fluorescence apoptosis results confirmed that RGEA obviously promoted the apoptosis of synovial cells. Further studies showed that RGEA inhibited the proteins and mRNAs expression of JAK2 and STAT3 as well as increased the proteins and mRNAs expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3. In addition, RGEA upregulated the expression of Bax and Caspase3, and downregulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSION The anti-RA effectof RGEA might be related to the promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of inflammation, which regulated the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Su
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Jia Liu
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Xuanhao Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Dhondrup Wüntrang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - RuyuYao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193,China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China.
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14
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Si Miao San Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats with CIA via the Modulation of the Nrf2/ARE/PTEN Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2843623. [PMID: 33628297 PMCID: PMC7892228 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2843623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Si Miao San (SMS) is a traditional Chinese formula used in China to treat rheumatic diseases. To date, its mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment is uncertain. Our study aims to assess the antiarthritic effects of SMS in experimental arthritic rats. Materials and Methods SMS (8.63, 4.31, and 2.16 g/kg/day) was orally administered after the first immunization from day 14 to day 53. The effects of SMS on rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were evaluated by arthritis score and histological assessment. The levels of cytokines and anti-CII antibodies in rat serum were measured by ELISAs. The expression of oxidative stress parameters was detected by biochemical assay kits. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and PTEN were determined by western blotting. Results Medium- and high-dose SMS treatment significantly decreased arthritis scores and alleviated ankle joint histopathology in the rats with CIA. It inhibited the production of IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 in rat serum. SMS also suppressed the expression of anti-CII antibodies IgG1 and IgG2a. Moreover, SMS significantly suppressed the levels of MDA and MPO in the synovial tissues while increasing the levels of SOD and CAT in the rats with CIA. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and PTEN were upregulated by SMS in rat synovial tissues. Conclusions This study demonstrated that SMS effectively alleviated the disease progression of CIA by decreasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative stress damage, as indicated by IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 levels; inhibiting the overproduction of MDA and MPO; and enhancing antioxidant enzymes by upregulating the Nrf2/ARE/PTEN signalling pathway.
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15
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Sun S, Li S, Du Y, Wu C, Zhang M, Li J, Zhang X. Anti-inflammatory effects of the root, stem and leaf extracts of Chloranthus serratus on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:528-537. [PMID: 32503379 PMCID: PMC8641675 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1767159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Context: Chloranthus serratus [(Thunb.) Roem. et Schult, (Chloranthaceae)] is a folk medicine used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate anti-arthritic effects of the ethanol extracts of the roots (ER), stems (ES) and leaves (EL) of C. serratus on adjuvant arthritis rats and related mechanisms.Materials and methods: The rats were immunized by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 0.18 mL) into the right hind feet, and received intragastric administrations of the ER, ES and EL (2.07, 1.61 and 0.58 g/kg/d, respectively) for 14 days. The anti-arthritic activity was assessed by swelling rates, serum indicators, antioxidant capacity, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses.Results: The LD50 of the ER, ES and EL was higher than 10.35, 8.05 and 2.90 g/kg/p.o., respectively. Extract treatments decreased swelling rates, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), migration inhibitory factor 1 (MIF-1), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels and positive expression of VEGF in the arthritic rats (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). The ER significantly decreased NO (3.91 ± 0.61 µmol/L), IL-6 (75.67 ± 16.83 pg/mL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (2.28 ± 0.32 nmol/mL) contents and clearly increased IFN-γ (2082 ± 220.93 pg/mL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (601.98 ± 38.40 U/mL) levels. The ES and EL did not reverse the changes in some indicators. All the extracts alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial cell proliferation. Among them, the ER was the most pronounced.Discussion and conclusions: ER exerts the most promising effects, as shown by inhibiting the releases of inflammatory cytokines and enhancing antioxidant capacity, which provides a scientific basis for further research on C. serratus and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Institute of Natural Daily Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- CONTACT Shuping Sun College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shengli Li
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yunyan Du
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Chenguang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Xiaoping Zhang College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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16
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Yang M, Wang Y, Patel G, Xue Q, Singor Njateng GS, Cai S, Cheng G, Kai G. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113105. [PMID: 32590114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation were also analyzed by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. RESULTS Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr. 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 100%) suppressed the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines. Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. CONCLUSION Different fractions (especially Fr. 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The androstane and its derivatives might be performing an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, Fr. 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Yang
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Wang
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Biopolymer Functional Materials of Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Gopal Patel
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Guy Sedar Singor Njateng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Shengbao Cai
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Tu Y, Wang K, Jia X, Tan L, Han B, Zhang Q, Li Y, He C. Isolation and Identification of Antiarthritic Constituents from Glycine tabacina and Network Pharmacology-Based Prediction of Their Protective Mechanisms against Rheumatoid Arthritis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10664-10677. [PMID: 32530618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth is an edible medicinal herb for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment in folk medicine. Current phytochemical research on this dried herb led to the isolation of eight new coumestans, named glytabastan A-H (1-8), and twenty-three known compounds 9-31. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The antiarthritic activities of all isolates were evaluated, and the results showed that coumestans 1-6 and 8-10 could inhibit arthritic inflammation in vitro, while coumestans 1, 2, 9, and 10 significantly blocked the osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF) κB ligand (RANKL). Moreover, network pharmacological analysis revealed that the anti-RA effect of G. tabacina involved multitargets, multipathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, and various biological processes such as inflammatory response and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. These results suggested that this species and its novel coumestans could serve as potential antiarthritic agents for functional food or medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Xuejing Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
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18
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Tu Y, Wang K, Tan L, Han B, Hu Y, Ding H, He C. Dolichosin A, a coumestan isolated from Glycine tabacina, inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in SW982 human synovial cells and suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis: From network pharmacology to experimental pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112855. [PMID: 32376366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and joint infection. It is also one of the sources of the renowned native herbal medicine 'I-Tiao-Gung' in Taiwan. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate anti-arthritic effects and underlying mechanisms of dolichosin A (DoA), a coumestan compound isolated from G. tabacina, by the integration of network pharmacology and experimental pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Putative therapeutic targets and potential pharmacological mechanisms of DoA for RA treatment were predicted by network pharmacology approach. The regulated network of DoA acting on RA was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.1. Anti-arthritic effects of DoA and predicted mechanisms were further validated using IL-1β-induced SW982 human synovial cell model and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis model. RESULTS A regulatory network of DoA-targets-pathways-RA was successfully constructed using network pharmacology approach. In this network, 65 candidate targets of DoA related to its therapeutic effect on RA were identified and the functional enrichment analysis revealed that these candidate targets were significantly involved in 12 central signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT pathway, MAPK pathway and osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, we found that DoA could significantly inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammation in SW982 human synovial cells, as evidenced by the decreased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2) and MMP-3. DoA also suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro, as evidenced by decreased number of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts and reduced TRAP activity. Further experimental mechanism evidence confirmed the predicted results of network pharmacology that the blockade of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways activation was closely associated with these regulated processes of DoA. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that DoA exhibited strong anti-arthritic activity through suppressing PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways activation in activated synovial cells and osteoclasts, suggesting its potential as a hopeful candidate for the development of novel agents for the prevention and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Lihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Hang Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, SAR, 999078, China.
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Tan L, Tu Y, Wang K, Han B, Peng H, He C. Exploring protective effect of Glycine tabacina aqueous extract against nephrotic syndrome by network pharmacology and experimental verification. Chin Med 2020; 15:79. [PMID: 32765640 PMCID: PMC7395350 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth, one of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines, has been used for treatment of nephritis, osteoporosis, rheumatism, and menopausal syndrome. The aim of this study was to illuminate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Glycine tabacina aqueous extract (GATE) in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome (NS). Methods UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical profile of GATE. Adriamycin (ADR)-induced NS mouse model and network pharmacology methods were conducted to explore the protective effect and mechanism of GATE on NS treatment. Results GATE administration significantly ameliorated symptoms of proteinuria and hyperlipidemia in NS mice, as evidenced by reduced excretion of urine protein and albumin, and decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride. Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in NS mice suggested that GATE could prevent renal function decline caused by ADR. GATE treatment also inhibited ADR-induced pathological lesions of renal tissues as indicated by periodic acid Schiff staining. Six flavonoids of GATE were identified by using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that the protection of GATE in treating NS might be associated with the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, the in vivo experiment validated that treatment with GATE markedly decreased reactive oxygen species production, malonaldehyde level, and increased superoxide dismutase activity both in plasma and renal tissues. TNF-α level in plasma and protein expression in kidney were significantly decreased in GATE treatment groups. Conclusions Combination of network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification revealed that GATE exerts anti-NS effect possibly through modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting the potential application of GATE or its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of NS and other related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao SAR China
| | - Yanbei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao SAR China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao SAR China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao SAR China
| | - Hongquan Peng
- Renal Division, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, 999078 Macao SAR China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078 Macao SAR China
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Chen X, Shen J, Zhao JM, Guan J, Li W, Xie QM, Zhao YQ. Cedrol attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice and modulates the inflammatory response in LPS-mediated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Food Funct 2020; 11:4752-4764. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginger has been used as a flavouring agent and traditional medicine for a long time in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Xinzhong Modern Medicine Co
- Ltd
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jun-ming Zhao
- Liaoning Xinzhong Modern Medicine Co
- Ltd
- Shenyang 110041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guan
- Liaoning Xinzhong Modern Medicine Co
- Ltd
- Shenyang 110041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-min Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yu-qing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
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Yang XX, Wang X, Shi TT, Dong JC, Li FJ, Zeng LX, Yang M, Gu W, Li JP, Yu J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The alleviating effect and its mechanism of Polygonatum kingianum. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109083. [PMID: 31387169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Developing mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represent attractive strategies for NAFLD therapy. In China, Polygonatum kingianum (PK) has been used as a herb and food nutrient for centuries. So far, studies in which the effects of PK on NAFLD are evaluated are lacking. Our study aims at identifying the effects and mechanism of action of PK on NAFLD based on mitochondrial regulation. METHODS A NAFLD rat model was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and rats were intragastrically given PK (1, 2 and 4 g/kg) for 14 weeks. Changes in body weight, food intake, histological parameters, organ indexes, biochemical parameters and mitochondrial indicators involved in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and apoptosis were investigated. RESULTS PK significantly inhibited the HFD-induced increase of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, and TC and triglyceride in the liver. In addition, PK reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enlargement without affecting food intake. PK also remarkably inhibited the HFD-induced increase of malondialdehyde and the reduction of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ATP synthase, and complex I and II, in mitochondria. Moreover, mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and uncoupling protein-2 was significantly up-regulated and down-regulated after PK treatment, respectively. Finally, PK notably inhibited the HFD-induced increase of caspase 9, caspase 3 and Bax expression in hepatocytes, and the decrease of expression of Bcl-2 in hepatocytes and cytchrome c in mitochondria. CONCLUSION PK alleviated HFD-induced NAFLD by promoting mitochondrial functions. Thus, PK may be useful mitochondrial regulators/nutrients to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviate NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jin-Cai Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lin-Xi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing-Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Kunming Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases Prevention and Treatment by Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
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