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Ojo AB, Adanlawo IG. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid-rich fractions of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit: In vitro and ex vivo studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31895. [PMID: 38841505 PMCID: PMC11152952 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major, rapidly growing endocrine disorder in most countries. The high cost and side effects of conventional drugs for the management of this disease have shifted attention to medicinal plants. Solanum anguivi (S. anguivi) fruits has been reported to be a very good and rich source of polyphenols such as flavonoids, that can be exploited. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites widely found in vegetables, fruits and seeds and are known to be of medicinal significance in different range of diseases like diabetes. This study involved in vitro and ex vivo assays on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of flavonoid-rich fractions of S. anguivi fruits. Healthy male Wistar rats (n = 5) weighing 150-180 g were used for ex vivo antioxidant and antidiabetic studies, their liver was exercised for the experiment. The percentage yields of the three flavonoid-rich fractions (Fr. A, B, and C) of S. anguivi fruits obtained from the column chromatographic technique were 15.53 ± 0.75, 11.53 ± 0.80, and 10.17 ± 0.49 mg/g quercetin equivalents. The three fractions (A, B, and C) of S. anguivi fruits significantly scavenged both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with fraction A having the lowest IC50 value (26.14 ± 1.06 μg/ml) compared with fraction B (37.78 ± 5.12 μg/ml) and fraction C (38.24 ± 2.40 μg/ml) when compared with ascorbic acid with the least IC50 value (15.27 ± 0.34 μg/ml). While fraction A (19.61 ± 1.19 μg/ml) scavenged nitric oxide (NO) radicals better than fraction B (22.97 ± 0.55 μg/ml) and fraction C (49.95 ± 6.18 μg/ml). Although ascorbic acid had better scavenging ability than the three fractions (17.23 ± 0.16 μg/ml). The flavonoid-rich fraction A shows better result in inhibiting α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 16.24 μg/ml compared to fraction B (128.04 μg/ml) and fraction C (143.16 μg/ml). For α-amylase, flavonoid-rich fraction A had an IC50 of 31.50 μg/ml compared to B (84.32 μg/ml) and C (145.40 μg/ml). The various controls also showed promising results with acarbose having IC50 of 3.93 μg/mL and 15.66 μg/mL respectively for α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our findings also showed that FeSO4-induced tissue damage decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activities while increasing the levels of MDA. In contrast, following treatment with the three flavonoid fractions of S. anguivi fruits helped to restore these parameters to near-normal levels, by significantly increasing the potential of GSH, SOD, CAT and reducing the levels of MDA which signifies that flavonoid-rich fractions of S. anguivi have great potential to address complications arising from oxidative stress. In addition, the three flavonoid-rich fractions A, B, and C of S. anguivi fruits exhibited ex vivo anti-inflammatory properties via reduced nitric oxide levels in iron-induced oxidative damage. Data obtained from this study shows that the flavonoid-rich fraction of S. anguivi possess anti-diabetic property via inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase and antioxidant property via free radical scavenging. Also, comparing all the fractions, flavonoid-rich fraction A appears to be more potent compared to the fractions B and C. Further research will be needed in isolating and as well applying the fractions in real life situations in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Busola Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Westland University, Iwo, Nigeria
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Ojo OA, Gyebi GA, Ezenabor EH, Iyobhebhe M, Emmanuel DA, Adelowo OA, Olujinmi FE, Ogunwale TE, Babatunde DE, Ogunlakin AD, Ojo AB, Adeyemi OS. Exploring beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) for diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease dual therapy: in vitro and computational studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19362-19380. [PMID: 38887650 PMCID: PMC11181461 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03638g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the flavonoid-rich extract of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dual therapy by using in vitro and molecular simulation studies. Flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit were evaluated for their antidiabetic and anti-alzheimic activities. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation were performed to identify potential bioactive flavonoids with dual therapeutic effects on T2D and AD. Flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit (IC50 = 73.062 ± 0.480 μg mL-1) had moderate activity against α-amylase compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 27.104 ± 0.270 μg mL-1). Compared with acarbose, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit had appreciable activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 17.389 ± 0.436 μg mL-1) (IC50 = 37.564 ± 0.620 μg mL-1). For AChE inhibition, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit exhibited (p < 0.0001) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 723.260 ± 5.466 μg mL-1), albeit weaker than that of the standard control, galantamine (IC50 = 27.950 ± 0.122 μg mL-1). Similarly, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit showed considerable (p < 0.0001) inhibitory effects on BChE (IC50 = 649.112 ± 0.683 μg mL-1). In contrast, galantamine (IC50 = 23.126 ± 0.683 μg mL-1) is more potent than the extracts of B. vulgaris fruit. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity increased in FeSO4-induced brain damage. In contrast, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit protected against Fe2+-mediated brain damage by suppressing MAO activity in a concentration-dependent manner. HPLC-DAD profiling of the extracts identified quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, myricetin, iso-quercetrin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid. Molecular docking studies revealed quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, iso-queretrin, and myricetin were the top docked bioactive flavonoids against the five top target proteins (α-amylase, α-glucosidase AchE, BchE, and MAO). Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the complexes formed remained stable over the course of the simulation. Collectively, the findings support the prospect of flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris root functioning as a dual therapy for T2D and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria +2347037824647
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03) Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Natural Products and Structural (Bio-Chem)-Informatics Research Laboratory (NpsBC-RI), Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University Karu Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria +2347037824647
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03) Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria
| | | | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria +2347037824647
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Clusters (SDG 03) Bowen University Iwo 232102 Nigeria
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Ojo OA, Ogunlakin AD, Maimako RF, Gyebi GA, Olowosoke CB, Taiwo OA, Elebiyo TC, Adeniyi D, David B, Iyobhebhe M, Adetunji JB, Ayokunle DI, Ojo AB, Mothana RA, Alanzi AR. Therapeutic Study of Cinnamic Acid Derivative for Oxidative Stress Ablation: The Computational and Experimental Answers. Molecules 2023; 28:7425. [PMID: 37959844 PMCID: PMC10648207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the therapeutic activity of the cinnamic acid derivative KAD-7 (N'-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylohydrazide) on Fe2+-induced oxidative hepatic injury via experimental and computational models. In addition, the role of ATPase and ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase) in the coordination of cellular signals is speculated upon to proffer suitable therapeutics for metabolic stress disorder upon their inhibition. While we know little about therapeutics with flexible dual inhibitors for these protein targets, this study was designed to screen KAD-7's (N'-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylohydrazide) inhibitory potential for both protein targets. We induced oxidative hepatic damage via the incubation of hepatic tissue supernatant with 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37 °C. We achieved the treatment by incubating the hepatic tissues with KAD-7 under the same conditions. The catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ATPase, and ENTPDase activity were all measured in the tissues. We predicted how the drug candidate would work against ATPase and ENTPDase targets using molecular methods. When hepatic injury was induced, there was a significant decrease in the levels of the GSH, CAT, and ENTPDase (p < 0.05) activities. In contrast, we found a noticeable rise in the MDA levels and ATPase activity. KAD-7 therapy resulted in lower levels of these activities overall (p < 0.05), as compared to the control levels. We found the compound to have a strong affinity for ATPase (-7.1 kcal/mol) and ENTPDase (-7.4 kcal/mol), and a better chemical reactivity than quercetin. It also met all drug-likeness parameters. Our study shows that KAD-7 can protect the liver from damage caused by FeSO4 by reducing oxidative stress and purinergic actions. Our studies indicate that KAD-7 could be developed as a therapeutic option since it can flexibly inhibit both ATPase and ENTPDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Rotdelmwa Filibis Maimako
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria; (R.F.M.); (T.C.E.); (M.I.)
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Natural Products and Structural (Bio-Chem)-Informatics Research Laboratory (NpsBC-RI), Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu 961105, Nigeria;
| | - Christopher Busayo Olowosoke
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Futa Road, Akure 340252, Nigeria;
- Department of Biotechnology, Chrisland University, Abeokuta 110118, Nigeria
| | | | | | - David Adeniyi
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji David
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Iyobhebhe
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria; (R.F.M.); (T.C.E.); (M.I.)
| | | | | | - Adebola Busola Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria;
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Abdullah R. Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
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Ojo OA, Agboola AO, Ogunro OB, Iyobhebhe M, Elebiyo TC, Rotimi DE, Ayeni JF, Ojo AB, Odugbemi AI, Egieyeh SA, Oluba OM. Beet leaf (beta vulgaris L.) extract attenuates iron-induced testicular toxicity: Experimental and computational approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17700. [PMID: 37483802 PMCID: PMC10359825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Beta vulgaris leaf extract (BVLE) on Fe2+-induced oxidative testicular damage via experimental and computational models. Oxidative testicular damage was induced via incubation of testicular tissue supernatant with 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37 °C. Treatment was achieved by incubating the testicular tissues with BVLE under the same conditions. The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K + ATPase), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F-1,6-BPase) were all measured in the tissues. We identified the bioactive compounds present using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were done on all identified compounds using a computational approach. The induction of testicular damage (p < 0.05) decreased the activities of GSH, SOD, CAT, and ENTPDase. In contrast, induction of testicular damage also resulted in a significant increase in MDA and NO levels and an increase in ATPase, G6Pase, and F-1,6-BPase activities. BVLE treatment (p < 0.05) reduced these levels and activities compared to control levels. An HPLC investigation revealed fifteen compounds in BVLE, with quercetin being the most abundant. The molecular docking and MDS analysis of the present study suggest that schaftoside may be an effective allosteric inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase based on the interacting residues and the subsequent effect on the dynamic loop conformation. These findings indicate that B. vulgaris can protect against Fe2+-induced testicular injury by suppressing oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase, and purinergic activities while regulating carbohydrate dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, 232101, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adeshina Isaiah Odugbemi
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, 232101, Nigeria
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Ayodele Egieyeh
- National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ojo AB, Gyebi GA, Alabi O, Iyobhebhe M, Kayode AB, Nwonuma CO, Ojo OA. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry mitigates iron-mediated oxidative brain injury via in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico approaches. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Study on South African Indigenous Teas-Antioxidant Potential, Nutritional Content, and Hypoxia-Induced Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on U87 MG Cell Line. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113505. [PMID: 35684442 PMCID: PMC9181930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study comparatively assessed seven indigenous traditional tea plants on several attributes that included antioxidant, nutritional, caffeine contents, and cyclooxygenase activity. Methodology: Nutritional content of all tea plants were determined for energy, fat, carbohydrates, total sugars, dietary fiber and amino acids. Antioxidant potential and the antioxidant potentiating secondary metabolites were also measured and compared. Further, we investigated the tea plants for any role they would have on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity on cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induced human glioma cell lines (U87MG). Results: The tea plants were found non-cytotoxic at concentrations tested against the human Chang liver and HeK 293 kidney cells and were found to be naturally caffeine free. The lowest and highest extraction yield among the tea plants was 7.1% for B. saligna and 15.48% for L. scaberrimma respectively. On average, the flavonol content was 12 to 8 QE/g, ORAC 800 µmol TE/g, TEAC 150 µmol TE/g, FRAP 155 µmol AAE/g, polyphenols 40 mg GAE/g, flavanols 0.35 mg CE/g, flavonols 12 mg QE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) 180 µg QE/mg. The COX activity has been found to be inhibited by a dose-dependent manner by L. scaberrimma, B. saligna and L. javanica. Conclusion: The results further support competitive value of tea plants and need for improved and further development.
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Msomi NZ, Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Olofinsan KA, Islam MS. Xylitol improves antioxidant, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and lipid metabolic homeostasis in hepatic injury in type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14040. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
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Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG, Salau VF, Oyedemi SO, Oyenihi OR, Ibeji CU, Islam MS. Cannabis sativa L. (var. indica) Exhibits Hepatoprotective Effects by Modulating Hepatic Lipid Profile and Mitigating Gluconeogenesis and Cholinergic Dysfunction in Oxidative Hepatic Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705402. [PMID: 34992528 PMCID: PMC8724532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a crop utilized globally for recreational, therapeutic, and religious purposes. Although considered as an illicit drug in most countries, C. sativa until recently started gaining attention for its medicinal application. This study sought to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of C. sativa on iron-mediated oxidative hepatic injury. Hepatic injury was induced ex vivo by incubating hepatic tissues with Fe2+, which led to depleted levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ENTPDase activities, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Induction of hepatic injury also caused significant elevation of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels while concomitantly elevating the activities of ATPase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, amylase, and lipase. Treatment with the hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and ethanol extracts of C. sativa leaves significantly (p < 0.05) reversed these levels and activities to almost near normal. However, there was no significant effect on the HDL-C level. The extracts also improved the utilization of glucose in Chang liver cells. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of phenolics in all extracts, with the ethanol extract having the highest constituents. Cannabidiol (CBD) was identified in all the extracts, while Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) was identified in the hexane and DCM extracts only. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between CBD and Δ-9-THC with the β2 adrenergic receptor of the adrenergic system. The results demonstrate the potential of C. sativa to protect against oxidative-mediated hepatic injury by stalling oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis, and hepatic lipid accumulation while modulating cholinergic and purinergic activities. These activities may be associated with the synergistic effect of the compounds identified and possible interactions with the adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L. Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G. Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F. Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sunday O. Oyedemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Omolola R. Oyenihi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Collins U. Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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Akuru EA, Chukwuma CI, Oyeagu CE, Erukainure OL, Mashile B, Setlhodi R, Mashele SS, Makhafola TJ, Unuofin JO, Abifarin TO, Mpendulo TC. Nutritional and phytochemical profile of pomegranate ("Wonderful variety") peel and its effects on hepatic oxidative stress and metabolic alterations. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13913. [PMID: 34453451 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peel of pomegranate fruit contains antioxidant phytochemicals that may potentiate health benefits but remain under-explored. We evaluated the antioxidant, nutritional and phytochemical profiles of the peel of the "Wonderful" variety pomegranate and its influence on oxidative metabolic alterations in hepatic tissue. The peel contained appreciable amounts of some beneficial trace minerals and both essential and non-essential amino acids. Mostly Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids were found. The peel extracts exhibited in vitro radical scavenging and Fe3+ reducing antioxidant activities and dose-dependently prevented oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation increase and GSH depletion in both Chang liver cells (IC50 = 18.0 ± 1.46 and 11.2 ± 0.99 µg/mL, respectively) and isolated rat liver (IC50 = 96.7 ± 3.34 and 19.4 ± 3.36 µg/mL, respectively). The antioxidant effects were comparable to that of ascorbic and correlated with their phenolic profile. HPLC analysis further identified antioxidant phenolic acids (gallic acid, syringic acid ferulic acid p-coumaric acid or trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, etc.). The peel did not cause notable cytotoxicity in liver and kidney cells, which suggest minimal safety concerns. Metabolomics analysis revealed alterations in fatty acid, amino acids, and nucleic acid metabolisms following the induction of oxidative stress. These alterations were improved in the acetone extract-treated tissues, with concomitant activation of vitamin and selonocompound metabolisms. Data suggest that the fruit peel of "Wonderful" pomegranate may be an underutilized source of functional nutrients and antioxidants phenolic acids for optimum body function and mitigation hepatic oxidative damage and metabolic alterations as well as associated diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Although underutilized, documented evidence have shown that the wastes, like peels from fruits contain more phytochemicals than the edible pulp, making them potential sources of bioactive principles. In this study we exposed the nutritional, phytochemical and oxidative stress-related medicinal benefits of the peel of "Wonderful" pomegranate variety. The peel could ameliorate oxidative hepatic metabolic alterations. The peel of this fruit could be a source of beneficial micro and macro nutrients, as well as bioactive phenolics to improve oxidative health and mitigate oxidative hepatic damage and associated disease states. Medicinally utilizing the fruit's peel could reduce underutilized fruit wastes, increase the value of the fruit and benefit the bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Akuru
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chika E Oyeagu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Boitumelo Mashile
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Reaotshepa Setlhodi
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Samson S Mashele
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Tshepiso J Makhafola
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jeremiah O Unuofin
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Taiwo O Abifarin
- Center for Medicinal Plants and Economic Development, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Thando C Mpendulo
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Erukainure OL, Msomi NZ, Beseni BK, Salau VF, Ijomone OM, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Cola nitida infusion modulates cardiometabolic activities linked to cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112335. [PMID: 34129900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of Cola nitida seeds on diabetic cardiomyopathy in hearts of diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats were treated with C. nitida infusion at 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (bw). The rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks of treatment, and their hearts harvested. There was an upsurge in oxidative stress on induction of T2D as depicted by the depleted levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and elevated malondialdehyde level. The activities of acetylcholinesterase, and ATPase were significantly elevated, with suppressed ENTPDase and 5'nucleotodase activities in hearts of T2D rats depicting cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions. Induction of T2D further led to elevated activity of ACE and altered myocardial morphology. Treatment with C. nitida infusion led to reversal of these biomarkers' activities and levels, while maintaining an intact morphology. The infusion caused decreased lipase activity and depletion of diabetes-generated cardiac lipid metabolites, while concomitantly generating saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, fatty esters and alcohols. There was also an inactivation of plasmalogen synthesis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids pathways in T2D rats treated with C. nitida infusion. These results indicate the therapeutic effect of C. nitida infusion against diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Nontokozo Z Msomi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Brian K Beseni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Erukainure OL, Chukwuma CI, Matsabisa MG, Javu MT, Salau VF, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Turbina oblongata Protects Against Oxidative Cardiotoxicity by Suppressing Lipid Dysmetabolism and Modulating Cardiometabolic Activities Linked to Cardiac Dysfunctions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:610835. [PMID: 34093172 PMCID: PMC8174711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.610835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity leading to cardiovascular dysfunction and ultimately cardiac failure remains a major global health issue irrespective of race, age and country. Several factors including lipotoxicity, oxidative imbalance, exacerbated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and altered bioenergetics have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Turbina oblongata (E. Mey. ex Choisy) A. Meeuse is among the medicinal plants commonly used traditionally in the treatment and management of various ailments including cardiovascular dysfunctions in South Africa. In the present study, T. oblongata was investigated for its cardioprotective mechanism on oxidative-mediated cardiotoxicity by determining its effect on redox imbalance, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and ACE activity as well as lipid dysmetabolism and pathways in iron-induced oxidative cardiac injury. Oxidative injury was induced ex vivo in freshly isolated heart by incubating with 0.1 mM FeSO4. Treatment was done by co-incubating with T. oblongata extract or gallic acid which served as the standard antioxidant. Induction of oxidative cardiac injury led to significant depleted levels of glutathione, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, superoxide, catalase and ENTPDase activities, with concomitant elevated levels of malondialdehyde, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ACE, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase and lipase activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed following treatment with T. oblongata. Induction of oxidative injury also caused alterations in lipid metabolites, with concomitant activation of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, plasmalogen synthesis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids pathways. Some of the altered metabolites were restored following treatment with T. oblongata, with concomitant inactivation of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acid pathway. These results indicate the cardioprotective effect of T. oblongata against oxidative-mediated cardiotoxicity. This is evidenced by its ability to mitigate lipotoxicity and modulate dysregulated cardiometabolic activities as portrayed by its antioxidative activity and suppressive effects on ACE, acetylcholinesterase and lipase activities, while modulating cardiac lipid dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Center for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mirranda T Javu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Kolaviron: A Biflavonoid with Numerous Health Benefits. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:490-504. [PMID: 33185157 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113094303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing interests on the healing properties of medicinal plants have led to a paradigm shift from the use of synthetic drug to the search of natural medicines for the treatment and management of several diseases. Like other phenolics flavonoids have been continuously explored for their medicinal benefits, with their potent antioxidant activity being a major interest. Kolaviron (KVN) is a biflavonoid isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel, which has been reported for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties have been explored in several disease models including reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, diabetes mellitus, gastrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed to review the reported medicinal properties of KVN in order to provide some guidelines and direction to researchers on KVN research. METHODS A literature search was conducted with the aim of identifying peer-reviewed published data on KVN and their biological activities. Different academic and/or scientific search engines were utilized including but not limited to Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and so on. RESULTS Among all the studied disease models obtained from the literatures, the effect of KVN on reproductive toxicity was the most studied as it represented 25% of all the studies, followed by neuroprotective, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities of Kolaviron. From our identified studies, KVN has been shown to have antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hematoprotective, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective activities. KVN also has effects on malaria and reproductive health, which can be explored for novel drug and nutraceutical developments for related ailments. Unfortunately, while toxicity data are lacking, most studies are limited to in vitro and/or in vivo models, which may impede translation in this area of research. CONCLUSION Based on data gathered from the literature search, it is evident that KVN possesses numerous health benefits, which can be attributed to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, more studies are required in this area of research to validate the medicinal value of kolaviron, which may positively influence the economic value of plant, Garcinia kola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Center on Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG, Salau VF, Islam MS. Tetrahydrocannabinol-Rich Extracts From Cannabis Sativa L. Improve Glucose Consumption and Modulate Metabolic Complications Linked to Neurodegenerative Diseases in Isolated Rat Brains. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592981. [PMID: 33390972 PMCID: PMC7774498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced brain glucose consumption arising from impaired glucose uptake and utilization has been linked to the pathogenesis and complications of neurodegenerative diseases. The ability of Cannabis sativa L. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich extracts to stimulate brain glucose uptake and utilization as well as its modulatory effect on gluconeogenesis, antioxidative, purinergic and cholinergic activities were investigated in isolated rats’ brains. C. sativa leaves were sequentially extracted to yield the hexane and dichloromethane extracts. The extracts were incubated at 37°C with freshly harvested brains in the presence of glucose for 2 h. The control consisted of incubation without the extracts, while brains without the extracts and glucose served as the normal control. Metformin was used as the standard drug. C. sativa extracts caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in brain glucose uptake, with concomitant elevation of glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activities compared to the controls. Incubation with C. sativa extracts also led to depletion in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activities. GC-MS analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of THC. In silico analysis predicted THC to be permeable across the blood-brain-barrier. THC was also predicted to have an oral LD50 and toxicity class values of 482 mg/kg and 4 respectively. These results indicate that C. sativa improves glucose consumption with concomitant suppression of oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction, and modulation of purinergic and gluconeogenic activities in brain tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Alabi OO, Ebuehi OAT, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Casein micelles from bovine Milk exerts Neuroprotection by stalling metabolic complications linked to oxidative brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1417-1428. [PMID: 32990928 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caseins are the most abundant milk proteins in mammalian species and are assembled in supra-macromolecular structures called micelles. In this study, the microstructural properties, particle size, and elemental composition of isolated casein from bovine milk and its therapeutic effect on oxidative and cholinergic activities linked to dementia in oxidative brain injury were investigated. SEM analysis of the isolated casein micelles from skimmed fresh bovine milk revealed spherical colloid aggregates, while TEM analysis revealed dispersed spherical particles with a mean size of 63.15 ± 4.77 nm. SEM-EDX analysis revealed clusters of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, copper, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and selenium. Treatment of oxidative brain injury with the isolated casein micelles led to elevated levels of GSH, SOD, catalase, ENTPDase, 5'NTPase activities, while concomitantly suppressing MDA, cholesterol, HDL-c levels, acetylcholinesterase and lipase activities. Treatment with the isolated casein micelles led to complete depletion of oxidative generated lipid metabolites, while deactivating oxidative-activated lipid metabolic pathways. These results indicate the microstructural properties, particle size, elemental composition, and antioxidant neuroprotective effect of casein micelles from bovine milk. Thus, demonstrating the nutraceutical properties of milk in the management of oxidative induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Opeyemi O Alabi
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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15
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Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Oyenihi AB, Mshicileli N, Islam MS. Strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Romina) extenuates iron-induced cardiac oxidative injury via effects on redox balance, angiotensin-converting enzyme, purinergic activities, and metabolic pathways. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13315. [PMID: 32510661 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential cardioprotective properties of strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa) (SF) were investigated in cardiac tissues ex vivo. Oxidative injury was induced by incubating freshly harvested cardiac tissue homogenates from healthy Sprague Dawley male rats with 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37°C. The induction of oxidative injury resulted in depleted levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, E-NTPDase activities, and HDL-c, while elevating the levels of malondialdehyde, angiotensin-converting enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, lipase activities, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-c. Co-incubation with SF significantly reversed these levels and activities with concomitant depletion of oxidative-induced metabolites and reactivation of oxidative-inactivated pathways, while limiting beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of medium-chain saturated fatty acids pathways. These data portray the potential cardioprotective effects of strawberry fruits against oxidative-induced cardiopathy via the attenuation of oxidative stress, inhibition of ACE and acetylcholinesterase activities, and modulation of lipid dysmetabolism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fruits and other fruit-based products have been enjoying wide acceptability among consumers due to their immense medicinal benefits particularly, on cardiovascular health. Strawberries are among the common fruits in the world. Over the years, cardiovascular diseases have been known to contribute greatly to global mortality irrespective of age. This study reports the potentials of strawberry fruits to protect against oxidative mediated cardiovascular dysfunctions. Thus, the fruits can be utilized as a cheap alternative for the development of nutraceuticals for maintaining cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji B Oyenihi
- Functional Foods Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ndumiso Mshicileli
- AgriFood Technology Station, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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