Aucklandia costus (Syn. Saussurea costus): Ethnopharmacology of an endangered medicinal plant of the himalayan region

Method development and validation for the extraction and quantification of sesquiterpene lactones in Dolomiaea costus

Dolomiaea costus, commonly known as Indian costus, is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family. The root and powder of costus have been widely used to treat various health conditions. The primary bioactive compounds in this plant are sesquiterpene lactones, particularly costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone. This study aimed to establish a rapid, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective method for the high-throughput extraction and quantification of sesquiterpene lactones in Indian costus. Ultrasonic bath (UB) and UPLC/MS-MS were employed to extract and analyse 49 Indian costus samples. Aqueous ethanol was identified as the most effective solvent system for extracting and analysing sesquiterpene lactones. The extraction efficiency of the ultrasonic bath was comparable to that of the ultrasonic homogeniser while shaking showed the lowest efficiency. The environmentally friendly UPLC/MS-MS analysis revealed mean concentrations (±SD; μg/100 μg) of 1.00 (±0.39) for costunolide and 0.70 (±0.25) for dehydrocostus lactone. An inverse correlation was observed between sesquiterpene lactone content and sample colour. Most samples contained costunolide levels above the minimum limit (0.6 %) specified by the Chinese monograph, but only a few met the 1.8 % threshold for total sesquiterpene lactones. Given the importance of bioactive sesquiterpene lactones for medicinal efficacy, insufficient levels may result in diminished therapeutic value. Therefore, standardising Indian costus products is crucial to ensure quality and appropriate dosing. This study contributes to the standardisation of Indian costus, a vital step towards ensuring the efficacy and safety of herbal products.

Medicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Paddar region of Jammu and Kashmir, India

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The present study is the first quantitative assessment of ethno-medicinal plants of Paddar region of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to document the relative importance of medicinal plants used in human ailments by the villagers in the Paddar region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data were collected from 132 informants (72 male and 60 female) through semi structured interviews and group discussions. Use report (UR) and Informant consensus factor (ICF) were employed to quantitatively examine the data.

RESULTS

The inhabitants of Paddar reported the use of 98 plants species of 55 families to treat 63 ailments. Rosaceae (10 spp.) was the most frequently used family in the study area. Herbs were dominantly (66 spp., 50%) utilized in herbal preparation and leaves the mostly used plant parts (25%). The highest informant consensus factor (ICF = 0.96) was obtained for parasitic problems. Important new uses for species stated by informants to treat human diseases were; Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC., Sium latijugum C.B.Clarke, Corylus jacquemontii Decne., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Cannabis sativa L., Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund, Euphorbia helioscopia L., Juglans regia L., Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl., Ficus palmata Forssk., Plantago lanceolata L., and Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study contributes towards the preservation of indigenous plants' based knowledge. Although the therapeutic value of most of the preferred medicinal plants has already been validated, some medicinal plants lack proper scientific validation. We recommend further phytochemical investigations and pharmacological validations of Viburnum grandiflorum, C. jacquemontii, F. palmata, Viola pilosa, Cotoneaster acuminatus, Eleucine coracana, Sium latijugum, Aquilegia pubiflora, Euphorbia helioscopia, Plantago lanceolata and Pinus gerardiana.

Lappanolides A-N, fourteen undescribed sesquiterpenoids from Saussurea costus (Syn. Saussurea lappa) and their anti HBV activity

Lappanolides A-N (1-14), 14 undescribed sesquiterpenoids, along with 23 known ones (15-37), were isolated from the roots of Saussurea costus, which were primarily categorized into eudesmane, guaiane, and germacrane types. Lappanolide A (1) possessed an unprecedented pseudo-disesquiterpenoids. Their structures and absolute configurations were established using physical data analyses (HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) and ECD calculations. All isolated compounds were tested for anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity. Ten compounds (1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 22, 28, 29, 31, and 36) exhibited activities against HBsAg secretions as determined by ELISA assay, with IC50 values ranging from 5.2 to 45.7 μM. In particular, compounds 28 and 29 showed inhibition of HBsAg secretion with IC50 values of 5.28 and 5.30 μM, and CC50 values of 9.85 and 6.37 μM, respectively, though they all exhibited low selectivity. Several compounds displayed cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. Among them, compound 28 was the most notable and was chosen for further study using flow cytometry. The result showed that it significantly induced HepG2 cell arrest in the S phase and induced apoptosis.

Current and potential future biological uses of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch: A comprehensive review

Background

Saussurea costus (S. costus) is a critically endangered medicinal plant that has been extensively studied for its chemical composition, significance, and therapeutic potential as traditional phytomedicine. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough understanding of S. costus, including its biological activities, chemical makeup, and potential therapeutic uses in biotechnology.

Objectives

This study investigated the pharmacological properties of S. costus, including its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal properties, and its usefulness in treating conditions such as thyroid disorders and liver injury. This study also aimed to assess and improve the techniques used to extract bioactive compounds and to develop effective methods for harvesting these compounds from medicinal plants.

Methods

This review analyzed the available literature on the phytochemical makeup and bioactivity of S. costus extract using techniques such as molecular docking against SARS-CoV-2 protease, green extraction methods, and phytochemical analysis.

Results

This review revealed that S. costus possesses various pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. It is effective in combating fungal infections, reducing inflammation, treating cancer, and inhibiting viral replication, and has the potential to control Candida species. Moreover, S. costus has been explored for its capacity to synthesize nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties and for its potential in treating thyroid disorders and liver injury.

Recommendations

Despite promising results, additional research is necessary to fully comprehend the benefits of S. costus and validate its effectiveness in clinical settings. Future research should focus on standardized methodologies and rigorous clinical trials to confirm the safety and effectiveness of S. costus in various medical fields as well as further investigate its biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.

Development of new dehydrocostuslactone derivatives for treatment of atopic dermatitis via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a recurrent inflammatory systemic skin disease, is difficult to cure. In the present study, several ethylenediamine-derived dehydrocostuslactone (DHCL) derivatives were prepared to assess their in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. The results indicated that DHCL derivatives inhibited NO generation with low cytotoxicity. In particular, compound 5d exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequent experiments revealed that 5d not only inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells via the MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition but also significantly decreased Th2-type cytokine levels and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway activation in mice with MC903-induced AD. Therefore, DHCL derivatives may be considered as new agents for the treatment of AD.

Structural elucidation and anti-psoriasis activity of a novel polysaccharide from Saussurea Costus

PSCP, a novel water-soluble polysaccharide, was extracted from the root of Saussurea costus and subsequently purified using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadax G-50 columns. The elucidation of its structure involved various techniques including HPGPC, FT-IR, HPLC-ELSD, GC-MS, NMR, AFM, and SEM. The results show that PSCP was a homogeneous heteropoly saccharide having molecular weight of 4131 Da and mainly composed of 1-α-D-Glcp-(-2-β-D-Fruf-1-)23-2-β-D-Fruf. The anti-psoriasis activity of PSCP was evaluated in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in Balb/C mice. This study revealed that treatment with PSCP resulted in a significant improvement in the pathological morphology of the skin and a reduction in the PASI score. Analysis of liver RNA-Seq data indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway may play a crucial role in the ability of PSCP to ameliorate psoriasis. PSCP was found to effectively inhibit the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, as well as down-regulate the expression of the transcription factor AP-1 (c-fos and c-jun) in the nucleus, thereby reducing the expression of inflammatory factors. These findings suggest that PSCP holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of psoriasis.

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, phytochemicals, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., commonly known as costus, is a perennial herb that has been traditionally used in various indigenous medicinal systems across Asia. Its historical prominence in traditional remedies underscores the need to explore its phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and potential therapeutic benefits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature on the pharmacological properties, phytochemical constituents, ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic potential of S. costus. An exhaustive search was performed across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, and Science Direct. Both experimental and clinical studies, as well as traditional ethnobotanical records, were considered for inclusion. The phytochemical analysis revealed that S. costus contains a plethora of bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils, which are responsible for its myriad of medicinal properties. The pharmacological studies have demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects, among others. Ethnobotanical data showcased its extensive use in treating ailments like asthma, digestive disorders, and skin conditions. Some clinical trials also underscore its efficacy in certain health conditions, corroborating its traditional uses. S. costus possesses significant therapeutic potential, largely attributable to its rich phytochemical composition; the convergence of its traditional uses and modern pharmacological findings suggests promising avenues for future research, especially in drug development and understanding its mechanism of action in various ailments.

Ethnopharmacologically important highly subsidized Indian medicinal plants: Systematic review on their traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, conservation status and future prospective

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

India has an extensive reservoir of traditional wisdom and a diverse range of medicinal plants that enrich its heritage. Plants have actively been used for healthcare practices globally since the time immemorial. Medicinal uses of plants have been well recognized in India, evident from plant species documented in different traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda (1400-1800 species), Siddha (500-900 species), Unani (400-700 species), Homeopathy (about 372 species), and Sowa-Rigpa (about 250 species), etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary purpose of this review is to provide systematic updated information on thirteen medicinal plants prioritized by the Indian government (providing75 % subsidy on cultivation cost) based on the availability and market demand of these plants. Updated information regarding the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and conservation status of these plants will help in understanding their pharmacological and commercial importance. This will also help in developing new strategies for their conservation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Online databases such as SciFinder, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar were used to collect the electronically available literature on targeted thirteen plants. Also, different Indian government official websites such as AYUSH (https://www.ayush.gov.in); NMPB (National Medicinal Plants Board) (https://nmpb.nic.in); e.charak (https://echarak.in) were used for collecting information related to the amount of subsidy, trade and price related information of these plants.

RESULTS

To promote medicinal plant cultivation, the Indian government provides subsidies for cultivating some traditionally important medicinal plants. These plants are divided into three categories according to the subsidy provided to farmers, i.e., 30%, 50%, and 75% of the cost of cultivation. Thirteen medicinal plants which are provided 75% subsidy are Aconitum ferox Wall., Aconitum heterophyllum Wall., Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., Berberis aristata DC., Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f., Santalum Album L., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., and Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. The literature survey reveals the enormous traditional medicinal importance, wide geographical distribution, diverse range of natural products, and broad spectrum of pharmacological activities of these plants.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature survey revealed that although remarkable progress has been made in isolation, bioactivity evaluation, quality assessment, and conservation, there is still a lot of scope for further scientific interventions. Scientific validation of traditionally claimed medicinal potential is lacking for various bioactivities. Some of the bioactivities are performed just on extracts/fractions, so there is a need for proper phytochemical studies to identify active constituents responsible for the specific bioactivity. Further, quality assessment methods using both targeted and non-targeted tools are required to evaluate the quality of these highly-priced medicinal plants and their adulterants. Ultimately, to encourage the cultivation of these endangered medicinal plant species, it is imperative to implement proper legislation and employ in-situ and ex-situ conservation tools.

Modulation of mammary tumour progression using murine model by ethanol root extract of Saussurea costus (falc.) lipsch

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Breast cancer is a major cause of death among human females across the globe. The anti-neoplastic agents or therapies used for the treatment of cancers can enhance longevity but are subsequently observed to deteriorate the quality of life due to the extensive side effects produced. Saussurea costus is a potential medicinal plant of the Himalayas with noticeable ethnopharmacological properties. The phytochemicals present in Saussurea costus are responsible for anti-carcinogenic potential and warranted nil or minimal side effects of Saussurea costus and directed to use this plant as a preventive or therapeutic drug candidate against cancers.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was planned to evaluate the anti-neoplastic activity of Saussurea costus root extract (SL) in rat mammary tumour model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-neoplastic activity of SL root extract at 3 different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg BW) for 18 weeks against 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumours in Sprague Dawley (SD) female rats was analyzed through serum biochemistry (ALT, AST, ALP, Total protein, Creatinine and BUN), oxidative stress parameters (Lipid peroxidation, Catalase and Reduced glutathione), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and NF-κB), immunohistochemical markers (Ki-67, MMP-9 and VEGF), real-time PCR (PCNA, p53, bax, bcl-2 and caspase-3, genes) and molecular docking.

RESULTS

Inhibition of tumour parameters, minimal alteration in the liver (ALT, AST and ALP) and kidney enzymes (Creatinine and BUN), decreased activity of MDA, elevated levels of GSH and catalase, reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. TNF-α and NF-κB, reduced gross and histomorphological changes, declined expression of Ki-67, MMP-9 and VEGF in vivo rat model, mRNA expression of cancer-related genes and docking of dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide with NF-κB and TNF-α demonstrated the chemopreventive action of SL root extract.

CONCLUSIONS

The in-vivo trial elucidates anti-neoplastic activity of Saussurea costus root extract as demonstrated through the reduction of biochemical indices, oxidative stress parameters, histological changes, pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB and TNF-α), cellular proliferation (Ki-67), metastases (MMP-9) and neovascularization (VEGF) markers with highest anti-neoplastic effect of SL extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Therefore, the present study signifies the need to use the active principles present in the root extract of Saussurea costus against breast cancer as a therapeutic regimen.

Alantolactone Induced Apoptosis and DNA Damage of Cervical Cancer through ATM/CHK2 Signaling Pathway

Traditional Chinese Medicine, known for its minimal side effects and significant clinical efficacy, has attracted considerable interest for its potential in cancer therapy. In particular, Inula helenium L. has demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting a variety of cancers. This study focuses on alantolactone (ALT), a prominent compound from Inula helenium L., recognized for its anti-cancer capabilities across multiple cancer types. The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of ALT on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and tumor growth of cervical cancer (CC) cells, along with its associated signaling pathways. To determine protein expression alterations, Western blot analysis was conducted. Furthermore, an in vivo model was created by subcutaneously injecting HeLa cells into nude mice to assess the impact of ALT on cervical cancer. Our research thoroughly investigates the anti-tumor potential of ALT in the context of CC. ALT was found to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in SiHa and HeLa cell lines, particularly targeting ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) proteins associated with DNA damage. The suppression of DNA damage and apoptosis induction when ATM was inhibited underscores the crucial role of the ATM/cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) axis in ALT's anti-tumor effects. In vivo studies with a xenograft mouse model further validated ALT's effectiveness in reducing CC tumor growth and promoting apoptosis. This study offers new insights into how ALT combats CC, highlighting its promise as an effective anti-cervical cancer agent and providing hope for improved treatment outcomes for CC patients.

Dolomiaea costus: an untapped mine of sesquiterpene lactones with wide magnificent biological activities

Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K. Pandey Family Asteraceae, formerly known as Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch contains a rich treasury of diverse bioactive compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, cardenolides, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans, phenylpropanoids and alkaloids. The sesquiterpene lactones, costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone in D. costus, possess unique promising in vitro and in vivo biological activities for the prevention and cure of diverse ailments like Parkinson's disease, oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation, ulcerative colitis, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, allergy, type 2 diabetes, hepatotoxicity, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, thrombosis and various microbial infections. Costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone are potential drug candidates that could lead to the development of new medications for a variety of difficult-to-treat diseases.

Sesquiterpenoids from the roots of Aucklandia costus and their anti-inflammatory activities

Five undescribed sesquiterpenoid dimers, aucklandiolides A-E (1-5), one new sesquiterpenoid glycoside, β-cyclocostunolide-15-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and seventeen known analogues (7-23) were isolated from the roots of Aucklandia costus. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data analysis, and their configurations were confirmed by the computational calculations of ECD and NMR chemical shifts. Aucklandiolides A and B are the first examples of dimeric sesquiterpenoids with a unique 6/6/6/5/6/6 ring system originated from a proposed Diels-Alder cycloaddition between two eudesmane sesquiterpenoids. Besides, compounds 9-11, 20, and 22 showed significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 20 μM.

Investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of Saussurea costus root extracts

Infectious diseases are a serious danger to public health, and plants may be a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil, hexane-chloroform, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Saussurea costus (S. costus) root were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. For this evaluation, disc diffusion and micro- dilution susceptibility assays were performed. Chemical analysis was also performed to determine phytochemical constituents of the extracts. Our results showed that the essential oil and methanolic extract of S. costus root exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by hexane-chloroform extract, with aqueous extract showing the lowest activity. The highest activity with the lowest MIC value was recorded as 3.12 μl/ml for the essential oil (against S. epidermidis and C. albicans), 3.12 mg/ml for the methanolic extract (against S. aureus), and 6.25 mg/ml for both hexane-chloroform and aqueous extracts (against S. aureus). In general, the tested extracts had moderate to good antimicrobial activity against the tested gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans. S. costus root can be considered as a potential natural source of antimicrobial agents to fight pathogen microorganisms.

Targeted isolation of sesquiterpene lactone dimers from Aucklandia lappa guided by LC-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking

An LC-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking strategy was applied to investigate the potential sesquiterpene dimers of Aucklandia lappa, leading to the isolation of three undescribed guaiane-guaiane dimers and one guaiane-eudesmane dimer together with six known sesquiterpenes. The structures were determined by analyzing their 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS data as well as ECD calculations. The biogenetic pathway of the sesquiterpene dimers was postulated to involve the Diels-Alder cycloaddition as the key step. All compounds exhibited their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.3 to 25.1 μM.

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

Medicinal herbs have long been utilized to treat various diseases or to relieve the symptoms of some ailments for extended periods. The present investigation demonstrates the phytochemical profile, molecular docking, anti-Candida activity, and anti-viral activity of the Saussurea costus acetic acid extract. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 69 chemical compounds. The chemical compounds were alkaloids (4%), terpenoids (79%), phenolic compounds (4%), hydrocarbons (7%), and sterols (6%). Molecular docking was used to study the inhibitory activity of 69 identified compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In total, 12 out of 69 compounds were found to have active properties exhibiting SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. The binding scores of these molecules were significantly low, ranging from -7.8 to -5.6 kcal/mol. The interaction of oxatricyclo [20.8.0.0(7,16)] triaconta-1(22),7(16),9,13,23,29-hexaene with the active site is more efficient. Furthermore, the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (in vitro) against Candida albicans, which was the most susceptible microorganism, followed by Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. On the other hand, its antiviral activity was evaluated against HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, and the results showed a significant positive influence against HSV-1 (EC₅₀ = 82.6 g/mL; CC₅₀ = 162.9 g/mL; selectivity index = 1.9). In spite of this, no impact could be observed in terms of inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Mechanisms of pancreatic tumor suppression mediated by Xiang-lian pill: An integrated in silico exploration and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xiang-lian pill, consisting of Coptis chinensis Franch. coprocessed with Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley (Yu-huang-lian) and Aucklandia lappa DC. (Mu-xiang), is traditionally used to relieve fever, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal inflammatory symptoms observed in patients with malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Each of the three herbs contained in Xiang-lian pill has been indicated to have anticancer effects on a variety of cancers, but its effects on pancreatic cancer remain unexplored. The main extracts of these herbs have anti-pancreatic cancer effects, but the comprehensive mechanism of this compound prescription of Xiang-lian pill in pancreatic cancer remains to be revealed.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the main active ingredients, potential anti-pancreatic cancer targets, and related mechanisms of the Xiang-lian pill and to determine its therapeutic value in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis were applied to screen the potential effective ingredients and key targets. Liquid/gas-mass spectrometry was performed for ingredients validation. Molecular docking and the cellular thermal shift assay were performed to test the binding efficiency between ingredients and targets. A murine pancreatic cancer model was established and administered different doses of the Xiang-lian pill. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for histopathological observation. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were conducted for target validation. In vitro studies (cell viability and clonogenicity assays) were conducted to investigate the impact of three main ingredients in Xiang-lian pill on pancreatic cancer cells. PTGS2 overexpression was performed to reversely confirm the antitumor mechanisms of rutaecarpine as a specific PTGS2 inhibitor.

RESULTS

Xiang-lian pill suppressed pancreatic cancer growth in the dose range of 0.78-2.34g/kg with no significant toxicity. Sixteen potentially active ingredients and 26 corresponding therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer were identified. PTGS2, PTGS1, KCNH2, PRSS1, and HSP90AA1 were the top 5 significant genes targeted by the Xiang-lian pill. Evodiamine, rutaecarpine and stigmasterol bound to PTGS2 and PTGS1 with different affinities and inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. The PTGS2-associated metabolic pathway MEK/ERK was downregulated by rutaecarpine in vitro and the Xiang-lian pill in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Xiang-lian pill mainly regulates inflammation, apoptosis, metastasis, and metabolism to exert an antitumor effect. The main active ingredients in Xiang-lian pill exhibit antitumor roles through directly binding to key targets in pancreatic cancer. PTGS2 mediated MEK/ERK inhibition by rutaecarpine represents a key therapeutic mechanism of Xiang-lian pill.

The ethnomedicinal evidences pertaining to traditional medicinal herbs used in the treatment of respiratory illnesses and disorders in Saudi Arabia: A review

Due to their prevalence, respiratory diseases have attained great attention from the historical time. Furthermore, it has been explored in a new dimension due to recent viral outbreaks such as COVID-19. Even though modern medicine treats the majority of respiratory ailments, it is reported that the majority of people (≥80 %) who suffer from respiratory disorders do not take medication for their conditions, and a considerable number of people still believe in and use herbal medicines. Herbal therapies have been utilized all over the world for thousands of years. Traditional herbal treatment has long been seen as a valuable practice in Saudi Arabia, long before modern medicine. Due to its location in the desert and humid climate, Saudi Arabia suffers from a high rate of respiratory illnesses caused by dust, pollens, and viruses. Several published literature have employed different plants and plant products for respiratory problems, but there has yet to be a single, complete study centered on Saudi Arabia. In this review, 41 plants were identified, which has complete details regarding their usage in traditional practice for respiratory disorders. A thorough investigation was conducted and the results were detailed.

Phytochemical Discrimination, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking of Water-Soluble Inhibitors from Saussurea costus Herb against Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world and is believed to have originated more than 10,000 years ago and is prevalent across ancient Tamil land. It is undeniable that inhibitor preferences rise with increasing solubility in water due to the considerations pertaining to the bioavailability and the ease of which unabsorbed residues can be disposed of. In this study, we showed the phytochemical discrimination of Saussurea costus extracted with water at room temperature as a green extraction procedure. A total of 48 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fatty acids had a high phytochemical abundance at 73.8%, followed by tannins at 8.2%, carbohydrates at 6.9%, terpenoids at 4.3%, carboxylic acids at 2.5%, hydrocarbons at 2.4%, phenolic compounds at 0.2%, and sterols at 1.5%. Of these compounds, 22 were docked on the active side and on the catalytic dyad of His41 and Cys145 of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (M^pro). Eight active inhibitors were carbohydrates, five were fatty acids, three were terpenoids, two were carboxylic acids, one was a tannin, one was a phenolic compound, and one was a sterol. The best inhibitors were 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol, 1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethyl), Andrographolide, and delta.4-Androstene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol, with a binding affinity that ranged from −6.1 kcal/mol to −6.5 kcal/mol. The inhibitory effect of Saussurea costus of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell was studied using a pseudovirus with Spike proteins from the D614G variant and the VOC variants Gamma and Delta. Based on the viral cycle of SARS-CoV-2, our results suggest that the Saussurea costus aqueous extract has no virucidal effect and inhibits the virus in the events after cell entry. Furthermore, the biological activity of the aqueous extract was investigated against HSV-1 virus and two bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA 1026 and Escherichia coli ATCC 9637. According to this study, an enormous number of water-soluble inhibitors were identified from Saussurea costus against the M^pro, and this is unprecedented as far as we know.

Dehydrocostus Lactone Suppresses Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Targeting the IKKα/β-NF-κB and Keap1-Nrf2 Signalling Pathways

Dehydrocostus lactone (DCL) is a major sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Aucklandia lappa Decne, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of DCL on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis with a focus on identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in DCL-mediated anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. First, oral administration of DCL (5–15 mg/kg) not only ameliorated symptoms of colitis and colonic barrier injury, but also inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase in colon tissues in DSS-challenged mice. Furthermore, DCL also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Importantly, DCL significantly suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and subsequent NF-κB nuclear translocation, and enhanced the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in LPS/IFNγ-treated RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, DCL could directly interact with IKKα/β and Keap1, thereby leading to the inhibition of NF-κB signalling and the activation of Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, DCL-mediated actions were abolished by dithiothreitol, suggesting a thiol-mediated covalent linkage between DCL and IKKα/β or Keap1. These findings demonstrated that DCL ameliorates colitis by targeting NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling, suggesting that DCL may be a promising candidate in the clinical treatment of colitis.

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species

The isolation and assessment of the active constituents in polar and non-polar crude extracts of Saussurea costus roots as antifungal agents, against Candida albicans and non-C. albicans (NAC) species, was the aim of this current investigation. The SEM “Scanning electron microscopy” imaging provided potential action modes of n-hexane extract (nhhE) toward Candida spp., whereas the TLC-DB “Thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography” was employed for detecting the anticandidal compounds. nhhE had the greatest biocidal activity against all strains and clinical isolates of Candida spp. with maximum zones of inhibition. SEM revealed the occurrence of irregular, dense inclusions of C. albicans cell walls after treatment with nhhE for 12 h. Complete morphological distortions with lysed membranes and deterioration signs appeared in most treated cells of C. parapsilosis. The most effectual compound with anticandidal activity was isolated using TLC-BD and identified as sesquiterpene by GC/MS analysis. The infra-red analysis revealed the presence of lactone ring stretching vibrations at 1766.72 cm−1. The anticandidal activity of nhhE of S. costus roots was confirmed from the results, and the treated cotton fabrics with nhhE of S. costus possessed observable activity against C. albicans. Data could recommend the practical usage of S. costus extracts, particularly nhhE, as influential natural bioactive sources for combating pathogenic Candida spp.

Alantolactone: A Natural Plant Extract as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Cancer

Alantolactone (ALT) is a natural compound extracted from Chinese traditional medicine Inula helenium L. with therapeutic potential in the treatment of various diseases. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated cytotoxic effects of ALT on various cancers, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, etc. The inhibitory effects of ALT depend on several cancer-associated signaling pathways and abnormal regulatory factors in cancer cells. Moreover, emerging studies have reported several promising strategies to enhance the oral bioavailability of ALT, such as combining ALT with other herbs and using ALT-entrapped nanostructured carriers. In this review, studies on the anti-tumor roles of ALT are mainly summarized, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of ALT exerting anticancer effects on cells investigated in animal-based studies are also discussed.

Costunolide-Induced Apoptosis via Promoting the Reactive Oxygen Species and Inhibiting AKT/GSK3β Pathway and Activating Autophagy in Gastric Cancer

Objective: Costunolide (Cos) is a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from chicory. Although it possesses anti-tumor effects, the underlying molecular mechanism against gastric cancer cells remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect and potential mechanism of Cos on gastric cancer.

Methods: The effect of Cos on HGC-27 and SNU-1 proliferation was detected by CCK-8 and clone formation assay. The changes in cell apoptosis were determined using Hoechst 33258 and tunel staining. The morphology of autophagy was analyzed by autophagosomes with the electron microscope and LC3-immunofluorescence with the confocal microscope. The related protein levels of the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy and AKT/GSK3β pathway were determined by Western blot. The anti-tumor activity of Cos was evaluated by subcutaneously xenotransplanting HGC-27 into Balb/c nude mice. The Ki67 and P-AKT levels were examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results: Cos significantly inhibited HGC-27 and SNU-1 growth and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Cos activated intrinsic apoptosis and autophagy through promoting cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibiting the ROS-AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Moreover, preincubating gastric carcinoma cells with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a cell-autophagy inhibitor, significantly alleviated the effects of Cos in inducing cell apoptosis.

Conclusion: Cos induced apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells via promoting ROS and inhibiting AKT/GSK3β pathway and activating pro-death cell autophagy, which may be an effective strategy to treat gastric cancer.

Therapeutic Impact of Costus (Saussurea lappa) Against Ehrlich Solid Tumor-Induced Cardiac Toxicity and DNA Damage in Female Mice

Breast cancer remains the most common cause of cancer deaths among women globally. Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) is a transplantable tumor model for simulating breast cancer. This study aims to describe the protective role of costus (Saussurea lappa) root against EST-induced cardiac toxicity. Forty female mice were randomly and equally divided into four groups (G1, control group; G2, costus group; G3, EST group; G4, EST + costus). The results showed that compared to the control, EST induced a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities; in potassium, chloride ion, cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein levels; in DNA damage and cardiac injury; and in p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Conversely, EST induced a significant decrease in sodium ion and high density lipoprotein levels and Ki67 expression compared to the control. Treatment of EST with costus improved cardiac toxicity, lipid profiles, electrolytes, and apoptosis, and protected against EST. This indicates the potential benefits of costus as an adjuvant in the prevention and treatment of cardiac toxicity.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Aucklandia lappa Decne. (Asteraceae, Aucklandia Falc.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Aucklandia lappa was sequenced for the first time. The mitochondrial genome length was 320,439 bp, with 45.05% GC contents. There were 67 genes annotated, including 31 known protein-coding genes, 25 tRNAs, and six rRNAs. The maximum likelihood method was used to establish the phylogenetic tree of 37 species. Results have shown that A. lappa and Arctium lappa were sister groups. It reveals the genetic relationship between different species and provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of a classification system.

Back to the Roots-An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils

Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that-besides their aromatic properties-their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases-including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley-were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.