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Zhang J, Zhu W, Ma Y, Huang X, Su W, Sun Y, Liu Q, Ma T, Ma L, Sun J, Fan S, Wang X, Lin S, Wang W, Han C. Triphenylphosphonium-linked derivative of hecogenin with enhanced antiproliferative activity: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107210. [PMID: 38364551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hecogenin (HCG), a steroidal sapogenin, possesses good antitumor properties. However, the application of HCG for cancer treatment has been hindered primarily by its moderate potency. In this study, we incorporated triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+) at the C-3 and C-12 positions through different lengths of alkyl chains to target mitochondria and enhance the efficacy and selectivity of the parent compound. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that most of the target compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against five human cancer cell lines (MKN45, A549, HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2). Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the TPP+ group significantly enhanced the antiproliferative potency of HCG. Among these compounds, 3c demonstrated remarkable potency against MKN45 cells with an IC50 value of 0.48 μM, significantly more effective than its parent compound HCG (IC50 > 100 μM). Further investigations into the mechanism of action revealed that 3c induced apoptosis of MKN45 cells through the mitochondrial pathway. In a zebrafish xenograft model, 3c inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells. Overall, these results suggest that 3c, with potent antiproliferative activity, may serve as a valuable scaffold for developing new antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenle Su
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jia Sun
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Songjie Fan
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Song Lin
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenbao Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Cuiyan Han
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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Manoharan S, Prajapati K, Perumal E. Natural bioactive compounds and FOXO3a in cancer therapeutics: An update. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105807. [PMID: 38168566 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3a (FOXO3a) is a transcription factor that regulates various downstream targets upon its activation, leading to the upregulation of tumor suppressor and apoptotic pathways. Hence, targeting FOXO3a is an emerging strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Recently, Natural Bioactive Compounds (NBCs) have been used in drug discovery for treating various disorders including cancer. Notably, several NBCs have been shown as potent FOXO3a activators. NBCs upregulate FOXO3a expressions through PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, AMPK, and IκB signaling pathways. FOXO3a promotes its anticancer effects by upregulating the levels of its downstream targets, including Bim, FasL, and Bax, leading to apoptosis. This review focuses on the dysregulation of FOXO3a in carcinogenesis and explores the potent FOXO3a activating NBCs for cancer prevention and treatment. Additionally, the review evaluates the safety and efficacy of NBCs. Looking ahead, NBCs are anticipated to become a cost-effective, potent, and safer therapeutic option for cancer, making them a focal point of research in the field of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kunjkumar Prajapati
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India.
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Hou J, Li Y, Xing H, Cao R, Jin X, Xu J, Guo Y. Effusanin B Inhibits Lung Cancer by Prompting Apoptosis and Inhibiting Angiogenesis. Molecules 2023; 28:7682. [PMID: 38067413 PMCID: PMC10707445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest human diseases, causing high rates of illness and death. Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all malignancies worldwide. Effusanin B, a diterpenoid derived from Isodon serra, showed therapeutic potential in treating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Further research on the mechanism indicated that effusanin B inhibited the proliferation and migration of A549 cells both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro activity assay demonstrated that effusanin B exhibited significant anticancer activity. Effusanin B induced apoptosis, promoted cell cycle arrest, increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Based on mechanistic studies, effusanin B was found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of A549 cells by affecting the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways. Moreover, effusanin B inhibited tumor growth and spread in a zebrafish xenograft model and demonstrated anti-angiogenic effects in a transgenic zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Honghong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Ruyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (R.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Zhan ZJ, Li S, Chu W, Yin S. Euphorbia diterpenoids: isolation, structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and synthesis (2013-2021). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2132-2174. [PMID: 36111621 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2021As the characteristic metabolites of Euphorbia plants, Euphorbia diterpenoids have always been a hot topic in related science communities due to their intriguing structures and broad bioactivities. In this review, we intent to provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of Euphorbia diterpenoids reported from 2013 to the end of 2021, including 997 new Euphorbia diterpenoids and 78 known ones with latest progress. Multiple aspects will be summarized, including their occurrences, chemical structures, bioactivities, and syntheses, in which the structure-activity relationship and biosynthesis of this class will be discussed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wang Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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Zhang J, Wang W, Tian Y, Ma L, Zhou L, Sun H, Ma Y, Hou H, Wang X, Ye J, Wang X. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel diosgenin-benzoic acid mustard hybrids with potential anti-proliferative activities in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1299-1314. [PMID: 35652316 PMCID: PMC9176691 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2070161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover new lead compounds with anti-tumour activities, in the present study, natural diosgenin was hybridised with the reported benzoic acid mustard pharmacophore. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the resulting newly synthesised hybrids (8–10, 14a–14f, and 15a–15f) was then evaluated in three tumour cells (HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa) as well as normal GES-1 cells. Among them, 14f possessed the most potential anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells, with an IC50 value of 2.26 µM, which was 14.4-fold higher than that of diosgenin (IC50 = 32.63 µM). Furthermore, it showed weak cytotoxicity against GES-1 cells (IC50 > 100 µM), thus exhibiting good antiproliferative selectivity between normal and tumour cells. Moreover, 14f could induce G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. From a mechanistic perspective, 14f regulated cell cycle-related proteins (CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E1) as well mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 9, and caspase 3). These findings suggested that hybrid 14f serves as a promising anti-hepatoma lead compound that deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.,Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhao Tian
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, P. R. China
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Wang W, Li C, Chen Z, Zhang J, Ma L, Tian Y, Ma Y, Guo L, Wang X, Ye J, Wang X. Novel diosgenin-amino acid-benzoic acid mustard trihybrids exert antitumor effects via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106038. [PMID: 34861390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In discovering new powerful antitumor agents, two series of novel diosgenin-amino acid-benzoic acid mustard trihybrids (7a-7 g and 12a-12 g) were designed and synthesized. The antiproliferative activities were tested against five human tumor cell lines and one normal cell line using CCK-8 assays. Among the trihybrids, 12e was the most promising compound, which inhibited T24 cells with IC50 value of 6.96 μM, and was stronger than its parent compound diosgenin (IC50 = 32.33 μM). In addition, 12e had weak cytotoxicity on the normal GES-1 cell line (IC50 = 213.74 μM). Moreover, 12e could cause G2/M cell cycle arrest, increase the percentage of apoptosis, induce mitochondrial depolarization, and promote reactive oxygen species generation in T24 cells. Further studies on antitumor mechanism demonstrated that 12e triggered the intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) apoptotic pathways. More importantly, 12e could inhibit T24 cell proliferation in an in vivo zebrafish xenograft model. Therefore, 12e, as a novel trihybrid with potent cytotoxicity, might be applied as a promising skeleton for antitumor agents, which deserved further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China; Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, PR China.
| | - Chuan Li
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Tian
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, PR China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Lina Guo
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jin Ye
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, PR China.
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Integrated Strategy of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and Molecular Networking for Identification of Diterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. and Prediction of the Anti-Breast-Cancer Mechanism by the Network Pharmacological Method. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3829434. [PMID: 34804177 PMCID: PMC8601799 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3829434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine has been used as adjunctive or complementary therapy for breast cancer. Diterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. have been demonstrated to possess anti-breast-cancer activity. This research was aimed to systematically explore the diterpenoids from E. fischeriana and study the multiple mechanisms on breast cancer. The structures of diterpenoids were identified by the integrated strategy of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and molecular networking. A total of 177 diterpenoids belonging to 13 types were collected. In silico ADME analysis was performed on these compounds. It indicated that 130 of 177 diterpenoids completely adjusted to Lipinski's rule. The targets of compounds were obtained from PharmMapper. The targets of breast cancer were collected from GeneCards. Then, 197 compounds-related targets and 544 breast cancer-related targets were identified. After the intersection process, 58 overlapping targets between compounds-related targets and breast cancer-related targets were acquired. The STRING database was applied to predict the protein-protein interactions. The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed by using the KOBAS database. It indicated that these predicted pathways were closely related to breast cancer. The treatment effect of E. fischeriana on breast cancer might be performed through signaling pathways, such as IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The predicted top genes such as EGFR, ESR, MAPK, SRC, CASP3, CDK2, and KDR were involved in cell proliferation, gene transcription, apoptosis, signal transduction, DNA damage and repair, tumor differentiation, metastasis, and cell cycle, which indicated that E. fischeriana might treat breast cancer comprehensively. A compounds-KEGG pathways-related targets network was built by using cytoHubba to analyze the hub compounds and targets. It concluded that E. fischeriana treated breast cancer not only by the main components but also by the microconstituents, which reflected the overall regulatory role of multicomponents treating breast cancer. To estimate the binding affinities, binding sites, and binding postures, molecular docking simulations between 177 diterpenoids and top 19 targets were carried out. The results are basically in line with expectations. In conclusion, these results can serve as references for researchers studying potential targets of diterpenoids from E. fischeriana on breast cancer in the future.
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Wang W, Chen Z, Chen X, Ni S, Jia Y, Fan L, Ma L. DG-8d, a novel diosgenin derivative, decreases the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of A549 cells by inhibiting the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway. Steroids 2021; 174:108898. [PMID: 34339756 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lung neoplasm has a relatively poor prognosis, and the clinical efficacy of targeted medicine remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, the development of novel efficient anti-lung cancer drugs is urgently needed. In our previous study, we showed that a novel diosgenin derivative 8d (DG-8d), which contained 5-(3-pyridyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety, had significant cytotoxic activity on human tumor cells, especially the A549 cells. However, the underlying mechanism of DG-8d was unknown. In this study, the pharmacological effect of DG-8d on the A549 cells was inspected. METHOD Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 assays, morphological changes and quantitative analysis of flow cytometry. Levels of gene and protein expression of apoptosis-related and PI3k/Akt pathway were evaluated by qRT-PCR, immunostaining and Western blot analysis. RESULT The findings proved that DG-8d could inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. The effect of DG-8d on the proliferation and apoptosis in the A549 cells were improved with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). Moreover, the effect of DG-8d on apoptosis was further confirmed by AO-EB dye, mitochondrial depolarization and accrued intracellular ROS. Gene and protein detection showed that DG-8d or DG-8d combined with LY294002 could down-regulate signaling molecules of Bcl-2, PI3k, p-Akt, p-FoxO3a and up-regulate signaling molecules of Bax snd Bim. In addition, nuclear translocation of FoxO3a was observed significantly in the cells. CONCLUSION DG-8d could inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of the A549 cells, which maybe mainly because of the suppression of the PI3k/Akt pathways. Finally, we believe that DG-8d can be developed as a possible agent for carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Wang
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Shiyu Ni
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Daqing 163001, China
| | - Yongming Jia
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Li Fan
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Qiqihaer Medical University, Heilongjiang Qiqihaer 161006, China.
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Wei JC, Zhang XY, Gao YN, Wang DD, He XL, Gao XX, Hu GS, Wang AH, Jia JM. Euphorfinoids E-L: Diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112867. [PMID: 34304117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed diterpenoids, euphorfinoids E-L, together with twelve known analogues, were isolated from the roots of wild Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of NMR, MS, ECD, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also proposed. The isolated compounds displayed moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 6.23-192.38 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chun Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ning Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lai He
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Sheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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