1
|
Guo X, Wu W, Ran Q, Wang L, Li Y, Chen J, Chen L, Yang M, Geng Z, Liu Y. Exploring the pharmacological mechanisms of the flower of Rhododendron molle in rheumatoid arthritis rats based on metabolomics integrated network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118524. [PMID: 38971344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine, the flower of Rhododendron molle G. Don (RMF) is record in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, and is commonly utilized for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical practice. However, its precise mechanisms necessitate further exploration. AIM OF THE STUDY To expound the effective components, targets, metabolites, and pathways participated in RMF's anti-RA effects by metabolomics integrated network pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS CIA rats were intragastric administered RMF for 2 weeks, following which the therapeutic effects were comprehensively evaluated. Serum metabolomics was adopted to investigate the differential metabolites (DEMs). UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method was applied to identify the components of RMF, and then network pharmacology was utilize to select the component-RA-targets. Molecular docking and Western blotting were utilized to validate the key targets. RESULTS RA symptoms were alleviated by RMF through the inhibition secretion of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, along with relief in bone destruction observed in CIA rats. Four targets, namely AKR1B1, TPH1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2, were identified, along with their corresponding metabolites, namely D-glucose, D-mannose, L-tryptophan, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. These were found to be involved in three key metabolic pathways: steroid hormone biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and galactose metabolism. Additionally, five significant anti-RA active components were identified from RMF, including Rhodojaponin (Rj)-Ⅱ, Rj-Ⅲ, Rj-Ⅴ, Rj-Ⅵ, and quercetin. CONCLUSIONS The anti-RA mechanisms of RMF were investigated in this study, focusing on active components, upstream targets, and downstream metabolites. These findings lay a foundation for the clinical practice and drug development of RMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Preparation Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Preparation Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Qiang Ran
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Preparation Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Preparation Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Preparation Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Zhao Geng
- MIIT Public Service Platforms for Industrial Technological Base, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices), Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Youping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun C, Wang W, Bao X, Chen D, Mei S, Ma J, Jiang X. Quantification of Rhodojaponin II and Rhodojaponin III in Rat Plasma by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:6386570. [PMID: 38938264 PMCID: PMC11208791 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6386570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine the concentrations of Rhodojaponin II and Rhodojaponin III in rat plasma, and their pharmacokinetic profiles were investigated. A UPLC HSS T3 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) chromatographic column was employed at a temperature of 40°C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water, and a gradient elution method with an elution time of 6 min and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min was utilized for analysis purposes. Methodological investigations were conducted accordingly. The plasma concentrations of Rhodojaponin II and Rhodojaponin III exhibited excellent linearity within the range of 2 ng/mL-1250 ng/mL. Moreover, both intraday and interday precision were below 15%, while accuracy ranged from 88% to 115%. Additionally, matrix effect fell within the range of 90%-110%, and recoveries ranged from 78% to 87%. These results comply with relevant regulations for drug analysis in biological samples. Therefore, this method is deemed suitable for quantifying Rhodojaponin II and Rhodojaponin III levels in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanhang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dizhong Chen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Mei
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiajuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Guo W, Zhang B, Xu H, Yang Q, Zhao J, Feng Y, Yang J, Zhang J. Evaluation of Rhododendri Mollis Flos and its representative component as a potential analgesic. J Nat Med 2024; 78:753-767. [PMID: 38668831 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Rhododendri Mollis Flos (R. mole Flos), the dried flowers of Rhododendron mole G. Don, have the ability to relieve pain, dispel wind and dampness, and dissolve blood stasis, but they are highly poisonous. The significance of this study is to explore the analgesic application potential of R. mole Flos and its representative component. According to the selected processing methods recorded in ancient literature, the analgesic activities of wine- and vinegar-processed R. mole Flos, as well as the raw product, were evaluated in a writhing test with acetic acid and a formalin-induced pain test. Subsequently, the HPLC-TOP-MS technique was utilized to investigate the changes in active components before and after processing once the variations in activities were confirmed. Based on the results, rhodojaponin VI (RJ-Vl) was chosen for further study. After processing, especially in vinegar, R. mole Flos did not only maintain the anti-nociception but also showed reduced toxicity, and the chemical composition corresponding to these effects also changed significantly. Further investigation of its representative components revealed that RJ-VI has considerable anti-nociceptive activity, particularly in inflammatory pain (0.3 mg/kg) and peripheral neuropathic pain (0.6 mg/kg). Its toxicity was about three times lower than that of rhodojaponin III, which is another representative component of R. mole Flos. Additionally, RJ-VI mildly inhibits several subtypes of voltage-gated sodium channels (IC50 > 200 μM) that are associated with pain or cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, the chemical substances and biological effects of R. mole Flos changed significantly before and after processing, and the representative component RJ-VI has the potential to be developed into an effective analgesic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Suzhou Kaixiang Biotechnology Co. LTD, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Sun L, Zhang P, Niu C. Recent Advances in Grayanane Diterpenes: Isolation, Structural Diversity, and Bioactivities from Ericaceae Family (2018-2024). Molecules 2024; 29:1649. [PMID: 38611928 PMCID: PMC11013853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diterpenes represent one of the most diverse and structurally complex families of natural products. Among the myriad of diterpenoids, grayanane diterpenes are particularly notable. These terpenes are characterized by their unique 5/7/6/5 tetracyclic system and are exclusive to the Ericaceae family of plants. Renowned for their complex structures and broad spectrum of bioactivities, grayanane diterpenes have become a primary focus in extensive phytochemical and pharmacological research. Recent studies, spanning from 2018 to January 2024, have reported a series of new grayanane diterpenes with unprecedented carbon skeletons. These compounds exhibit various biological properties, including analgesic, antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). This paper delves into the discovery of 193 newly identified grayanoids, representing 15 distinct carbon skeletons within the Ericaceae family. The study of grayanane diterpenes is not only a deep dive into the complexities of natural product chemistry but also an investigation into potential therapeutic applications. Their unique structures and diverse biological actions make them promising candidates for drug discovery and medicinal applications. The review encompasses their occurrence, distribution, structural features, and biological activities, providing invaluable insights for future pharmacological explorations and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (L.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (L.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Changshan Niu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (L.S.); (P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng G, Huang L, Feng Y, Zhang H, Gao B, Ma X, Sun Y, Abudurexiti A, Yao G. Discovery of highly functionalized grayanane diterpenoids from the flowers of Rhododendron molle as potent analgesics. Bioorg Chem 2024; 142:106928. [PMID: 37922768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematical investigation on the chemical constituents of the flowers of Rhododendron molle (Ericaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of thirty-eight highly functionalized grayanane diterpenoids (1-38), including twelve novel analogues molleblossomins A-L (1-12). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive methods, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis, calculated ECD, 13C NMR calculations with DP4+ probability analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Molleblossomins A (1), B (2), and E (5) are the first representatives of 2β,3β:9β,10β-diepoxygrayanane, 2,3-epoxygrayan-9(11)-ene, and 5,9-epoxygrayan-1(10),2(3)-diene diterpenoids, respectively. Molleblossomins G (7) and H (8) represent the first examples of 1,3-dioxolane-grayanane conjugates furnished with the acetaldehyde and 4-hydroxylbenzylidene acetal moieties, respectively. All grayanane diterpenoids 1-38 were screened for their analgesic activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing model, and all of them exhibited significant analgesic activities. Diterpenoids 6, 13, 14, 17, 20, and 25 showed more potent analgesic effects than morphine at a lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg, with the inhibition rates of 51.4%, 68.2%, 94.1%, 66.9%, 97.7%, and 60.0%, respectively. More importantly, even at the lowest dose of 0.04 mg/kg, rhodomollein X (14), rhodojaponin VI (20), and rhodojaponin VII (22) still significantly reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid-induced pain model with the percentages of 61.7%, 85.8%, and 64.6%, respectively. The structure-activity relationship was summarized and might provide some hints to design novel analgesics based on the functionalized grayanane diterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yenan Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Adila Abudurexiti
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Kashi University, Kashi 844006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Kashi University, Kashi 844006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goyal S, Goyal S, Goins AE, Alles SR. Plant-derived natural products targeting ion channels for pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 13:100128. [PMID: 37151956 PMCID: PMC10160805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately one-fifth of people worldwide and reduces quality of life and in some cases, working ability. Ion channels expressed along nociceptive pathways affect neuronal excitability and as a result modulate pain experience. Several ion channels have been identified and investigated as potential targets for new medicines for the treatment of a variety of human diseases, including chronic pain. Voltage-gated channels Na+ and Ca2+ channels, K+ channels, transient receptor potential channels (TRP), purinergic (P2X) channels and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are some examples of ion channels exhibiting altered function or expression in different chronic pain states. Pharmacological approaches are being developed to mitigate dysregulation of these channels as potential treatment options. Since natural compounds of plant origin exert promising biological and pharmacological properties and are believed to possess less adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs, they have been widely studied as treatments for chronic pain for their ability to alter the functional activity of ion channels. A literature review was conducted using Medline, Google Scholar and PubMed, resulted in listing 79 natural compounds/extracts that are reported to interact with ion channels as part of their analgesic mechanism of action. Most in vitro studies utilized electrophysiological techniques to study the effect of natural compounds on ion channels using primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. In vivo studies concentrated on different pain models and were conducted mainly in mice and rats. Proceeding into clinical trials will require further study to develop new, potent and specific ion channel modulators of plant origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Goyal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Shivali Goyal
- School of Pharmacy, Abhilashi University, Chail Chowk, Mandi, HP 175045, India
| | - Aleyah E. Goins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Sascha R.A. Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang J, Zhao J, Zhang J. The efficacy and toxicity of grayanoids as analgesics: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115581. [PMID: 35948141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Grayanoids are natural diterpenoids that are mostly found in the Ericaceae family, such as Rhododendron molle (Blume) G. Don (Relevant herb: nao yang hua), Rhododendron micranthum Turcz (also known as: zhao shan bai), which have traditionally been used to treat abdominal pain, cephalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis. AIMS OF THE REVIEW The review investigated advancements in notable anti-nociception, toxicity, and probable mechanisms of grayanoids. Meanwhile some binding sites of these compounds on voltage-gated sodium channels (VSGCs) were also analyzed and evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The substantial grayanoids literature published before 2022, in SCI Finder, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, J-Stage, and other literature databases had been exhaustively consulted and thoroughly screened. RESULTS More than 50 compounds in grayanoids exhibited exceptionally significant anti-nociception (intraperitoneal injection, less than 1 mg/kg), and the alteration of several substituents that were closely associated to the change in activity were investigated. Multiple possible mechanisms of analgesic action and toxicity had been proposed, with VSGCs playing a key part in both. As a result, the binding locations of these compounds on VGSCs (mostly grayanotoxin I and III) had been summarized. CONCLUSIONS The considerable anti-nociception, toxicity, and probable mechanisms of grayanoids, as well as the investigation of the binding sites on VSGCs, were discussed in this review. Furthermore, the homology of toxicity and anti-nociception of these substances was considered, as well as the possibility of grayanoids being developed as analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin J, Zheng X, He Y, Hong Y, Liang S, Fang X. The regulation of T helper cell polarization by the diterpenoid fraction of Rhododendron molle based on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1039441. [PMID: 36386123 PMCID: PMC9640628 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1039441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diterpenoid fraction (DF) prepared from fruit of Rhododendron molle was shown to have potential therapeutic effects on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats based on our previous studies. As a continuation of those studies, herein, a lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock mouse model was used. The results showed that 0.2 mg/ml of DF significantly increased the mouse survival rate and had an anti-inflammatory effect. Further studies showed that DF could decrease the proportion of T helper cells (Th1 and Th17), and increase the proportion of Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated that DF inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; western blotting showed that DF significantly reduced the levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3. In vitro, DF could dose-dependently inhibit the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells to Th1 or Th17 cells. DF at 10 μg/ml could markedly decrease the expression of mRNA encoding IFN-γ and T-bet, and suppress Th1 differentiation by downregulation of the activity of STAT1 and STAT4. Meanwhile, DF at 10 μg/ml remarkably reduced the expression of mRNA encoding IL-17a, IL-17f, and RORγt, and downregulated STAT3 phosphorylation, suggesting that DF could inhibit Th17 differentiation by reducing STAT3 activation. Taken together, DF blocked the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, which clarified the important role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in anti-rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Fang
- *Correspondence: Shuang Liang, ; Xin Fang,
| |
Collapse
|