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Park D, Leem J, Lee BJ, Kim KI, Jung HJ. Prospective proof-of-concept observational RESEarch about traditional herbal preparation Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (RESET-COPD-1). Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1437253. [PMID: 39391690 PMCID: PMC11464318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1437253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in medical science, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to impact patients' lives significantly, due to symptom management limitations. Cheongsangboha-tang (CSBHT; Qing Shang Bu Xia Tang) and Hyunggaeyeongyo-tang (HGYGT; Jing Jie Lian Qiao Tang) have been used to treat respiratory diseases, including COPD. However, clinical data supporting their efficacy are lacking. We prospectively observed the response of patients with COPD to CSBHT and HGYGT as adjunctive therapies and assessed the feasibility of future research. Methods Patients with COPD who were prescribed adjunctive HGYGT or CSBHT according to the COPD clinical practice protocol of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital were recruited. Participants visited the hospital every month, for 6 months, to receive herbal preparations according to a Korean Medicine doctor's diagnosis and prescription and outcome evaluations. The primary outcome was the 6-min walking test (6-MWT). Secondary outcomes included the pulmonary function test (PFT), COPD Assessment Test (CAT), St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score. Syndrome differentiation, adverse events, and patient adherence were recorded. Results Thirty-seven patients were initially enrolled and followed up for a mean period of 154.1 days. CSBHT was prescribed to 36 patients, while one patient received either CSBHT or HGYGT, or both, throughout the entire period. During the herbal preparation treatment period, no statistically significant changes were observed in the 6-MWT. The CAT score (mean ± standard deviation) changed from 17.0 ± 5.0 to 12.5 ± 3.6, and the visual analogue scale score for dyspnea changed from 47.5 ± 18.9 to 28.4 ± 18.6 (both statistically significant from visit 5). The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic precluded the PFT. SGRQ and mMRC scores did not change significantly. During the study period, seven patients dropped out, two experienced mild dyspepsia, and one experienced mild headache. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion We illustrated the therapeutic potential of CSBHT and provided preliminary clinical data on its efficacy and safety in patients with COPD. Our study highlights the need to derive optimal herbal formulations, which should be administered for an appropriate duration, based on the therapeutic goals for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Park
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtae Leem
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Clinical Research Institute, Wonkwang University Korean Medicine Hospital, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Joon Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Il Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lu YH, Wang M, Lin JQ, Wang MY, Zhou LY, He SH, Yi YT, Wei X, Huang QJ, Su ZH, Yang J, Guo HW, He RR, Luo Z. Fufang Luohanguo Qingfei granules reduces influenza virus susceptibility via MAVS-dependent type I interferon antiviral signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117780. [PMID: 38278377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fufang Luohanguo Qingfei granules (LQG) is a Chinese patent medicine, clinically used to treat flu-like symptoms including cough with yellow phlegm, impeded phlegm, dry throat and tongue. However, the protective activity of LQG against influenza infection is indeterminate. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of LQG on influenza infection and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo: A viral susceptible mouse model induced by restraint stress was established to investigate LQG's beneficial effects on influenza susceptibility. MAVS knockout (Mavs-/-) mice were used to verify the potential mechanism of LQG. In vitro: Corticosteroid (CORT)-treated A549 cells were employed to identify the active ingredients in LQG. Mice morbidity and mortality were monitored daily for 21 days. Histopathologic changes and inflammatory cytokines in lung tissues were examined by H&E staining and ELISA. RNA-seq was used to explore the signaling pathway influenced by LQG and further confirmed by qPCR. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine the protein levels. CO-IP and DARTS were applied to detect protein-protein interaction and compound-protein interaction, respectively. RESULTS LQG effectively attenuated the susceptibility of restrained mice to H1N1 infection. LQG significantly boosted the production of IFN-β transduced by mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), while MAVS deficiency abrogated its protective effects on restrained mice infected with H1N1. Moreover, in vitro studies further revealed that mogroside Ⅱ B, amygdalin, and luteolin are potentially active components of LQG. CONCLUSION These results suggested that LQG inhibited the mitofusin 2 (Mfn2)-mediated ubiquitination of MAVS by impeding the E3 ligase synoviolin 1 (SYVN1) recruitment, thereby enhancing IFN-β antiviral response. Overall, our work elaborates a potential regimen for influenza treatment through reduction of stress-induced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Precision Detection and Screening, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hainan General Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Jin-Quan Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Song-Hua He
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Precision Detection and Screening, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hong-Wei Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 612505, China.
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Precision Detection and Screening, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoscale Bioanalysis and Drug Screening of Guangxi Education Department, China.
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Wang L, Guo Y, Sun X, Wang D, Xie T, Liu L, Sun L, Wei L. Mechanistic insights into targeting caspase-3 activation and alveolar macrophage pyroptosis by Ephedra and bitter almond compounds for treating pediatric pneumonia via network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14487. [PMID: 38670559 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the molecular mechanism of Ma Huang-Ku Xing Ren, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, in treating pediatric pneumonia. The focus is on the regulation of caspase-3 activation and reduction of alveolar macrophage necrosis through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses of Ephedra and bitter almond components. Active compounds and targets from ephedrine and bitter almond were obtained using TCMSP, TCMID, and GeneCards databases, identifying pediatric pneumonia-related genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and core targets were screened. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses identified relevant genes and pathways. An acute pneumonia mouse model was created using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation method, with caspase-3 overexpression induced by a lentivirus. The mice were treated with Ephedra and bitter almond through gastric lavage. Lung tissue damage, inflammatory markers (IL-18 and IL-1β), and cell death-related gene activation were assessed through H&E staining, ELISA, western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. The study identified 128 active compounds and 121 gene targets from Ephedra and bitter almond. The PPI network revealed 13 core proteins, and pathway analysis indicated involvement in inflammation, apoptosis, and cell necrosis, particularly the caspase-3 pathway. In vivo results showed that Ephedra and bitter almond treatment significantly mitigated LPS-induced lung injury in mice, reducing lung injury scores and inflammatory marker levels. It also decreased caspase-3 activity and cell death in alveolar macrophages. In conclusion, the active ingredients of Ma Huang-Ku Xing Ren, particularly targeting caspase-3, may effectively treat pediatric pneumonia by reducing apoptosis in alveolar macrophages, as demonstrated by both network pharmacology, bioinformatics analyses, and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhou Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tianlong Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Tang S, Wang M, Peng Y, Liang Y, Lei J, Tao Q, Ming T, Shen Y, Zhang C, Guo J, Xu H. Armeniacae semen amarum: a review on its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1290888. [PMID: 38323080 PMCID: PMC10844384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1290888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Armeniacae semen amarum-seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) (ASA), also known as Kuxingren in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese herbal drug commonly used for lung disease and intestinal disorders. It has long been used to treat coughs and asthma, as well as to lubricate the colon and reduce constipation. ASA refers to the dried ripe seed of diverse species of Rosaceae and contains a variety of phytochemical components, including glycosides, organic acids, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, phenylpropanoids, and other components. Extensive data shows that ASA exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anticancer activity, anti-oxidation, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammation, protection of cardiovascular, neural, respiratory and digestive systems, antidiabetic effects, and protection of the liver and kidney, and other activities. In clinical practice, ASA can be used as a single drug or in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines, forming ASA-containing formulas, to treat various afflictions. However, it is important to consider the potential adverse reactions and pharmacokinetic properties of ASA during its clinical use. Overall, with various bioactive components, diversified pharmacological actions and potent efficacies, ASA is a promising drug that merits in-depth study on its functional mechanisms to facilitate its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiarong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Hua Q, Tang L, Shui J, Liu Y, Zhang G, Xu X, Yang C, Gao W, Liao G, Liu Q, Liang H, Mo Q, Liang F, Guo J, Zhang Z. Effectiveness of kumquat decoction for the improvement of cough caused by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, a multicentre, prospective observational study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155008. [PMID: 37651755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kumquat decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine formula and has been widely used to alleviate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related cough in China. However, the effectiveness and safety of kumquat decoction remain unclear. PURPOSE To assess the effectiveness and safety of kumquat decoction for COVID-19-related cough. STUDY DESIGN A multicentre, prospective observational study. METHODS We enrolled consecutive patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 from December 31, 2022, to January 3, 2023, during the Omicron phase in Yangshuo County, China. The primary outcome was the time from study baseline to sustained cough resolution by the last follow-up day on January 31, 2023. The effectiveness was evaluated by Cox proportional hazards models based on propensity score analyses. The secondary outcomes were the resolution of cough and other COVID-19-related symptoms by Days 3, 5, and 7. RESULTS Of 1434 patients, 671 patients were excluded from the analysis of cough resolution. Among the remaining 763 patients, 481 (63.04%) received kumquat decoction, and 282 (36.96%) received usual care. The median age was 38.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 29.0, 50.0) years, and 55.7% were women. During a median follow-up of 7.000 days, 68.2% of patients in the kumquat group achieved sustained cough resolution (93.77 per 1000 person-days) compared to 39.7% in the usual care group (72.94 per 1000 person-days). The differences in restricted mean survival time (RMST) (kumquat decoction minus usual care group) for cough resolution were -0.742 days (95% CI, -1.235 to -0.250, P = 0.003) on Day 7. In the main analysis using propensity-score matching, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for cough resolution (kumquat decoction vs. usual care group) was 1.94 (95% CI, 1.48 to 2.53, P < 0.001). Similar findings were found in multiple sensitivity analyses. In addition, the use of kumquat decoction was associated with the resolution of cough, and a stuffy nose on Days 5 and 7, as well as the resolution of sore throat on Day 7 following medication. CONCLUSION In this study among patients with COVID-19-related cough, receiving kumquat decoction was associated with an earlier resolution of cough symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Hua
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Tang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingwei Shui
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Development Research Center of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chunyuan Yang
- Yangshuo County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 541900, China
| | - Wenjian Gao
- Yangshuo County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 541900, China
| | - Guocheng Liao
- Yangshuo County Baisha Township Hospital, 541900, China
| | - Qingming Liu
- Yangshuo County Fuli Township Hospital, 541000, China
| | - Huilin Liang
- Yangshuo County Gaotian Township Hospital, 541000, China
| | - Qingkun Mo
- Yangshuo County Puyi Township Hospital, 541000, China
| | - Fangxiu Liang
- Yangshuo County Yangshuo Township Hospital, 541900, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhongde Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhou L, Chai JH, Zhang Y, Jing XJ, Kong XW, Liang J, Xia YG. TMT-Based Proteomics Reveal the Mechanism of Action of Amygdalin against Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Rat Model through Regulation of Complement and Coagulation Cascades. Molecules 2023; 28:7126. [PMID: 37894605 PMCID: PMC10609517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations of current medications for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) emphasize the urgent need for the development of new drugs. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-RA mechanism of amygdalin using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics technology. First, the anti-RA activity of amygdalin was evaluated in a Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat model. Then, the roles and importance of proteins in the extracted rat joint tissue were evaluated using TMT-based quantitative proteomics technology. A bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). A proteomics analysis identified 297 DAPs in the amygdalin group compared with the model group, of which 53 upregulated proteins and 51 downregulated proteins showed opposite regulatory trends to the DAPs produced after modeling. According to enrichment analyses of the DAPs, the signaling pathways with a high correlation degree were determined to be the complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, western blotting and molecular docking were used to further validate the key node proteins, e.g., complement C1s subcomponent (C1s), component C3 (C3) and kininogen 1 (Kng1). These results suggest that amygdalin may be a promising agent for treating RA by regulating the complement and coagulation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
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