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Sargazi S, Mirzaei R, Mohammadi M, Rahmani M. Determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in indoor air of PVC industry: Risk assessment for human health using Monte-Carlo simulations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35097. [PMID: 39170195 PMCID: PMC11336471 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dialkyl phthalate esters are incorporated to enhance the pliability and prevent brittleness in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing. Exposure to these compounds occurs throughout human lifetimes via ingestion, inhalation, and direct skin contact. A study was conducted to evaluate concentrations of four specific phthalates-dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-in the indoor air of both industrial and administrative sectors within the PVC manufacturing facilities. Air sampling was conducted in the spring season at two polyethylene factories in Zahedan Industrial Park (Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran). The outcomes demonstrated that mean concentrations of these substances in industrial along with administrative departments 485.7 μg/m3 and 49.83 μg/m3for DMP, 807.38 μg/m3 and 30.17 μg/m3 for DEP, 849.62 μg/m3 and 37.50 μg/m3 for DBP along with 1268.08 μg/m3 and 45.50 μg/m3 for DEHP respectively. The probabilistic lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of DEHP in the indoor air of Zahedan PVC factories for men and women was determined using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The computed mean LTCRs of DEHP for men and women in the indoor air of industrial and administrative departments in Zahedan PVC were 1.3 × 10-3, 1.2 × 10-3and 4.7 × 10-5,4.2 × 10-5respectively. Data showed that DEHP was a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Sargazi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Environmental Sciences and Technology Research, Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ramazan Mirzaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mashaallah Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, 98135-674, Iran
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Chen LB, Gao CJ, Zhang Y, Shen HY, Lu XY, Huang C, Dai X, Ye J, Jia X, Wu K, Yang G, Xiao H, Ma WL. Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Indoor Dust from Decoration Material Stores: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks. TOXICS 2024; 12:505. [PMID: 39058157 PMCID: PMC11280923 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ9PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ9PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Chen
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Hao-Yang Shen
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xin-Yu Lu
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Cenyan Huang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaorong Dai
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jien Ye
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Ningbo 315830, China; (X.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Ningbo 315830, China; (X.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Guojing Yang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Hang Xiao
- Institute of Urban Environment, Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
- Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo 315021, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
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Cobo-Golpe M, Ramil M, Pérez-Mayán L, Rodríguez I. Predicting concentrations of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in indoor areas through analysis of condensed water samples. A proof of concept. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142403. [PMID: 38795917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheres from indoor areas contain a range of volatile and semi-volatile compounds to which inhabitants are exposed through breathing. Despite different qualitative approaches have been proposed for the identification of compounds associated to the vapor phase of confined areas, active sampling remains as the preferred technique when quantitative data is required. Herein, we investigate the correlations existing between concentrations in air and water condensates obtained from indoor areas. To this end, samples of both matrices were simultaneously collected and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. After validation of sample concentration approaches for a selection of compounds, the effect of different operational conditions, and environmental variables, in their concentrations in condensed water was assessed. Levels in this matrix were hardly affected by sampling time, air flow through the dehumidifier device, and the environmental temperature and humidity. Thus, air water distribution coefficients (Kaw) could be estimated for fourteen out of sixteen pre-selected compounds. These values permitted a semiquantitative evaluation of their concentrations existing in air from different areas. In case of semi-volatile compounds (i.e. phenol, benzothiazole, phthalates), with log Kaw below -4.8, analysis of 50 mL water samples permitted to achieve lower limits of quantification than active air sampling for 3 h at a flowrate of 1 m3 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cobo-Golpe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Pérez-Mayán
- Mestrelab Research Center (CIM), Av. Barcelona 7, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Zhu H, Zheng N, Chen C, Li N, An Q, Zhang W, Lin Q, Xiu Z, Sun S, Li X, Li Y, Wang S. Multi-source exposure and health risks of phthalates among university students in Northeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169701. [PMID: 38159748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptor phthalates (PAEs) are widely used as important chemical additives in a variety of areas around the globe. PAEs are toxic to reproduction and development and may adversely affect the health of adolescents. Risk assessments of exposure to PAEs from different sources are more reflective of actual exposure than single-source assessments. We used personal exposure parameters to estimate the dose of PAEs to 107 university students from six media (including dormitory dust, dormitory air, clothing, food, disposable food containers, and personal care products (PCPs)) and three exposure routes (including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption). Individual factors and lifestyles may affect PAE exposure to varying degrees. Based on a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the results indicated that the main sources of PAEs in dust were indoor building materials and plastics, while PCPs and adhesives were the major sources of airborne PAEs. The relative contribution of each source to PAE exposure showed that food and air were the primary sources of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Air source contributed the most to diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure, followed by PCPs. Food was the most significant source of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure. Additionally, the exposure of DEHP to dust was not negligible. The ingestion pathway was the most dominant among the three exposure pathways, followed by dermal absorption. The non-carcinogenic risk of PAEs from the six sources was within acceptable limits. DEHP exhibits a low carcinogenic risk. We suggest university students maintain good hygienic and living habits to minimize exposure to PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Zhu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Changcheng Chen
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhifei Xiu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Guo Z, Wang L, Li Y, Wu Z, Wang K, Duan J. Dust phase and window film phase phthalates in dormitories: profile characteristics, source screening, and estimated gas-phase concentration and dermal exposure comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15257-15270. [PMID: 38291205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Recently, phthalate exposure has become a major public health concern. However, gaps still remain in our understanding of phthalate profile characteristics, source screening, and gas-phase estimation. This study measured phthalate concentrations in dust and window films in 101 dormitories at 13 universities in Beijing, China, from October to December 2019. Based on the phthalate concentrations in the dust and window films, we estimated the gas-phase phthalate concentrations using steady-state and instantaneous equilibrium models, respectively, and male and female students' dermal exposure using the Monte Carlo simulation. Commonly used materials and supplies were screened for phthalate sources and evaluated using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed that the detection frequency of ten phthalates ranged from 79.2 to 100% in dust and from 84.2 to 100% in window films. Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the most abundant phthalates in both indoor media and were also predominant in the indoor materials and supplies. The PMF results indicated that the potential sources of phthalates in dust and window films had both similarities and differences. Indoor door seals, paint, coatings, cables, air-conditioning rubber cable ties, wallpaper, and window seals were highly probable sources of phthalates. The gas-phase phthalate concentrations estimated using the two methods differed, especially for phthalates with high octanol-air partition coefficients (Koa), varying by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, compared with related studies, the gas-phase concentrations were significantly underestimated for phthalates with high Koa values, while the estimated gas-phase concentrations of phthalates with low Koa values were closer to the measured values. The estimated dermal exposure using the two methodologies also considerably differed. Such findings suggest that more attention should be focused on the exposure risk from the dust phase and window film phase phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Guo
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Yatai Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zaixing Wu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jiahui Duan
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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Lin H, Li X, Qin X, Cao Y, Ruan Y, Leung MKH, Leung KMY, Lam PKS, He Y. Particle size-dependent and route-specific exposure to liquid crystal monomers in indoor air: Implications for human health risk estimations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168328. [PMID: 37926258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In indoor environments, liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) released from display devices is a significant concern, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into their distribution behaviors and potential health risks. Herein, we examined various LCMs in educational and workplace air and compared their associated health risks through inhalation and dermal absorption routes. 4-propyl-4'-vinylbicyclohexyl (3VbcH) and 4,4'-bis(4-propylcyclohexyl) biphenyl (b3CHB) with median concentrations of 101 and 1460 pg m-3, were the predominant LCMs in gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. Composition and concentration of LCMs differed substantially between sampling locations due to the discrepancy in the quantity, types, and brands of electronic devices in each location. Three models were further employed to estimate the gas-particle partitioning of LCMs and compared with the measured data. The results indicated that the HB model exhibited the best overall performance, while the LMY model provided a good fit for LCMs with higher log Koa (>12.48). Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate and compared the probabilistic daily exposure dose and potential health risks. Inhalation exposure of LCMs was significantly greater than the dermal absorption by approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude, implying that it was the primary exposure route of human exposure to airborne LCMs. However, certain LCMs exhibited comparable or higher exposure levels via the dermal absorption route due to the significant overall permeability coefficient. Furthermore, the particle size was discovered to impact the daily exposure dose, contingent on the particle mass-transfer coefficients and accumulation of LCMs on diverse particle sizes. Although the probabilistic non-carcinogenic risks of LCMs were relatively low, their chronic effects on human beings merit further investigations. Overall, this study provides insights into the contamination and potential health risks of LCMs in indoor environments, underscoring the importance of considering particle sizes and all possible exposure pathways in estimating human health risks caused by airborne organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinxing Li
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael K H Leung
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Lu H, Chen D, Zhu Z, Yang L, Huang L, Xu C, Lu Y. Atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou: Temporal variation, gas/particle phase distribution, and population exposure risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:163987. [PMID: 37150462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are prevalent in both indoor and outdoor environments. However, there are relatively few studies on phthalate contamination in the air of multi-function areas. Experiments were conducted to analyze the concentrations of 14 distinct PAEs in outdoor air in the college town of Hangzhou throughout both the warm and cold seasons. Correlation and principal component analyses were performed to investigate the influence and source factors of PAEs. This study also focused on the relationship between the gas/particle partition coefficient Kp and temperature, as well as the application of the gas/particle partition model. The risk of exposure to PAEs via inhalation was predicted for four groups of the general population: toddlers, adolescents, adults, and older adults. The results indicated that the concentration levels of Σ14PAEs in outdoor air were 1573 ng/m3 in the gaseous phase and 126 ng/m3 in the particulate phase. Additionally, this study indicated three primary sources of PAEs: indoor diffuse sources, industrial emission sources, and building construction sources. The gas/particle partitioning of PAEs also revealed that low-molecular-weight PAEs are more prevalent in gas, whereas high-molecular-weight PAEs are more predominant in the particle phase. A health risk analysis revealed high estimations of daily intakes (EDI) for toddlers and adolescents and high lifetime average daily doses (LADD) for older adults. This study establishes a solid foundation for formulating scientific and effective air pollution control measures by analyzing the characteristics and assessing the health risks of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dezhen Chen
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhili Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Focused Photonics Inc., Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Le Yang
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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8
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Levels and health risk assessments of Phthalate acid esters in indoor dust of some microenvironments within Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11209. [PMID: 37433814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels, profiles of Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their associated health risk in children and adults using indoor dust samples were assessed from nine (9) microenvironments in Nigeria. Six PAEs congeners were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the human health risk assessments of PAEs exposure to children and adults were computed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model. The mean concentrations of the total PAEs (Σ6PAEs) in indoor dust across the study locations ranged from 1.61 ± 0.12 to 53.3 ± 5.27 μg/g with 72.0% of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) as the most predominant contributor of PAEs in sample locations B, C, D, E, F and G. PAEs estimated daily intake results exceeded the USEPA value of 20 and 50 kg/bw/day for children and adults respectively in some locations. Non-carcinogenic risk exposure indicated no risk (HI < 1), while the carcinogenic risk was within the recommended threshold of 1.00 × 10-4 to 1.00 × 10-6 for benzyl butyl phthalate and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. From our findings, lower levels of PAEs were observed in locations with good ventilation system. Also, the human health risk evaluation indicated indoor dust ingestion as the dominant exposure route of PAEs for both children and adults, while the children were at a higher risk of PAEs exposure. To protect children susceptible to these endocrine-disrupting pollutants, soft vinyl children's toys and teething rings should be avoided. Appropriate policies and procedures on the reduction of PAEs exposure to humans should be enacted by all stakeholders, including government regulatory agencies, industries, school administrators and the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Esther A Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Wang C, Eichler CMA, Bi C, Delmaar CJE, Xu Y, Little JC. A rapid micro chamber method to measure SVOC emission and transport model parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:818-831. [PMID: 36897109 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessing exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that are emitted from consumer products and building materials in indoor environments is critical for reducing the associated health risks. Many modeling approaches have been developed for SVOC exposure assessment indoors, including the DustEx webtool. However, the applicability of these tools depends on the availability of model parameters such as the gas-phase concentration at equilibrium with the source material surface, y0, and the surface-air partition coefficient, Ks, both of which are typically determined in chamber experiments. In this study, we compared two types of chamber design, a macro chamber, which downscaled the dimensions of a room to a smaller size with roughly the same surface-to-volume ratio, and a micro chamber, which minimized the sink-to-source surface area ratio to shorten the time required to reach steady state. The results show that the two chambers with different sink-to-source surface area ratios yield comparable steady-state gas- and surface-phase concentrations for a range of plasticizers, while the micro chamber required significantly shorter times to reach steady state. Using y0 and Ks measured with the micro chamber, we conducted indoor exposure assessments for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) with the updated DustEx webtool. The predicted concentration profiles correspond well with existing measurements and demonstrate the direct applicability of chamber data in exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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10
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Huang M, Zeng Y, Luo K, Lan B, Luo J, Zeng L, Kang Y. Inhalation bioacessibility and lung cell penetration of indoor PM 2.5-bound PAEs and its implication in risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121216. [PMID: 36746290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) in PM2.5 via inhalation route, however, inhalation bioaccessibility and the lung cell penetration of PAEs were barely considered in risk assessment. In the present study, PM2.5 samples collected from indoor environments were investigated for inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs using two simulated lung fluids (gamble's solution (GMB) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF)). The results showed that the inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs (except for diethyl phthalate) under healthy state (GMB: 8.9%-62.8%) was lower than that under the inflammatory condition (ALF: 14.5%-67.6%). Lung cell permeation and metabolism of three selected PAEs (diethyl phthalate, di(n-butyl)phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was tested using equivalent lung cell (A549) model. The inhalation bioavailability obtained by combination of the bioaccessibility of PAEs in indoor PM2.5 and permeability data of A549 cell ranged from 11.7% to 51.1% in health condition, and 13.5%-55.0% in inflammatory state. The calibration parameter (Fc) based on the inhalation bioavailability was established in present study and could provide a reference for a more accurate risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantuo Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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11
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Chang CL, Chen HT, Chen CY, Chen EY, Lin KT, Jung CC. Gas-phase and PM 2.5-bound phthalates in nail salons: characteristics, exposure via inhalation, and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6146-6158. [PMID: 35987852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of, exposure to, and factors influencing gas-phase and PM2.5-bound phthalates (PAEs) in nail salons. Data on both indoor and outdoor gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs, carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative humidity were collected in nail salons. We also used questionnaires to survey building characteristics and occupants' behaviors. The average total gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAE concentrations indoors were higher than those outdoors by 6 and 3 times, respectively. Diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant compounds among both the gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs in indoor air. The volume of the salon's space or the difference of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations (dCO2) was significantly associated with indoor PAE concentrations. The ratios of PM2.5-bound to gas-phase PAEs, especially high-molecular-weight PAEs, were positively associated with the dCO2 concentrations. Higher ratios of indoor to outdoor PM2.5-bound DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP concentrations were discovered when more clients visited each day. Building characteristics, ventilation conditions, and occupants' activities have influences on the gas-phase and particle-phase PAEs. The study identifies the characteristics of gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs in nail salons and their influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Chang
- Department of Cosmetology and Health Care, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cosmetology and Health Care, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, School of Safety and Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Occupational Environment and Food Safety Research Center, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - En-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Lin
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan.
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12
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Chen J, Ward TJ, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM 2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13425. [PMID: 36294006 PMCID: PMC9602720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We performed personal PM2.5 monitoring involving 56 adult residents in Hong Kong. Additionally, paired personal and residential indoor fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected from 26 homes and from 3 fixed monitoring locations (i.e., outdoor samples). Six PM2.5-bound phthalate esters (PAEs)-including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)-were measured using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer method. Average ∑6PAEs (i.e., summation of six PAE congeners) concentrations in personal PM2.5 exposure (699.4 ng/m3) were comparable with those in residential indoors (646.9 ng/m3), and both were slightly lower than the outdoor levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE congener (80.3%-85.0%) and found at the highest levels in different exposure categories, followed by BBP, DnBP, and DnOP. Strong correlations were observed between DEHP with DnBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), BBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), and DnOP (rs: 0.87-0.93; p < 0.01) in each exposure category. However, no apparent intercorrelations were shown for PAE congeners. Higher indoor concentrations and a stronger correlation between DMP and DEP were found compared with outdoor concentrations. Principal component analysis affirmed heterogeneous distribution and notable variations in PAE sources across different exposure categories. The average daily intakes of ∑6PAEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.14-0.17 and 0.12-0.16 μg/kg-day for adults in Hong Kong. A time-weighted model was used to estimate PAE exposures incorporating residential indoor and outdoor exposure and time activities. The inhalation cancer risks attributable to measured and estimated personal exposure to DEHP exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark (1 × 10-6). The results provide critical information for mitigation strategies, suggesting that PAEs from both ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks of PAEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tony J. Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Yang L, Ma Y, Chen Y, Hollmann F, Wang Y. A Bienzymatic Cascade for the Complete Hydrolysis of Phthalic Acid Esters. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yunjian Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa, Macau China
| | - Yebao Chen
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Co. Ltd Foshan Guangdong 528200 China
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14
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Wang J, Xu Z, Yao J, Hu M, Sun Y, Dong C, Bu Z. Identification of Phthalates from Artificial Products in Chinese Kindergarten Classrooms and the Implications for Preschool Children's Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138011. [PMID: 35805676 PMCID: PMC9265414 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical chemical pollutants in kindergarten classrooms since numerous artificial products (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floorings, soft polymers and plastic toys) that might contain phthalates are widely distributed in kindergarten classrooms. Although Chinese preschool children spend a considerable amount of their waking hours (>8 h/day) in kindergartens, phthalate exposure in such indoor environment has not been given much attention. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in twenty-six artificial products (fifteen flat decoration materials and eleven plastic toys) commonly found in Chinese kindergarten classrooms were measured. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most predominant compound in all materials. The emission characteristics of the DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission characteristics were used for predicting multi-phase DEHP concentrations in kindergarten classrooms by applying a mass transfer model. The modeled concentrations were comparable with those measured in the real environment, indicating that these products might be the major sources of DEHP in Chinese kindergarten classrooms. Preschool children’s exposure to DEHP was found to be 0.42 μg/kg/day in kindergartens under baseline conditions, accounting for 18% of the total exposure to DEHP in Chinese indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China;
| | - Zefei Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Yuewen Sun
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu W, Sun Y, Liu N, Hou J, Huo X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Deng F, Kan H, Zhao Z, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Qian H, Zheng X, Liu W, Mo J, Sun C, Su C, Zou Z, Li H, Guo J, Bu Z. Indoor exposure to phthalates and its burden of disease in China. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13030. [PMID: 35481931 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
China's profoundly rapid modernization in the past two decades has resulted in dramatic changes in indoor environmental exposures. Among these changes, exposure to phthalates has attracted increasing attention. We aimed to characterize indoor phthalate exposure and to estimate the disease burden attributable to indoor phthalate pollution from 2000 to 2017 in China. We integrated the national exposure level of indoor phthalates from literature through systematic review and Monte Carlo simulation. Dose-response relationships between phthalate exposure and health outcomes were obtained by systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on existing models for assessing probabilities of causation and a comprehensive review of available data, we calculated the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among the general Chinese population resulting from exposure to indoor phthalate pollution. We found that DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP were the most abundant phthalates in indoor environments of residences, offices, and schools with medians of national dust phase concentration from 74.5 µg/g to 96.3 µg/g, 39.6 µg/g to 162.5 µg/g, 634.2 µg/g to 1,394.7 µg/g, respectively. The national equivalent exposure for children to phthalates in settled dust was higher than that of adults except for DiBP and DnOP. Dose-response relationships associated with DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP exposures were established. Between 2000 and 2017, indoor phthalate exposure in China has led to 3.32 million DALYs per year, accounting for 0.90% of total DALYs across China. The annual DALY associated with indoor phthalate pollution in China was over 2000 people per million, which is about 2~3 times of the DALY loss due to secondhand smoke (SHS) in six European countries or the sum of the DALY loss caused by indoor radon and formaldehyde in American homes. Our study indicates a considerable socioeconomic impact of indoor phthalate exposure for a modernizing human society. This suggest the need for relevant national standard and actions to reduce indoor phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Szewczyńska M, Dobrzyńska E, Pośniak M. Determination of phthalates in particulate matter and gaseous phase emitted in indoor air of offices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59319-59327. [PMID: 32960447 PMCID: PMC8541948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are endocrine disrupters and can disrupt the functioning of different hormones, causing adverse effects on human health. Due to the potential exposure to phthalates in office rooms, their concentrations in the air of these premises after their renovation and furnishing were determined. The aim of the study was to determine the content of these compounds in the gas phase and adsorbed on the particles. Thus, the combined sampler with filters and adsorption tube was used for air sampling. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS. The gas fraction was dominated by dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and the inhalable fraction by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and 2-(diethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The total concentration of phthalates in the respirable fraction in the furnished rooms was as much as 92% of the phthalates determined in the inhalable fraction. In the rooms immediately after renovation and those arranged and used by employees for 7 months, their concentration in the respirable fraction did not exceed 25% of the phthalates in the inhalable fraction. Phthalate concentration in the renovated rooms after 7 months of their usage dropped by 84% in relation to PAEs concentration in newly arranged rooms and by 68% in relation to the phthalate concentration in empty rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szewczyńska
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pośniak
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Bu Z, Hu M, Yuan F, Xu Y, Dong C, Zhang N, Mmereki D, Cao J, Zheng Y. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2118-2129. [PMID: 34288145 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical air pollutants in vehicular environment since numerous synthetic materials that might contain phthalates are widely used to fabricate vehicle interiors (e.g., seat cushions, floor mats and dashboards). Hitherto, the importance of phthalate pollution in vehicular environment is not well-recognized because people spend only a small portion (around 8%) of their time in vehicles. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in nine materials commonly used in Chinese vehicles (floor mats and seat cushions) were measured. Two phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were identified in most materials (the other phthalates were not detected). The emission characteristics of DnBP and DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission parameters were used as input for a mass-transfer model to estimate DnBP and DEHP concentrations in cabin air. Finally, the ratios between human exposures (via inhalation and dermal absorption from the gas phase) in vehicular environment and the total exposures in typical indoor environments (e.g., residences and offices) were estimated to be up to 110% and 20% for DnBP and DEHP, respectively. Based on these results, the vehicular environment might be a considerable site for human exposure to airborne phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Yuan
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqu Zheng
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
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18
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. A potential threat to the coral reef environments: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and phthalate esters in the corals and their ambient environment (Persian Gulf, Iran). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145822. [PMID: 33631596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of the surrounding habitat poses one of the biggest threats to the coral health and even survival. This study focuses on the occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) in corals, their zooxanthellae and mucus, as well as in their ambient environment in Larak coral reef (Persian Gulf) for the first time. The highest concentrations of the pollutants were recorded in mucus, followed by zooxanthellae, tissue and skeleton. Soft corals with higher lipid content contained more PBDEs and PAEs. Pollutants were both efficiently bioconcentrated from water and bioaccumulated from the ambient sediment, albeit bioconcentration played the most prominent role. Elevated PBDEs and especially PAEs concentrations were detected in the skeletons of the bleached corals if compared to the skeleton samples of the non-bleached individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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19
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Sérafin G, Blondeau P, Mandin C. Indoor air pollutant health prioritization in office buildings. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:646-659. [PMID: 33346391 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an original method to identify priority indoor air pollutants in office buildings. It uses both a chronic risk assessment approach by calculating a hazard quotient, and a hazard classification method based on carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic, and endocrine disruptive effects. A graphical representation of the results provides a comprehensive and concise visualization of all of the information, including the number of buildings where each substance was measured, an indicator of exposure data robustness. Seventy-one out of 342 substances (20%) for which indoor air concentrations have already been measured in office buildings were identified as priority pollutants. The results were compared to previous prioritization studies in various types of indoor environments to assess the reliability of the method and highlight its advantages. Sensitivity analyses were performed to reduce the geographical scope (OECD countries only), time scope (after 2010 only), and measurement duration (working hours only) and showed little influence on the results. Finally, 123 additional substances that could be present in office indoor air but could not be assessed due to the lack of measurement data are proposed for future monitoring surveys to update the prioritization of indoor air pollutants in offices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Observatory of Indoor Air Quality (OQAI), Paris Est University, Paris, France
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Lu H, Zhu Z. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk of atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8615-8625. [PMID: 33067790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and their demands have grown rapidly, especially in China, which will lead to much more environmental pollution of PAEs. In this study, fourteen common PAEs in ambient air were investigated during non-typhoon and typhoon seasons in a mixed multi-functional area of Hangzhou, China. The average concentrations of ∑14 PAEs in gaseous and PM2.5-bound phase (G-PAEs and P-PAEs) were 2317 ng/m3 and 128 ng/m3 during sampling period, while the mean concentrations of total PAEs in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons were 2412 ng/m3 and 2183 ng/m3, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant one, averagely accounting for 63.2% of G-PAEs and 88.3% of P-PAEs. Relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with short-chain PAE (r = - 0.479, P < 0.01) and long-chain PAE (r = - 0.305, P < 0.05) concentrations in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons, and O3 could degrade G-PAEs through photoreaction. Source identification by the positive matrix factorization model and conditional probability function indicated that P-PAEs were mainly from the release from indoor environment (43%), PVC source (34%), construction source (12%), and industry source (11%). Air mass transport from both inland and oceans affected the PAE pollution in non-typhoon season, while its long-range transport from oceans took an important role in typhoon season. The daily inhalation intakes of PAEs for infants, teenagers, and adults were estimated, which showed that infants experienced the highest exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhili Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Li B, Zhao ZB, Thapa S, Sun SJ, Ma LX, Geng JL, Wang K, Qi H. Occurrence, distribution and human exposure of phthalic esters in road dust samples across China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110222. [PMID: 32946888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
203 road dust samples were conducted across China covering 28 provinces from January to February,2016 to comprehensively investigates the occurrence, distribution and human exposure of 21 phthalic esters (PAEs). The concentration of Σ21PAEs in road dust ranged from 2.3 to 531 mg/kg, with a mean concentration of 64.1 ± 57.2 mg/kg. DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were the dominant components accounting for 63.3-97.9% (mean: 92.1%) of the Σ21PAEs. Significant Pearson correlation (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001) between Σ21PAEs concentrations and longitude demonstrated a distinguished geographical trend. Higher concentration of PAEs in sidewalk (SW) and trunk road (TR) may reflect influence of human activities such as shoe wear and traffic load. Significant differences were found among different human activities area (urban commercial, urban residential, and suburbs/rural). For total daily intake of Ʃ21PAEs via street dust, children had the highest exposure risk followed by teenagers and adults with the median values of 160.8, 43.6, and 37.7 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively. The maximum exposure risk of PAEs calculated based on measurement and simulation were all far below reference values. The sensitivity analysis results demonstrated that concentrations, ingestion rate (IR) and fraction of PAEs absorbed in the skin (AF) were most important parameters on the assessment of exposure risk of PAEs via street dust. Specific parameters based on China and Chinses population is needed to obtain more reliable exposure risk via street dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ze-Bin Zhao
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Samit Thapa
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shao-Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jia-Lu Geng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Wang T, Huang RJ, Li Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yang L, Guo J, Ni H, Hoffmann T, Wang X, Mai B. One-year characterization of organic aerosol markers in urban Beijing: Seasonal variation and spatiotemporal comparison. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140689. [PMID: 32663684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a major component of fine particulate matter (PM); however, only 10%-30% of OA have been identified as individual compounds, and some are used as markers to trace the sources and formation mechanisms of OA. The temporal and spatial coverage of these OA markers nonetheless remain inadequately characterized. This study presents a year-long measurement of 92 organic markers in PM2.5 samples collected at an urban site in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. Saccharides were the most abundant (340.1 ng m-3) species detected, followed by phthalic acids (283.4 ng m-3). In summer, high proportions (8%-24%) of phthalic acids, n-alkanes, fatty acids, and n-alcohols indicate dominant contributions of biogenic emission and atmospheric oxidation to OA in Beijing. In winter, when anthropogenic sources prevail, saccharides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and hopanes are more prominent (4%-25%). The spatial distributions of these OA markers in China show higher concentrations in northern cities (mainly from coal combustion and biomass burning) than in southern cities (mainly from vehicular emission). The inter-annual variations of OA markers, except for hopanes, from 2001 to 2015 suggest significant alleviation of the primary OA pollution in Beijing, with an average reduction of 35%-89% compared with those before 2008. The diagnostic ratio analyses between OA markers indicate that contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning decreased, whereas those from vehicular emission increased. Increasingly large vehicle fleets have increased hopane concentrations since 2008, but the levels were 35% lower in 2015 than those in 2010-2011 because of the tightening of emission controls for vehicles. This study provides a long-term and geographical comparison (from Beijing to other locations in China and beyond) of OA markers, demonstrating the temporal and spatial variations in primary OA, and calls for more studies on secondary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Pérez PA, Toledo J, Sosa LDV, Peinetti N, Torres AI, De Paul AL, Gutiérrez S. The phthalate DEHP modulates the estrogen receptors α and β increasing lactotroph cell population in female pituitary glands. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127304. [PMID: 32559490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous endocrine disruptors on a daily basis, which may interfere with endogenous estrogens, with Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) being one of the most employed. The anterior pituitary gland is a target of 17β-estradiol (E2) through the specific estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β, whose expression levels fluctuate in the gland under different contexts, and the ERα/β index is responsible for the final E2 effect. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo and in vitro the DEHP effects on ERα and β expression in the pituitary cell population, and also its impact on lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth. Our results revealed that perinatal exposure to DEHP altered the ERα and β expression pattern in pituitary glands from prepubertal and adult female rats and increased the percentage of lactotroph cells in adulthood. In the in vitro system, DEHP down-regulated ERα and β expression, and as a result increased the ERα/β ratio and decreased the percentages of lactotrophs and somatotrophs expressing ERα and β. In addition, DEHP increased the S + G2M phases, Ki67 index and cyclin D1 in vitro, leading to a rise in the lactotroph and somatotroph cell populations. These results showed that DEHP modified the pituitary ERα and β expression in lactotrophs and somatotrophs from female rats and had an impact on the pituitary cell growth. These changes in ER expression may be a mechanism underlying DEHP exposure in the pituitary gland, leading to cell growth deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L De Paul
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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Radha MJ, Mahaboob Basha P. Hepatotoxic evaluation of Di- n-butyl phthalate in Wistar rats upon sub-chronic exposure: A multigenerational assessment. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:772-778. [PMID: 32637323 PMCID: PMC7327266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of di--n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer in medical devices, personal care products, and industries, which is a major threat to humankind as it leaches out easily from the plastic matrix into the environment. Health risks posed to adults and children from the broad usage of DBP in cosmetics and infant toys observed predominantly due to repeated and prolonged exposure. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of DBP in the hepatic tissue of rats up to three generations. Wistar rats were induced at a dose of 500 mg DBP /kg body weight dissolved in olive oil by oral gavage throughout gestation (GD 6–21), lactation and post-weaning and reared by crossing intoxicated rats up to three generations. Results of the present study showed a significant increase in the relative weight of liver, while decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) was evident in DBP treated rats at P < 0.05. Besides hepatic marker enzymes viz., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were elevated significantly in experimental rats compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, histological studies revealed congested central veins and dilated sinusoids in F1 progeny while mild to severe focal inflammatory infiltrations were evident in F2 & F3 rats. Negative correlation observed between the levels of antioxidant enzymes and transaminase activity. In brief, DBP exposure elicits oxidative stress and alters the transaminase activity levels causing damage in hepatic tissue. F3 progeny found to high vulnerability to the exposure of DBP than F2 & F1 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Radha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bangalore, 560 054, India
| | - P Mahaboob Basha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India
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25
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Feng YX, Feng NX, Zeng LJ, Chen X, Xiang L, Li YW, Cai QY, Mo CH. Occurrence and human health risks of phthalates in indoor air of laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135609. [PMID: 31771853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are of serious concern as a human health risk due to their ubiquitous presence in indoor air. In the present study, fifteen PAEs in the indoor air samples from physical, chemical, and biological laboratories in Guangzhou, southern China were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Extremely high levels of PAEs of up to 6.39 × 104 ng/m3 were detected in some laboratories. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di(methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant PAEs with median levels of 0.48 × 103, 0.44 × 103, and 0.39 × 103 ng/m3, respectively, followed by di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate (DEHP) (median levels: 0.16 × 103 and 0.13 × 103 ng/m3, respectively). DMEP and DPHP were found for the first time in indoor air. Principal component analysis indicated that profiles of PAEs varied greatly among laboratory types, suggesting notable variations in sources. The results of independent samples t-tests showed that levels of PAEs were significantly influenced by various environmental conditions. Both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks from human exposure to PAEs based on the daily exposure dose in laboratory air were acceptable. Further research should be conducted to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to PAEs in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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26
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Dong J, Ma Y, Leng K, Wei L, Wang Y, Su C, Liu M, Chen J. Associations of urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites with the residential characteristics of pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135671. [PMID: 31780177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the associations between urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and residential characteristics is limited. Therefore, we investigated the associations of urinary DEHP metabolites with the residential characteristics of pregnant women. We collected completed questionnaires and maternal spot urine samples from 616 random pregnant women in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University in Shenyang. Urinary DEHP metabolites concentrations, including mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), were measured and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariable linear regression models were performed to obtain regression estimates (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. In all participants, the geometric mean of MEHP and MEHHP concentrations were 4.25 ± 4.34 and 5.72 ± 2.65 μg/L, respectively. In multivariable analyses after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, distance from residence to motor vehicle traffic (≥150 m versus <20 m) was negatively associated with MEHP (β = -0.241, 95% CI: -0.448, -0.033) and MEHHP (β = -0.279, 95% CI: -0.418, -0.140) concentrations. Compared with the one that had not recently been renovated, a renovated home was associated with higher MEHP (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.064, 0.324) and MEHHP (β = 0.111, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.197) concentrations. Air freshener use was associated with higher MEHP (β = 0.322, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.636) concentrations. Moldy walls were positively associated with MEHP (β = 0.299, 95% CI: 0.115, 0.482) and MEHHP (β = 0.172, 95% CI: 0.050, 0.294) concentrations. In contrast, humidifier use was associated with a lower MEHP concentration (β = -0.167, 95% CI: -0.302, -0.032). Residential characteristics were probably associated with the DEHP exposure of pregnant women in Shenyang. Living near the motor vehicle traffic, residential renovation, air freshener use, and moldy walls are likely risk factors for increased DEHP exposure, whereas using household humidifier could be considered a protective measure to reduce DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Kunkun Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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27
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He MJ, Lu JF, Wang J, Wei SQ, Hageman KJ. Phthalate esters in biota, air and water in an agricultural area of western China, with emphasis on bioaccumulation and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134264. [PMID: 31494416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been shown to be ubiquitous in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments; however, information about bioaccumulation behavior and human exposure, both via environmental exposure and the diet, are limited. Herein, we report the concentrations and composition profiles of phthalate esters (PAEs) in biological samples, river water, indoor air, and outdoor air samples collected from an agricultural site in western China. Dibutyl phthalate (DNBP) occupied a relatively high abundance in biological samples, discrepant with the environmental samples in which di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant congener. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between the biota and river water samples, indicating that river water heavily influenced PAE accumulation in biological samples. The mean log Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs) varied from 0.91 to 2.96, which implies that most PAE congeners are not likely to accumulate in organisms. No obvious trends were observed between log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) and log BAF values, nor between log octanol-air partition coefficient (KOW) and biota-air accumulation factors (BAAFs). Nevertheless, the calculated log air-water partitioning factors (AWPFs) of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were similar to predicted values whereas those for diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DNBP and DEHP were significantly higher. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs via food ingestion and environmental exposure were 15, 9.4 and 1.2 ng/kg-bw/day in toddlers, children and adults, respectively, laying at the low end of the reported data and well below the reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Jun-Feng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, United States
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28
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Qiu T, Tang S, Li J, Giesy JP, Zhu Y, Hu X, Xu D. PM 2.5 bound phthalates in four metropolitan cities of China: Concentration, seasonal pattern and health risk via inhalation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133982. [PMID: 31470327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are in a group of artificial chemicals with potential adverse effects to human health and they can be frequently detected in environmental matrices due to its extensive usage. However, seasonal patterns of concentrations in atmosphere and risks posed by PAEs in airborne PM2.5 to Chinese population have not been well characterized. During the period of November 2015 to March 2017, samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected in four cities of Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Harbin, which are major metropolitan areas of various latitudes of China. Concentrations of fourteen PAEs in airborne PM2.5 were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs), hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) were calculated. Lifetime average daily doses (LADD) and incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for four age groups, which divide with infant, toddler, adolescent and adult, by inhalation route were evaluated. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP were the four major PAEs contaminants in these PM2.5 samples. The sum concentrations of DMP, DEP, DBP and DEHP in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Harbin ranged from 32.5-76.1, 10.1-101, 8.02-107 and 13.5-622 ng/m3, with mean concentrations of 59.1, 50.8, 43.8 and 136 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of total PAEs in PM2.5 from higher latitudes city (Harbin) was higher than those from lower latitudes cities (Guangzhou and Shanghai). Total concentrations of PAEs were significantly higher during warmer seasons than those during colder seasons among the four cities. Although the EDIs, HQs, and HI for all age groups were less than the threshold set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the highest values of 70-years ILCR from Shanghai and Harbin were 1.2 × 10-6 and 1.3 × 10-6, which were slightly beyond the acceptable level of 10-6. These findings reveal that the cancer risks of DEHP bound to PM2.5 in these two cites should be of particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, United States
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Ouyang X, Xia M, Shen X, Zhan Y. Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 86:107-119. [PMID: 31787175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2 ng/m3, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzi Ouyang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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Amara I, Timoumi R, Graiet I, Ben Salem I, Adelou K, Abid-Essefi S. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cell line, implication of the Nrf-2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1034-1042. [PMID: 31112013 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in the polyvinyl chloride industry. Human exposure to this plasticizer is inevitable and contributes to several side effects. In this study, we examined whether DEHP induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) and whether the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) antioxidant pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of this process. We demonstrated that DEHP is cytotoxic to HEK-293 cells. It causes oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals, induces lipid peroxidation, and alters superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Simultaneously, DEHP treatment decreases the expression and the protein level of Nrf-2 and HO-1. Inhibition of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway is related to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. This apoptotic process is characterized by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and upregulation of the expression of caspase-3 mRNA as well as its protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Amara
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Timoumi
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Graiet
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamilath Adelou
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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31
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Zhang J, Yin W, Li P, Hu C, Wang L, Li T, Gao E, Hou J, Wang G, Wang X, Wang L, Yu Z, Yuan J. Interaction between diet- and exercise-lifestyle and phthalates exposure on sex hormone levels. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:290-298. [PMID: 30780025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate can affect sex hormones secretion. Exercise and diet habits affect sex hormones levels. However, interaction of phthalates exposure and diet or exercise habits with sex hormones is unclear. We enrolled 106 residents aged 11-88 years (48 males and 58 females) from two communities, Wuhan city, China during the winter of 2014 and summer of 2015. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle by a questionnaire in two seasons. Participants provided the blood and urine samples over 3 consecutive days for measuring sex hormones and urinary phthalate metabolites. We assessed the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites levels, lifestyle with hormones levels, the interaction of phthalate exposure and lifestyle with hormones levels using multivariate binary logistic regression models. High urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxyhexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) levels and no exercise had an additive interaction on abnormal serum progesterone (PROG) levels in winter as well as on abnormal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in summer. High urinary MEOHP levels and red meat intake (>1 time/day) had an additive interaction with abnormal levels of serum FSH only in the winter. Phthalates exposure may confer differential susceptibility to abnormal hormones levels in individuals with no exercise or eating meat >1 time/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Erwei Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Guiyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Li PH, Jia HY, Wang Y, Li T, Wang L, Li QQ, Yang MM, Yue JJ, Yi XL, Guo LQ. Characterization of PM 2.5-bound phthalic acid esters (PAEs) at regional background site in northern China: Long-range transport and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:140-149. [PMID: 30597464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eleven major phthalic acid esters (PAEs) congeners were analyzed for PM2.5 samples collected at Mount Tai, a high elevation mountain site in northern China from June to August 2015. The results showed that the average concentration of PAEs in PM2.5 was 19.48ngm-3, and bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) were the predominant species in particle-phase, whereas diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were the prevailing PAEs in gas-phase. PAE concentrations decreased at the beginning of cloud/fog events, while they increased after the cloud/fog events since the liquid-phase PAEs could be absorbed by solid-phase PAEs. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the highest PSCF value of air masses were mainly sourced from southwest of Mount Tai and multiple sources contributed to PAEs. A Monte Carlo simulation was applied to estimate the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) from inhalation exposure on the basis of DEHP concentrations. The estimated values of ILCR for the general population were lower than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold, which is 10-6. However, since the local population was exposed to various local emission sources, the actual health risk is undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-tec Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300462, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hebei Geological Laboratory, Hebei 071051, China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- Neurology department, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Min-Min Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xian-Liang Yi
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Bu Z, Mmereki D, Wang J, Dong C. Exposure to commonly-used phthalates and the associated health risks in indoor environment of urban China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:843-853. [PMID: 30583180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and modernization have increased exposures to phthalates from synthetic materials used indoors in China. However, exposure to phthalates from indoor environment and the associated health risks to the urban population have not been adequately characterized and documented. In this study, we summarized the recent measurements of five commonly-used phthalates in indoor environment in urban China and documented their distributions. Based on the activity patterns and exposure factors of Chinese population, Monte-Carlo simulation was used to derive their exposures. On average, the daily intake of all the targeted phthalates was 3.6 μg/kg/day for adults; and for children it ranged from 4.4 μg/kg/day to 8.1 μg/kg/day. For children, the total risk from exposures inside residences and offices was 32%-90% and 4%-19%, respectively. From commuting environments and other indoor environments, it was 5%-31%, and 3%-26%, respectively. For adults, the total risk from residences and offices was 26%-78% and 9%-35%. Additionally, from commuting environments and other indoor environments, it was 8%-35% and 5%-11%, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment was based on a cumulative Tolerable Daily Intake (TDIcum), with means ranging from 0.18 to 0.41, which was mainly as a result of exposure to DiBP and DnBP. The means for lifetime cancer risk resulting from DEHP exposure ranged from 0.4 × 10-6 to 2.0 × 10-6 for urban population groups. For 80% of working adults and 40%-75%% of children, their cancer risks exceeded the EPA's benchmark (1.0 × 10-6). The present study could provide important information for decision makers to reduce indoor phthalate exposures as well as the associated health risks for larger population groups in Chinese cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Institute of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Anh HQ, Tomioka K, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Viet PH, Takahashi S. A preliminary investigation of 942 organic micro-pollutants in the atmosphere in waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam: Levels, potential sources, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:354-364. [PMID: 30359902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Of 942 organic micro-pollutants screened, 167 compounds were detected at least once in the atmosphere in some primitive waste processing sites and an urban area in northern Vietnam by using a polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method and an Automated Identification and Quantification System with a Database (AIQS-DB) for GC-MS. Total concentrations of organic pollutants were higher in samples collected from an urban area of Hanoi city (2300-2600 ng m-3) as compared with those from an end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantling area in Bac Giang (900-1700 ng m-3) and a waste recycling cooperative in Thai Nguyen (870-1300 ng m-3). Domestic chemicals (e.g., n-alkanes, phthalate ester plasticizers, and synthetic phenolic antioxidants) dominated the organic pollutant patterns in all the samples, especially in the urban area. Pesticides (e.g., permethrins, chlorpyrifos, and propiconazole) were found in the atmosphere around the ELV sites at more elevated concentrations than the other areas. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the Bac Giang and Thai Nguyen facilities were significantly higher than those measured in Hanoi urban houses, probably due to the waste processing activities. Daily intake doses of organic pollutants via inhalation were estimated for waste processing workers and urban residents. This study shall provide preliminary data on the environmental occurrence, potential emission sources, and effects of multiple classes of organic pollutants in urban and waste processing areas in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Keidai Tomioka
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Amoatey P, Omidvarborna H, Baawain MS, Al-Mamun A. Indoor air pollution and exposure assessment of the gulf cooperation council countries: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:491-506. [PMID: 30286426 PMCID: PMC7132391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution is one of the human health threat problems in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. In these countries, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, such as elevated ambient temperature, high relative humidity, and natural events such as dust storms, people spend a substantial amount of their time in indoor environments. In addition, production of physical and biological aerosols from air conditioners, cooking activities, burning of Arabian incense, and overcrowding due to pilgrimage programs are common causes of low quality indoor air in this region. Thus, due to infiltration of outdoor sources as well as various indoor sources, people living in the GCC countries are highly exposed to indoor air pollutants. Inhalation of indoor air pollutants causes mortalities and morbidities attributed to cardiorespiratory, pulmonary, and lung cancer diseases. Hence, the aim of this review study is to provide a summary of the major findings of indoor air pollution studies in different microenvironments in six GCC countries. These include characterization of detected indoor air pollutants, exposure concentration levels, source identifications, sustainable building designs and ventilation systems, and the mitigation strategies. To do so, >130 relevant indoor air pollution studies across the GCC countries were critically reviewed. Particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and heavy metals were identified as the reported indoor air pollutants. Apart from them, indoor Radon and bioaerosols were studied only in specific GCC countries. Thus, future studies should also focus on the investigation of emerging indoor air pollutants, such as ultrafine and nanoparticles and their associated health effects. Furthermore, studies on the mitigation of indoor air pollution through the development of advanced air purification and ventilation systems could improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) in the GCC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Amoatey
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hamid Omidvarborna
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahad Said Baawain
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh 123, Muscat, Oman
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Tran-Lam TT, Dao YH, Nguyen DT, Ma HK, Pham TQ, Le GT. Optimization of Sample Preparation for Detection of 10 Phthalates in Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Northern Vietnam. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6040069. [PMID: 30463241 PMCID: PMC6316763 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the sensitive, cheap and fast quantitation of 10 phthalates in non-alcoholic beverages by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The best results were obtained when n-hexane was used as extraction solvent. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to select the most appreciated operating condition. The method performance was evaluated according to the SANTE/11945/2015 guidelines and was linear in the 0.1 to 200 µg/L range for 10 phthalate compounds, with r2 > 0.996 and individual residuals <15%. Repeatability (RSDr), within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDwr), and the trueness range were from 2.7 to 9.1%, from 3.4 to 14.3% and from 91.5 to 118.1%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was between 0.5 to 1.0 ng/L and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was between 1.5 to 3.0 ng/L for all 10 compounds. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of non-alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Yen Hai Dao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Hoi Kim Ma
- University of Science, Vietnam National University HCMC, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 720400, Vietnam.
| | - Trung Quoc Pham
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
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Xia M, Ouyang X, Wang X, Shen X, Zhan Y. Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:75-88. [PMID: 30244753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk (10-5-10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xingzi Ouyang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Chen Y, Lv D, Li X, Zhu T. PM 2.5-bound phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Beijing: Seasonal distributions and human exposure via inhalation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:369-377. [PMID: 29852440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (phthalates esters, PAEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in various indoor and outdoor environment. Exposure to PAEs exerts adverse effects on human health. Seasonal variations of air phthalate concentrations and paired indoor and outdoor air phthalate level are rarely known. In this study, six priority phthalates in PM2.5 were investigated in three indoor sites (a students' dormitory, a residential apartment and an office) and one outdoor site in Beijing, China across four seasons. PM2.5 samples were collected at indoor and outdoor environment simultaneously. Total PAEs in four sites were 468 ng/m3 (range: 9.52-1460 ng/m3), 498 ng/m3 (range: 11.2-4790 ng/m3), 280 ng/m3 (range: 4.08-1060 ng/m3), and 125 ng/m3 (range: 4.10-4000 ng/m3), respectively. DBP and DEHP were the most abundant PAEs across the four sampling sites, accounting for 76.3%-97.7% of the total PM2.5-bound PAEs. Obvious seasonal variation of total PAEs was observed. PAEs concentrations were weakly or poorly correlated with PM2.5 levels. Indoor DBP and DEHP concentrations were much higher than those of outdoor, suggesting the importance of indoor DBP and DEHP sources. Principal component analysis revealed that cosmetics and personal care products, plasticizer and PVC products may be important sources for indoor PM2.5-bound PAEs. Daily intakes of PAEs via inhalation for infants, student, and office-workers were 5.0, 0.8 and 0.9 μg/(kg-bw⋅day), respectively according to human exposure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Dong Lv
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tianle Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Kashyap D, Agarwal T. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:817-827. [PMID: 29710605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitously present environmental contaminants. Air and dust are the most important mediums of exposure to phthalates. The present study reviews the presence of phthalates in the air and dust reported from different countries in the last ten years (2007-2017). The phthalate concentrations revealed wide heterogeneity with a mean and median value 6 ± 19 μg/m3 and 0.5 μg/m3 respectively in the air and 1.5 × 103 ± 2.2 × 103 μg/g and 7.8x102μg/g respectively in the dust. The highest phthalates levels in the air were reported from India (1.1 × 102 μg/m3) and in dust from Bulgaria (1.2 × 104 μg/g). Overall higher levels were reported from developing countries as compared to developed countries. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found to be predominant in both air and dust. Temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, building material and indoor maintenance were reported as the important factors influencing the levels of phthalates in the air and dust. In addition to policy level interventions, reducing the use of phthalate containing materials and controlling the factors which enhance the emission from existing sources can help in reducing human exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durba Kashyap
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
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40
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Liu T, Wang Y, Yang M, Shao P, Duan L, Li M, Zhu M, Yang J, Jiang J. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces precocious puberty in adolescent female rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:848-855. [PMID: 30186573 PMCID: PMC6118085 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.28489.6905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nowadays, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used in different kinds of commercial products as a plasticizer. Previous studies have revealed that exposures to DEHP could be associated with precocious puberty in teenagers, but the exact mechanism is yet to be known. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 48 prepubertal Wistar female rats were randomly apportioned into 4 groups and orally treated with 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/d DEHP from postnatal day 21 up to 4 weeks. Subsequently, we examined the indicators related to the initiation of sexual development. RESULTS DEHP was able to shorten the vaginal opening time and prolong the estrous cycles of female rats. IGF-1 expression was significantly upregulated by 1000 mg/kg/d DEHP in the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamic, as well as serum levels of GH, were also upregulated by DEHP. It also caused decrements in serum levels of FSH, LH, and T and the increment in level of progesterone. Meanwhile, DEHP was able to exert its effect on the mRNA and protein expression levels of Kiss-1, GPR54, and GnRH in the hypothalamus in pubertal female rats. CONCLUSION These findings are revealing that DEHP exposure more likely causes imbalances of hypothalamus functioning in pubertal female rats and thus induces precautious puberty in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Modi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Pu Shao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Meng Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Mingji Zhu
- Department of Dermatological, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
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Lucattini L, Poma G, Covaci A, de Boer J, Lamoree MH, Leonards PEG. A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:466-482. [PMID: 29529574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chemicals in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A number of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concentrations of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 μg/g in textiles, 5.8 μg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concentrations of chemicals in consumer goods and often only the presence of chemicals is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chemicals in products to chemicals detected in indoor air and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liao C, Liu W, Zhang J, Shi W, Wang X, Cai J, Zou Z, Lu R, Sun C, Wang H, Huang C, Zhao Z. Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with residential characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary habits among young children in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1288-1297. [PMID: 29122348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to household phthalates has been reported to have adverse effects on children's health. In this paper, we used phthalate metabolites in the first morning urine as indicators of household phthalate exposures and examined their associations with residential characteristics, lifestyles and dietary habits among young children. During 2013-2014, we collected morning urines from children aged 5-10years in Shanghai, China and obtained the related information about analyzed factors in this study by questionnaires. Urinary phthalate metabolites were analyzed by isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-heated electrospray ionization source (HESI) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskai-Wallis rank tests, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the target associations. Ten metabolites of seven phthalates in 434 urine samples were analyzed. The detection rates of eight metabolites (MiBP, MnBP, MEHP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEP, and MMP) were >90%, except for MBzP (51.2%), and MCHP with <10.0% of detection rate was not included in analyses. By multivariate linear regression analyses, factors significantly associated with higher concentrations of metabolites included non-usage household air cleaners (MEP and MEHP), changing the child's pillowcase less than one time a week (DEHP metabolites), dusting furniture in the child's bedroom less than three times a week (MMP and MnBP), using more plastic toys (DEHP metabolites and MEP), often having soft drinks (DEHP metabolites) and candies (MiBP). Our results indicated that phthalate exposures were common among Shanghai children and residential characteristics had less significant associations with urinary phthalate metabolites compared with lifestyles and dietary habits. Using less plastic toys, having less candies and soft drinks, using household air cleaner, as well as frequently changing the child's pillowcase and dusting furniture in the child's bedroom could reduce phthalate exposures among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liao
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Rongchun Lu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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43
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Zhao J, Ji Y, Zhu Z, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhao J. PAEs occurrence and sources in road dust and soil in/around parks in May in Tianjin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:238-244. [PMID: 28846928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study reporting the presence of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in 45 composite soil and road dust samples collected in the urban zone of Tianjin, China. Three sample types (one soil and two road dust) were collected from the city parks. Soil samples (SI) were obtained from inside the park, road dust samples (RDI) were gathered from inside the park roads and the others (RDA) from roads surrounding parks. The range of concentrations of ∑6PAEs in SI, RDI and RDA were 0.07-0.92μgg-1, 0.42-6.32μgg-1 and 0.40-7.54μgg-1, respectively. The highest SI ∑6PAEs concentration (0.92μgg-1 in The People's Park) was 13 times higher than that of the lowest content (0.07μgg-1 in XiLiu Park). Furthermore, the spatial distribution of PAEs in RDI showed higher contents in the Nankai and Hexi districts. PAEs concentrations in different types of roads displayed significant differences (P < 0.05). The RDA PAEs distribution expressed decreasing order for different types of roads such as arterial road > sub-arterial road > branch road. The results of nonparametric tests on ∑6PAEs revealed significant differences between every two different sample types (P < 0.05). The analysis of the six PAEs types indicated DnBP and DEHP were the primary contaminating compounds in all sample types. The PCA results showed cosmetics and personal care products were important sources of PAEs in SI, and plasticizers were the key sources of PAEs in RDI and RDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
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Chi C, Xia M, Zhou C, Wang X, Weng M, Shen X. Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:137-145. [PMID: 28477807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Chi
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang National Radiation Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Mili Weng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Shu L, Chen S, Zhao WW, Bai Y, Ma XC, Li XX, Li JR, Somsundaran P. High-performance liquid chromatography separation of phthalate acid esters with a MIL-53(Al)-packed column. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3163-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lun Shu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Sha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yan Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xing-Chen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - P. Somsundaran
- Earth and Environment Engineering Department; Columbia University; New York USA
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Huo CY, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Song WW, Li HL, Li WL, Kannan K, Wu YK, Han YM, Peng ZX, Li YF. Phthalate Esters in Indoor Window Films in a Northeastern Chinese Urban Center: Film Growth and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7743-7751. [PMID: 27322908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoor window film samples were collected in buildings during 2014-2015 for the determination of six phthalate diesters (PAEs). Linear regression analysis suggested that the film mass was positively and significantly correlated with the duration of film growth (from 7 to 77 days). PAEs were detected in all window film samples (n = 64). For all the samples with growth days ranged from 7 to 77 days, the median concentrations of total six PAEs (∑6PAEs) in winter and summer window film samples were 9900 ng/m(2) film (2000 μg/g film) and 4700 ng/m(2) film (650 μg/g film), respectively. Among PAEs analyzed, di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the major compound (71 ± 9.7%), followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 20 ± 7.4%) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP; 5.1 ± 2.2%). Positive correlations among PAEs suggested their common sources in the window film samples. Room temperature and relative humidity were negatively and significantly correlated with PAEs concentations (in ng/m(2)). Poor ventilation in cold winter in Noreastern China significantly influenced the concentrations of PAEs in window film which suggested higher inhalation exposure dose in winter. The median hazard quotient (HQ) values from PAEs exposure were below 1, suggesting that the intake of PAEs via three exposure pathways was considered as acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yong-Kai Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ya-Meng Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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Wang J, Ho SSH, Ma S, Cao J, Dai W, Liu S, Shen Z, Huang R, Wang G, Han Y. Characterization of PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China: uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:961-971. [PMID: 26851882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C40), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes were quantified in fine particulate (PM2.5), which were collected in urban area of Guangzhou, China in winter and summer in 2012/2013. The pollutants levels were well comparable with the data obtained in previous studies in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region but much lower than most northern Chinese megacities. The contribution of EC to PM2.5 and OC/EC ratio suggest that the pollution sources were relatively consistent in GZ between the two seasons. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was the most abundant PAHs, which were 4.9 and 1.0ng/m(3) on average, accounting for 10.7% and 9.1% to the total quantified PAHs in winter and summer, respectively. The total concentrations of PAEs ranged from 289.1 to 2435ng/m(3) and from 102.4 to 1437ng/m(3), respectively, in winter and summer. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was the most dominant PAEs. The ambient levels of PAEs could be partly attributed to the widespread uses of the household products, municipal garbage compressing, sewage, and external painting material on the building. Source apportionment for OC with chemical mass balance (CMB) model demonstrated coal combustion, vehicle emission, cooking, and secondary organic compounds (SOC) formation were the four major pollution sources. Both of the indices of n-alkanes and diagnostic PAHs ratios support that anthropogenic sources such as vehicle emission and coal combustion were the significant pollution sources with some extents from epicuticular waxes by terrestrial plants. The ratio of hopanes to EC proved the influences from vehicle emission, and displayed a certain degree of the air aging in the Guangzhou ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China of Institute of Environmental Sciences, SCIES, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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