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Fu J, Fang T, Gao Y, Wang T, Jia Z, Guo D, Mao H. Emission characteristic, spatial distribution, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs) from light-duty gasoline and diesel vehicles based on on-road measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173390. [PMID: 38815831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust is the primary source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Real road tests using a portable vehicle measurement system on light-duty gasoline vehicles and light-duty diesel trucks were conducted to investigate gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) in vehicle exhaust with different emission standards, fuel types, and altitudes. The results showed that with the tightening of emission standards, the overall emission factors (EFs) of PACs decreased. Compared with China V diesel vehicles, the emissions of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs from China VI diesel vehicles were 75.1 %, 84.4 %, and 61.2 % lower, respectively. With a ∼100 m increase in altitude, the EFs of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs of diesel vehicles increased 1.88, 1.92, and 1.59 times due to incomplete combustion. In addition, the EFs of PAHs and OPAHs in gasoline vehicles were lower than those in diesel vehicles. In contrast, the proportion of PAHs with highly toxic components, such as dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and the EFs of gas-phase NPAHs in gasoline vehicles were higher than those in diesel vehicles. Furthermore, the emissions of 1,8-DNP from diesel vehicles cannot be disregarded. 1,8-DNP was the main gas-phase NPAHs emitted by China VI and China V diesel vehicles, accounting for 49.3 % and 26.0 %, respectively. Moreover, gas-phase PACs contributed more to the EFs than particle-phase PACs, whereas particle-phase PACs have greater toxic effects. Although the EFs of PAHs are more than 100 times those of NPAHs, the toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) of PAHs in diesel and gasoline vehicles were approximately 6.5 times and 35 times those of NPAHs. The spatial distribution characteristics revealed that PACs emissions were mainly concentrated in urban areas and highways, and the differences in the toxicity of PACs emissions between different cities depended on the proportion of diesel vehicles. The average TEQBaP of PAHs and NPAHs in Haidong, Haibei, Huangnan, Hainan, Guoluo, and Yushu was 8.42 μg/m3 and 0.36 μg/m3, respectively, while those of Xining and Haixi were 0.24-0.29 μg/m3 and 0.09-0.108 μg/m3 higher, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the emission characteristics, health risks, and spatial distribution of PACs from diesel and gasoline vehicle PACs in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yutong Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongping Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Li X, Zhao P, Fang M, Huang Z. Organic carbon, elemental carbon and particulate semivolatile organic compound emissions from a common-rail diesel engine: Insight into effect of fuel injection pressure at different loads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169465. [PMID: 38142992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Effect of fuel injection pressure on organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), i.e., n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), emissions from a common-rail diesel engine was analyzed comprehensively. EC emission rate evidently decreased with increasing injection pressure at low fuel injection pressure ranges (80-120 MPa), while engine load effect on the EC emission was insignificant at high injection pressure ranges (140-160 MPa). The higher fraction of EC2 in the total EC emission appeared at the highest injection pressure ranges (140-160 MPa) under middle and high loads, suggesting the spontaneous carbonization process from soot precursor to ordered soot during the high temperature process. Low injection pressure provided poor combustion condition and caused unburned diesel fuel to volatilize more 2-3 ring PAHs. The percentage of 4-ring PAHs exhibited a rise-then-fall trend with increasing injection pressure, while the maximum percentage of 5-7 ring PAHs appeared at the highest injection pressure ranges (140-160 MPa) under high load condition, suggesting that higher combustion temperature and larger pyrolysis zone under the high injection pressure promoted the formation of lager and more stable PAHs. The fractions of fuel-derived short chain (C16-C21) and oil-derived long chain (C22-C33) in the total n-alkanes exhibited obvious load and injection pressure dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wang J, Ma X, Ji Y, Ji Y, Gao Y, Xiao Y, Li G, An T. Competing esterification and oligomerization reactions of typical long-chain alcohols to secondary organic aerosol formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:103-112. [PMID: 36503740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfate (OSA) nanoparticles, as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) compositions, are ubiquitous in urban and rural environments. Hence, we systemically investigated the mechanisms and kinetics of aqueous-phase reactions of 1-butanol/1-decanol (BOL/DOL) and their roles in the formation of OSA nanoparticles by using quantum chemical and kinetic calculations. The mechanism results show that the aqueous-phase reactions of BOL/DOL start from initial protonation at alcoholic OH-groups to form carbenium ions (CBs), which engage in the subsequent esterification or oligomerization reactions to form OSAs/organosulfites (OSIs) or dimers. The kinetic results reveal that dehydration to form CBs for BOL and DOL reaction systems is the rate-limiting step. Subsequently, about 18% of CBs occur via oligomerization to dimers, which are difficult to further oligomerize because all reactive sites are occupied. The rate constant of BOL reaction system is one order of magnitude larger than that of DOL reaction system, implying that relative short-chain alcohols are more prone to contribute OSAs/OSIs than long-chain alcohols. Our results reveal that typical long-chain alcohols contribute SOA formation via esterification rather than oligomerization because OSA/OSI produced by esterification engages in nanoparticle growth through enhancing hygroscopicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongpeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li X, Feng J, Li Y, Zhao P, Pan X, Huang Z. Size-fractionated nonpolar organic compounds of traffic aerosol emissions in a highway tunnel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118501. [PMID: 34785283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size-fractionated aerosol samples (PM0.25, PM0.25-1, PM1-2.5, and PM2.5-10) were collected in a highway tunnel in Shanghai, China. The concentrations of nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs), i.e., n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in the aerosol samples at the tunnel inlet and outlet, emission factors (EFs) of individual NPOCs in PM10, and EFs of size-fractionated individual NPOCs were analyzed comprehensively. NPOC concentrations in this tunnel were lower than the earlier tunnel results, which might be attributed to the tunnel configuration effect on the pollution dilution along the tunnel, in addition to the improvement of engine technology and fuel quality during past decades. n-Alkane homologs for C14-C35 exhibited a smooth hump-like distribution pattern with the most abundance at C22 and 1-2 carbon number shifts of Cmax in comparison to those in other tunnels due to different fleet and fuel compositions. The most abundant PAHs from diesel (e.g., Nap, Phe, Flu and Pyr) and gasoline (e.g., BghiF, BbkF, BeP, DBA and BghiP) vehicle emissions presented concentration increases of 1.8-5.8 times from the tunnel inlet to outlet. The individual n-alkane and PAH distributions exhibited obvious size dependence, while it was expected that the relative abundances and homolog distributions of hopanes were very similar for different size stages. Several diagnostic ratios, e.g., fossil/plant n-alkanes and LMW/HMW PAHs, were evidently size dependent, indicating different sources of size-fractionated n-alkanes and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Pan
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Pongpiachan S, Hattayanone M, Tipmanee D, Suttinun O, Khumsup C, Kittikoon I, Hirunyatrakul P. Chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 2013 Rayong oil spill-affected coastal areas of Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:992-1002. [PMID: 29122365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among Southeast Asian countries, Thailand has gradually accustomed to extremely prompt urbanization, motorization, and industrialization. Chonburi and Rayong provinces are two provinces involved in "eastern seaboard" industrial zones, which is an emerging economic region that plays a key role in Thailand's economy. The 2013 Rayong oil spill did not only cause damages to the coastal and maritime environment, but also undermine trust in the overall safety system and negatively affect the investor confidence. In this study, 69 coastal soils collected around Koh Samed Island were chemically extracted and analyzed for 15 PAHs by using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra system comprising a high-speed performance system with ASSP function. In this study, numerous diagnostic binary ratios were applied to identify potential sources of PAHs. Advanced statistical techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis coupled with principal component analysis were also conducted for further investigations of source identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Moo 3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand.
| | - M Hattayanone
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
| | - D Tipmanee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket, 83120, Thailand
| | - O Suttinun
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
| | - C Khumsup
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
| | - I Kittikoon
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
| | - P Hirunyatrakul
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
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Heusinkveld HJ, Wahle T, Campbell A, Westerink RHS, Tran L, Johnston H, Stone V, Cassee FR, Schins RPF. Neurodegenerative and neurological disorders by small inhaled particles. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:94-106. [PMID: 27448464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is steadily ageing and as a result, health conditions related to ageing, such as dementia, have become a major public health concern. In 2001, it was estimated that there were almost 5 million Europeans suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this figure has been projected to almost double by 2040. About 40% of people over 85 suffer from AD, and another 10% from Parkinson's disease (PD). The majority of AD and PD cases are of sporadic origin and environmental factors play an important role in the aetiology. Epidemiological research identified airborne particulate matter (PM) as one of the environmental factors potentially involved in AD and PD pathogenesis. Also, cumulating evidence demonstrates that the smallest sizes of the inhalable fraction of ambient particulate matter, also referred to as ultrafine particulate matter or nano-sized particles, are capable of inducing effects beyond the respiratory system. Translocation of very small particles via the olfactory epithelium in the nose or via uptake into the circulation has been demonstrated through experimental rodent studies with engineered nanoparticles. Outdoor air pollution has been linked to several health effects including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that may ultimately result in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between exposure to inhaled ambient particles and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Heusinkveld
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, The Netherlands; AIR pollutants and Brain Aging research Group.
| | - Tina Wahle
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; AIR pollutants and Brain Aging research Group
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; AIR pollutants and Brain Aging research Group
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; AIR pollutants and Brain Aging research Group
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