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Zhong Y, Hou C, Gao X, Wang M, Yao Y, Chen M, Di B, Su M. Application of wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate the usage of beta-agonists in 31 cities in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164956. [PMID: 37343858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The illegal use of beta-agonists could cause severe problems to human health. In this study, the usage of beta-agonists in 31 cities across China was estimated using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The proposed method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and LC-MS/MS and was developed and validated to determine the concentration of seven beta-agonists in wastewater. A population model based on cotinine (COT), NH4-N and the flow volume was constructed to estimate the population equivalents for different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Clenbuterol and ractopamine are banned in China for both animal husbandry and medical use, but were nevertheless detected in some wastewater samples at rates of 6.2 % and 4.7 %, respectively (n = 339). The WBE-based consumption of clenbuterol and ractopamine were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the health risks were assessed by their hazard quotients (0.26-6.62 for clenbuterol and 9.27 × 10-4-0.05 for ractopamine). Salbutamol, clorprenaline and terbutaline were observed in practically all wastewater samples at concentrations of up to several ng/L, whereas the formoterol and bambuterol concentrations were below the detection limit in all samples. Salbutamol consumption (7.35 ± 4.14 mg/1000 inh/day) was highest among the examined beta-agonists and varied regionally. Beta-agonist consumption based on WBE was higher in some cities than that based on medical survey data, indicating potential illegal use. These results show that WBE can be a straightforward and supplementary method for monitoring beta-agonist usage at the population level and spatially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chenzhi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinyi Gao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Mengxiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211100, China.
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Evaluation of Effects of Ractopamine on Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Locomotory Physiology in Animal Model Zebrafish Larvae. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092449. [PMID: 34572098 PMCID: PMC8466814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC) is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist that is used to promote lean and increased food conversion efficiency in livestock. This compound has been considered to be causing behavioral and physiological alterations in livestock like pig. Few studies have addressed the potential non-target effect of RAC in aquatic animals. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential physiological response after acute RAC exposure in zebrafish by evaluating multiple endpoints like locomotor activity, oxygen consumption, and cardiovascular performance. Zebrafish larvae were subjected to waterborne RAC exposure at 0.1, 1, 2, 4, or 8 ppm for 24 h, and the corresponding cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotion activities were monitored and quantified. In addition, we also performed in silico molecular docking for RAC with 10 zebrafish endogenous β-adrenergic receptors to elucidate the potential acting mechanism of RAC. Results show RAC administration can significantly boost locomotor activity, cardiac performance, oxygen consumption, and blood flow rate, but without affecting the cardiac rhythm regularity in zebrafish embryos. Based on structure-based flexible molecular docking, RAC display similar binding affinity to all ten subtypes of endogenous β-adrenergic receptors, from adra1aa to adra2db, which are equivalent to the human one. This result suggests RAC might act as high potency and broad spectrum β-adrenergic receptors agonist on boosting the locomotor activity, cardiac performance, and oxygen consumption in zebrafish. To validate our results, we co-incubated a well-known β-blocker of propranolol (PROP) with RAC. PROP exposure tends to minimize the locomotor hyperactivity, high oxygen consumption, and cardiac rate in zebrafish larvae. In silico structure-based molecular simulation and binding affinity tests show PROP has an overall lower binding affinity than RAC. Taken together, our studies provide solid in vivo evidence to support that RAC plays crucial roles on modulating cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotory physiology in zebrafish for the first time. In addition, the versatile functions of RAC as β-agonist possibly mediated via receptor competition with PROP as β-antagonist.
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Challis JK, Sura S, Cantin J, Curtis AW, Shade KM, McAllister TA, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Larney FJ. Ractopamine and Other Growth-Promoting Compounds in Beef Cattle Operations: Fate and Transport in Feedlot Pens and Adjacent Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1730-1739. [PMID: 33450151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study represents a comprehensive investigation of the occurrence and fates of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and metabolites 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH), 17β-TBOH, and trendione (TBO); melengesterol acetate (MGA); and the less commonly studied β-andrenergic agonist ractopamine (RAC) in two 8 month cattle feeding trials and simulated rainfall runoff experiments. Cattle were administered TBA, MGA, or RAC, and their residues were measured in fresh feces, pen floor material, and simulated rainfall runoff from pen floor surfaces and manure-amended pasture. Concentrations of RAC ranged from 3600 ng g-1, dry weight (dw), in pen floor to 58 000 ng g-1 in fresh feces and were, on average, observed at 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than those of TBA and MGA. RAC persisted in pen floors (manure t1/2 = 18-49 days), and contamination of adjacent sites was observed, likely via transport of windblown particulates. Concentrations in runoff water from pen floors extrapolated to larger-scale commercial feedlots revealed that a single rainfall event could result in mobilization of gram quantities of RAC. This is the first report of RAC occurrence and fate in cattle feedlot environments, and will help understand the risks posed by this chemical and inform appropriate manure-management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - S Sura
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - J Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - A W Curtis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - K M Shade
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - P D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - J P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - F J Larney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Garbinato C, Schneider SE, Sachett A, Decui L, Conterato GM, Müller LG, Siebel AM. Exposure to ractopamine hydrochloride induces changes in heart rate and behavior in zebrafish embryos and larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21468-21475. [PMID: 32277412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different veterinary drugs have been widely found in surface and groundwater, affecting non-target organisms. Ractopamine (RAC) is one of these drugs found in water bodies. It is a β-adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to modulate the metabolism, redirect nutrients from the adipose tissue towards muscles, and increase protein synthesis in swine, cattle, and turkeys. RAC shows toxicological potential, but there is no data about its impacts on the development of non-target organisms, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio). In this study, we evaluated the effect of the exposure to this feed additive on critical parameters (hatching, survival, spontaneous movement, heart rate, and exploratory and locomotor behavior) in zebrafish embryos and larvae. The animals were exposed to RAC hydrochloride at 0.1, 0.2, 0.85, 8.5, and 85 μg/L. Zebrafish exposed to the drug showed increased heart rate at all tested concentrations and alterations on locomotion and exploratory behavior at 85 μg/L. No changes were observed in the survival, hatching rate and spontaneous movement. Our results suggest that RAC present in the environment can induce disabling effects on non-target organisms and elicit an ecological imbalance by increasing the animals' vulnerability to predation due to greater visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Garbinato
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ester Schneider
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Sachett
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Decui
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Greicy M Conterato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Reprodução Animal, Departamento de Agricultura, Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Liz Girardi Müller
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Siebel
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil.
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Wooten KJ, Sandoz MA, Smith PN. Ractopamine in particulate matter emitted from beef cattle feedyards and playa wetlands in the Central Plains. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:970-974. [PMID: 29131396 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Beef cattle in the United States are routinely administered ractopamine, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, to enhance growth. The present study is the first to quantify ractopamine in feedyard-emitted particulate matter and playa wetlands near feedyards. Ractopamine was present in 92% of particulate matter samples, 16% of playa sediment samples, and 3% of playa water samples, at maximum concentrations of 4.7 μg/g, 5.2 ng/g (dry wt), and 271 ng/L, respectively. These data suggest that aerial transmission and deposition of particulate matter is a transport mechanism for ractopamine between feedyards and aquatic systems in the region. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:970-974. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Wooten
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa A Sandoz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Philip N Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Sachett A, Bevilaqua F, Chitolina R, Garbinato C, Gasparetto H, Dal Magro J, Conterato GM, Siebel AM. Ractopamine hydrochloride induces behavioral alterations and oxidative status imbalance in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:194-201. [PMID: 29405861 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1434848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of ractopamine (RAC) hydrochloride in water bodies is of significant concern due to its ecological impacts and toxicity to humans. RAC hydrochloride is a β-adrenergic agonist drug used as a feed additive to (1) improve feed efficiency, (2) rate of weight gain, and (3) increase carcass leanness in animals raised for their meat. This drug is excreted by animals in urine and introduced into the environment affecting nontarget organisms including fish. In wastewater released from farms, RAC concentrations were detected from 0.124 µg/L to 30.1 µg/L, and in levels ranging from 1.3 × 10-5 to 5.4 × 10-4 μg/L in watersheds. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exposure to RAC at 0.1, 0.2, 0.85, 8.5, or 85 µg/L dissolved in water on behavior and oxidative status in adult zebrafish. At 0.85 µg/L, RAC treatment increased exploratory behavior of zebrafish; while at 8.5 µg/L, decreased locomotor and exploratory activities were noted. With respect to oxidative stress biomarkers, results showed that RAC at 0.2 µg/L induced lipid peroxidation and elevated total thiol content in zebrafish brain. All drug tested concentrations produced a fall in nonprotein thiol content. Finally, RAC at 0.85, 8.5, or 85 µg/L increased catalase enzyme activity. Our results demonstrated that the exposure to RAC induced behavioral alterations and oxidative stress in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrieli Sachett
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bevilaqua
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Rafael Chitolina
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Garbinato
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Henrique Gasparetto
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
| | - Greicy M Conterato
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecossistemas Agrícolas e Naturais , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos , Curitibanos , SC , Brazil
- c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, UFSC , Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima , Florianópolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Anna M Siebel
- a Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó , Chapecó , SC , Brazil
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