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Pinheiro KMP, Sako AVF, Rodrigues MF, Vaz BG, Medeiros Junior I, Carvalho RM, Coltro WKT. Analysis of naphthenic acids in produced water samples by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300442. [PMID: 37582647 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method was used to analyze naphthenic acids in produced water samples. It was possible to detect cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1-naphthoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic, 9-anthracenecarboxylic, and pentadecanoic acids within ca. 13 min using a buffer composed of 40 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide, 32 mmol/L acetic acid and 20% v/v isopropyl alcohol, pH 8.6. The proposed method showed good repeatability, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 6.6% for the sum of the peak areas and less than 2% for the analysis time. In the interday analysis, the RSD values for the sum of the peak areas and migration time were 10.3% and 10%, respectively. The developed method demonstrated linear behavior in the concentration range between 5 and 50 mg/L for benzoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acids, and between 10 and 50 mg/L for cyclopentanecarboxylic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1- naphthoic, and pentadecanoic acids. The detection limits values ranged from 0.31 to 1.64 mg/L. Six produced water samples were analyzed and it was possible to identify and quantify cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, and decanoic acids. The concentrations varied between 4.8 and 98.9 mg/L, proving effective in the application of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alysson V F Sako
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Iris Medeiros Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, Brazil
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Pinheiro KMP, Duarte LM, Rodrigues MF, Vaz BG, Junior IM, Carvalho RM, Coltro WKT. Determination of naphthenic acids in produced water by using microchip electrophoresis with integrated contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463307. [PMID: 35834889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time the use of a microchip electrophoresis (ME) device with integrated capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) to analyze naphthenic acids in produced water. A mixture containing 9-anthracenecarboxylic, 1-naphthoic, and benzoic acids was separated and detected using a running buffer composed of 10 mmol L-1 carbonate buffer (pH = 10.2). The separation was achieved within ca. 140 s with baseline resolution greater than 2 and efficiency values ranging from 1.9 × 105 to 2.4 × 105 plates m-1. The developed methodology provided linear correlation with determination coefficients greater than 0.992 for the concentration ranges between 50 and 250 µmol L-1 for benzoic and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acids, and between 50 and 200 µmol L-1 for 1-naphthoic acid. The achieved limit of detection values varied between 4.7 and 7.7 µmol L-1. The proposed methodology revealed satisfactory repeatability with RSD values for a sequence of eight injections between 5.5 and 7.7% for peak areas and lower than 1% for migration times. In addition, inter-day precision was evaluated for sixteen injections (a sequence of four injections performed during four days), and the RSD values were lower than 11.5 and 4.9% for peak areas and migration time, respectively. Five produced water samples were analyzed, and it was possible to detect and quantify 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid. The concentrations ranged from 1.05 to 2.24 mmol L-1 with recovery values between 90.8 and 96.0%. ME-C4D demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance for determining naphthenic acids in produced water for the first time, which is useful for petroleum or oil industry investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemilly M P Pinheiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Marcella F Rodrigues
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Iris Medeiros Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-000, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP 13084-971, Brazil.
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Stolz A, Jooß K, Höcker O, Römer J, Schlecht J, Neusüß C. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, methodology and applications. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:79-112. [PMID: 30260009 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers fast and high-resolution separation of charged analytes from small injection volumes. Coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), it represents a powerful analytical technique providing (exact) mass information and enables molecular characterization based on fragmentation. Although hyphenation of CE and MS is not straightforward, much emphasis has been placed on enabling efficient ionization and user-friendly coupling. Though several interfaces are now commercially available, research on more efficient and robust interfacing with nano-electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP) continues with considerable results. At the same time, CE-MS has been used in many fields, predominantly for the analysis of proteins, peptides and metabolites. This review belongs to a series of regularly published articles, summarizing 248 articles covering the time between June 2016 and May 2018. Latest developments on hyphenation of CE with MS as well as instrumental developments such as two-dimensional separation systems with MS detection are mentioned. Furthermore, applications of various CE-modes including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) coupled to MS in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Höcker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schlecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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MacLennan MS, Peru KM, Swyngedouw C, Fleming I, Chen DDY, Headley JV. Characterization of Athabasca lean oil sands and mixed surficial materials: Comparison of capillary electrophoresis/low-resolution mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:695-702. [PMID: 29486520 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oil sands mining in Alberta, Canada, requires removal and stockpiling of considerable volumes of near-surface overburden material. This overburden includes lean oil sands (LOS) which cannot be processed economically but contain sparingly soluble petroleum hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids, which can leach into environmental waters. In order to measure and track the leaching of dissolved constituents and distinguish industrially derived organics from naturally occurring organics in local waters, practical methods were developed for characterizing multiple sources of contaminated water leakage. METHODS Capillary electrophoresis/positive-ion electrospray ionization low-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE/LRMS), high-resolution negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS) and conventional gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) were used to characterize porewater samples collected from within Athabasca LOS and mixed surficial materials. GC/FID was used to measure total petroleum hydrocarbon and HRMS was used to measure total naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). HRMS and CE/LRMS were used to characterize samples according to source. RESULTS The amounts of total petroleum hydrocarbon in each sample as measured by GC/FID ranged from 0.1 to 15.1 mg/L while the amounts of NAFCs as measured by HRMS ranged from 5.3 to 82.3 mg/L. Factors analysis (FA) on HRMS data visually demonstrated clustering according to sample source and was correlated to molecular formula. LRMS coupled to capillary electrophoresis separation (CE/LRMS) provides important information on NAFC isomers by adding analyte migration time data to m/z and peak intensity. CONCLUSIONS Differences in measured amounts of total petroleum hydrocarbons by GC/FID and NAFCs by HRMS indicate that the two methods provide complementary information about the nature of dissolved organic species in a soil or water leachate samples. NAFC molecule class Ox Sy is a possible tracer for LOS seepage. CE/LRMS provides complementary information and is a feasible and practical option for source evaluation of NAFCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S MacLennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | | | - Ian Fleming
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
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Kovalchik KA, MacLennan MS, Peru KM, Ajaero C, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Chen DDY. Characterization of dicarboxylic naphthenic acid fraction compounds utilizing amide derivatization: Proof of concept. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2057-2065. [PMID: 28944977 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The characterization of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) in oil sands process affected water (OSPW) is of interest for both toxicology studies and regulatory reasons. Previous studies utilizing authentic standards have identified dicarboxylic naphthenic acids using two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOFMS). The selective derivatization of hydroxyl groups has also recently aided in the characterization of oxy-NAFCs, and indirectly the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs. However, there has been no previous report of derivatization being used to directly aid in the standard-free characterization of NAFCs with multiple carboxylic acid functional groups. Herein we present proof-of-concept for the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs utilizing amide derivatization. METHODS Carboxylic acid groups in OSPW extract and in a dicarboxylic acidstandard were derivatized to amides using a previously described method. The derivatized extract and derivatized standard were analyzed by direct-injection positive-mode electrospray ionization ((+)ESI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the underivatized extract was analyzed by (-)ESI MS. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was carried out on selected ions of the derivatized standard and derivatized OSPW. Data analysis was carried out using the Python programming language. RESULTS The distribution of monocarboxylic NAFCs observed in the amide-derivatized OSPW sample by (+)ESI-MS was generally similar to that seen in underivatized OSPW by (-)ESI-MS. The dicarboxylic acid standard shows evidence of being doubly derivatized, although the second derivatization appears to be inefficient. Furthermore, a spectrum of potential diacid NAFCs is presented, identified by both charge state and derivatization mass. Interference due to the presence of multiple derivatization products is noted, but can be eliminated using on-line separation or an isotopically labelled derivatization reagent. CONCLUSIONS Proof of concept for the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs utilizing amide derivatization is demonstrated. Furthermore, (+)ESI-HRMS of the derivatized monocarboxylic NAFCS yields similar information to (-)ESI-MS analysis of underivatized NAFCs, with the benefit of added selectivity for carboxylic acid species and the characterization of diacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kovalchik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Matthew S MacLennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 3H5
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0A2
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0A2
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 3H5
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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Wuethrich A, Quirino JP. Derivatisation for separation and detection in capillary electrophoresis (2015-2017). Electrophoresis 2017; 39:82-96. [PMID: 28758685 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Derivatisation is an integrated part of many analytical workflows to enable separation and detection of the analytes. In CE, derivatisation is adapted in the four modes of pre-capillary, in-line, in-capillary, and post-capillary derivatisation. In this review, we discuss the progress in derivatisation from February 2015 to May 2017 from multiple points of view including sections about the derivatisation modes, derivatisation to improve the analyte separation and analyte detection. The advancements in derivatisation procedures, novel reagents, and applications are covered. A table summarising the 46 reviewed articles with information about analyte, sample, derivatisation route, CE method and method sensitivity is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Kovalchik KA, MacLennan MS, Peru KM, Headley JV, Chen DDY. Standard method design considerations for semi-quantification of total naphthenic acids in oil sands process affected water by mass spectrometry: A review. Front Chem Sci Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-017-1652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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