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Wang Y, Meng J, Huang T, Ma J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Guo Q, Yang J, Hou Z. Contrasting molecular characteristics and formation mechanisms of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols at the summit and foot of Mt. Huang, East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165116. [PMID: 37364833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) exerts a considerable influence on atmospheric chemistry. However, little information about the vertical distribution of SOA in the alpine setting is available, which limited the simulation of SOA using chemical transport models. Here, a total of 15 biogenic and anthropogenic SOA tracers were measured in PM2.5 aerosols at both the summit (1840 m a.s.l.) and foot (480 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Huang during the winter of 2020 to explore their vertical distribution and formation mechanism. Most of the determined chemical species (e.g., BSOA and ASOA tracers, carbonaceous components, major inorganic ions) and gaseous pollutants at the foot of Mt. Huang were 1.7-3.2 times higher concentrations than those at the summit, suggesting the relatively more significant effect of anthropogenic emissions at the ground level. The ISORROPIA-II model showed that aerosol acidity increases as altitude decreases. Air mass trajectories, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and correlation analysis of BSOA tracers with temperature revealed that SOA at the foot of Mt. Huang was mostly derived from the local oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while SOA at the summit was mainly influenced by long-distance transport. The robust correlations of BSOA tracers with anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., NH3, NO2, and SO2) (r = 0.54-0.91, p < 0.05) indicated that anthropogenic emissions could promote BSOA productions in the mountainous background atmosphere. Moreover, most of SOA tracers (r = 0.63-0.96, p < 0.01) and carbonaceous species (r = 0.58-0.81, p < 0.01) were correlated well with levoglucosan in all samples, suggesting that biomass burning played an important role in the mountain troposphere. This work demonstrated that daytime SOA at the summit of Mt. Huang was significantly influenced by the valley breeze in winter. Our results provide new insights into the vertical distributions and provenance of SOA in the free troposphere over East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Tonglin Huang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jiangkai Ma
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jiaoxue Yang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Li Y, Hou Z, Wang Y, Huang T, Wang Y, Ma J, Chen X, Chen A, Chen M, Zhang X, Meng J. Diurnal Variations in High Time-Resolved Molecular Distributions and Formation Mechanisms of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols at Mt. Huang, East China. Molecules 2023; 28:5939. [PMID: 37630191 PMCID: PMC10458846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular characteristics and formation mechanism of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) in the forested atmosphere are poorly known. Here, we report the temporal variations in and formation processes of BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, and β caryophyllene in PM2.5 samples collected at the foot of Mt. Huang (483 m a. s. l) in East China during the summer of 2019 with a 3 h time resolution. The concentrations of nearly all of the detected species, including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), levoglucosan, and SIA (sum of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+), were higher at night (19:00-7:00 of the next day) than in the daytime (7:00-19:00). In addition, air pollutants that accumulated by the dynamic transport of the mountain breeze at night were also a crucial reason for the higher BSOA tracers. Most of the BSOA tracers exhibited higher concentrations at night than in the daytime and peaked at 1:00 to 4:00 or 4:00 to 7:00. Those BSOA tracers presented strong correlations with O3 in the daytime rather than at night, indicating that BSOAs in the daytime were primarily derived from the photo-oxidation of BVOCs with O3. The close correlations of BSOA tracers with SO42- and particle acidity (pHis) suggest that BSOAs were primarily derived from the acid-catalyzed aqueous-phase oxidation. Considering the higher relative humidity and LWC concentration at night, the promoted aqueous oxidation was the essential reason for the higher concentrations of BSOA tracers at night. Moreover, levoglucosan exhibited a robust correlation with BSOA tracers, especially β-caryophyllinic acid, suggesting that biomass burning from long-distance transport exerted a significant impact on BSOA formation. Based on a tracer-based method, the estimated concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, and β caryophyllene at night (0.90 ± 0.57 µgC m-3) were higher than those (0.53 ± 0.34 µgC m-3) in the daytime, accounting for 14.5 ± 8.5% and 12.2 ± 5.0% of OC, respectively. Our results reveal that the BSOA formation at the foot of Mt. Huang was promoted by the mountain-valley breezes and anthropogenic pollutants from long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China
- Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yachen Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Tonglin Huang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Yanhui Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiangkai Ma
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiuna Chen
- Liaocheng Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Aimei Chen
- Municipal Bureau of Ecological Environment of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Min Chen
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.); (X.Z.); (J.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China
- Institute of Huanghe Studies, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Li L, Chao B, Wang W, Luo Y, Wang L, Lin L, Yang G, Wu J. Identification and quantification of IEPOX in ambient aerosols, using electron and chemical ionization sources GC/MS as their trimethylsilyl ethers, and using H-NMR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162186. [PMID: 36791868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emitted by vegetation, and the precursor that makes the greatest contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the troposphere. Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene produces a series of reactive intermediates, isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX). The reactive uptake of IEPOX is the significant formation pathway of atmospheric SOA. In this work, four isomers of IEPOX were synthesized, derivatized by silylation reagents, and measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The electron-impact (EI) and methane chemical ionization (CI) sources mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ester (TMS) derivatives of IEPOX isomers were obtained and the fragmentation behaviors of the derivatives were examined. Moreover, the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectra of IEPOX isomers were also obtained and the peak intensities in the H-NMR spectra were analyzed. Based on the standard spectra, IEPOX isomers were identified in ambient PM2.5 aerosols in the Gongga Mountain (China). The peak sequence of TMS derivatives of IEPOX isomers in GC/MS chromatogram was δ4-IEPOX, δ1-IEPOX, cis-β-IEPOX and trans-β-IEPOX. The isomers with the highest concentrations were δ1-IEPOX (threo- and erythro-). The mass ratios of IEPOX to 2-methyltetrols were 0.02-6.0 and the concentrations of IEPOX were 0.8-41.6 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 aerosols. The current study verified the core roles of IEPOX as active intermediates in photo oxidation of isoprene in ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Biao Chao
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yina Luo
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lilin Wang
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Wan X, Fu P, Kang S, Kawamura K, Wu G, Li Q, Gao S, Cong Z. Organic aerosols in the inland Tibetan Plateau: New insights from molecular tracers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163797. [PMID: 37121327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols affect the radiative forcing of the global climate and cloud properties. Organic aerosols are among the most important, yet least understood, components of the sensitive Tibetan Plateau atmosphere. Here, the concentration of and the seasonal and diurnal variations in biomass burning and biogenic aerosols, and their contribution to organic aerosols in the inland Tibetan Plateau were investigated using molecular tracers. Biomass burning tracers including levoglucosan and its isomers, and aromatic acids showed higher concentrations during winter than in summer. Molecular tracers of primary and secondary biogenic organic aerosols were more abundant during summer than those in winter. Meteorological conditions were the main factors influencing diurnal variations in most organic molecular tracers during both seasons. According to the tracer-based method, we found that biogenic secondary organic aerosols (38.5 %) and fungal spores (14.4 %) were the two dominant contributors to organic aerosols during summer, whereas biomass burning (15.4 %) was an important aerosol source during winter at remote continental background site. Results from the positive matrix factor source apportionment also demonstrate the importance of biomass burning and biogenic aerosols in the inland Tibetan Plateau. During winter, the long-range transport of biomass burning from South Asia contributes to organic aerosols. In contrast, the precursors, biogenic secondary organic aerosols, and fungal spores from local emissions/long-range transport are the major sources of organic aerosols during summer. Further investigation is required to distinguish between local emissions and the long-range transport of organic aerosols. In-depth insights into the organic aerosols in the Tibetan Plateau are expected to reduce the uncertainties when evaluating aerosol effects on the climate system in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Guangming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Wildfire Research Center, National Institute of Natural Hazards, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Chow WS, Huang XHH, Leung KF, Huang L, Wu X, Yu JZ. Molecular and elemental marker-based source apportionment of fine particulate matter at six sites in Hong Kong, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152652. [PMID: 34954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on chemical speciation data from 24-h filters collected throughout 2015 at six sampling sites of varying urban influences in Hong Kong. The input data include major inorganic ions, organic and elemental carbon, elements, and organic tracers. Nine factors were resolved, including (1) secondary sulfate formation process, (2) secondary nitrate formation process, (3) industrial emissions, (4) biomass burning, (5) primary biogenic emissions, (6) vehicle emissions, (7) residual oil combustion, (8) dust, and (9) aged sea salt. The PMF-resolved factor contributions in conjunction with air mass back trajectories showed that the two major sources for PM2.5 mass, secondary sulfate (annual: 41%) and secondary nitrate (annual: 9.9%), were dominantly associated with regional and super-regional pollutant transport. Vehicular emissions are the most important local source, and its contributions exhibit a clear spatial variation pattern, with the highest (6.9 μg/m3, 24% of PM2.5) at a downtown roadside location and the lowest (0.4 μg/m3, 2.0% PM2.5) at two background sites away from city centers. The ability of producing a more reliable source separation and identifying new sources (e.g. primary biogenic source in this study) was a direct advantageous result of including organic tracers in the PMF analysis. PMF analysis conducted on the same dataset in this study but without including the organic tracers failed to separate the biomass burning emissions and industrial/coal combustion emissions. PMF analysis without the organic tracers would also over-apportion the contribution of vehicular emissions to PM2.5, which would bias the evaluation of the effectiveness of vehicle-related control measures. This work demonstrates the importance of organic markers in achieving more comprehensive and less biased source apportionment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sze Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fung Leung
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Yi Y, Meng J, Hou Z, Wang G, Zhou R, Li Z, Li Y, Chen M, Liu X, Li H, Yan L. Contrasting compositions and sources of organic aerosol markers in summertime PM 2.5 from urban and mountainous regions in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144187. [PMID: 33418249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical compositions and sources of organic aerosols (OAs) have been extensively investigated at the summit of Mt. Tai in the North China Plain (NCP), their vertical distributions and characterizations in the Mt. Tai region is not well known. To better understand the vertical variations of OAs in the urban and mountainous atmosphere, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously on a daytime/nighttime basis at two sites of different altitudes (Taian urban site: 20 m above ground; the summit of Mt. Tai: 1534 m a.s.l.) during the summer of 2016. The concentrations of all the determined chemical compounds (e.g., OC, EC, inorganic ions, saccharides, n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) except for biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers decreased with the increase in sampling height, indicating the relatively larger contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to OAs at the lower heights. The relatively low concentration levels of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and the insignificant correlations of levoglucosan with carbonaceous species demonstrated a negligible effect of biomass burning on the mountaintop atmosphere. The enhanced concentrations of BSOA tracers were observed with the increase of height, largely due to the more intensive secondary oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the stronger radiation conditions at the summit. The daytime concentrations of carbonaceous species, primary sugars, sugar alcohols, PAHs and low molecular weight n-alkanes were significantly higher than those in nighttime at Mt. Tai, suggesting that these chemical compounds at the summit of Mt.Tai aerosols were transported from the ground surface by valley breezes in daytime. There was no correlation between BSOA tracers and relative humidity (RH) or liquid water content (LWC) at both the sites, because both the high RH and LWC can suppress the acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA due to the dilution of the aerosol acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongji Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
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Li L, Wu D, Chang X, Tang Y, Hua Y, Xu Q, Deng S, Wang S, Hao J. Polar organic aerosol tracers in two areas in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: Concentration comparison before and in the sept. Third Parade and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116108. [PMID: 33385855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 106 24-h PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected in an urban area (Shijiazhuang, SJZ) and a suburban area (Liulihe, LLH, Fangshan County, Beijing) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in 2 periods: the first is from 10 July to 10 August, which is before Sept. Third Parade (Period I); the second is from 20 Aug. to 6 Sept. 2015, which is during Sept. Third Parade (Period II). Polar organic tracers, including isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products, as well as sugars and carboxylic acids were measured. In Period II, rigorous emission-reduction measures were taken in the BTH region. With the anthropogenic emission being cut down significantly, the average concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products and all carboxylic acids (except tetradecanoic, palmitic, and stearic acids), were lower in Period II than those in Period I in LLH, indicating that the SOA tracers were decreased with precursor emission volumes and yields in the atmosphere. Moreover, sugar compounds were shown with comparable levels during the two periods in LLH, suggesting that no measures were taken to reduce the intensities of the biogenic sources. On the contrary, tetradecanoic, palmitic, and stearic acids were shown with obviously higher concentrations in Period II than those in Period I, demonstrating that cooking fumes increased during Sept. Third Parade period. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model combining with tracer-based method was applied to explore the sources of secondary organic carbon (SOC). It reveals that the sources of SOC include isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products, fossil fuel combustion, cooking fumes and regionally transferred aged aerosols. These sources accounted for 11.3%, 9.0%, 15.5%, 10.9%, 29.2%, 2.9%, 21.1% of SOC for SJZ, and 12.7%, 11.2%, 9.7%, 14.4%, 25.3%, 0%, 26.7% of SOC for LLH, during the whole sampling periods respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Di Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xing Chang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yang Hua
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Qingcheng Xu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shihuai Deng
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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Kanellopoulos PG, Verouti E, Chrysochou E, Koukoulakis K, Bakeas E. Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:222-238. [PMID: 33183700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m3, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Eleni Verouti
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Eirini Chrysochou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koukoulakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bakeas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece.
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Kanellopoulos PG, Chrysochou E, Koukoulakis K, Vasileiadou E, Kizas C, Savvides C, Bakeas E. Secondary organic aerosol tracers and related polar organic compounds between urban and rural areas in the Eastern Mediterranean region: source apportionment and the influence of atmospheric oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2212-2229. [PMID: 32996961 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle samples were collected during summer at an urban (LIM) and a rural/background (AGM) site of Cyprus. They were analyzed for pinene and isoprene secondary organic aerosol (PSOA-ISOA) tracers, linear dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), hydroxyacids (HAs), aromatic acids (AAs), monocarboxylic acids (MCAs) and levoglucosan by GC/MS with prior 3-step derivatization. DCAs, AAs, MCAs and levoglucosan exhibited significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) in LIM, PSOAs and ISOAs in AGM (p < 0.05), whereas mixed trends were found for HAs. Among DCAs, succinic was the most abundant in both sites, accounting for 42.5% and 36.5% of the total DCAs in LIM and AGM respectively, followed by adipic in LIM (20.1%) and azelaic in AGM (22.4%). Malic, phthalic and palmitic acids were the dominant HA, AA and MCA, respectively. Regarding PSOAs, significant differences were observed between the two sites, with the first-generation products accounting for 59.8% of the total measured PSOAs in AGM, but were remarkably lowered (10.3%) in LIM indicating that they were highly oxidized. 2-Methylerythritol was the dominant ISOA tracer in both sites; nevertheless the elevated relative abundance of 2-methylglyceric acid in LIM implies the influences of higher NOx levels. The increased O3 levels observed in AGM appear to have a significant impact on SOA formation. Source apportionment tools employed revealed factors related to secondary formation processes including oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, pinene, isoprene and anthropogenic VOCs and factors associated with primary sources such as biomass burning, plant emissions and/or cooking and motor exhaust, with noteworthy differences observed between the two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, 15784, Greece.
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Zhao Y, Ren H, Deng J, Li L, Hu W, Ren L, Yue S, Fan Y, Wu L, Li J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Akimoto H, Zeng X, Cheng Y, Kong S, Su H, Cheng Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. High daytime abundance of primary organic aerosols over Mt. Emei, Southwest China in summer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134475. [PMID: 31759721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular composition of fine aerosols in the free troposphere is poorly understood. Here, PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) samples were collected at the summit of Mt. Emei (3080 m a.s.l.) in the Southwestern China on a daytime and nighttime basis during summer 2016 (June-July). The samples were analyzed by solvent-extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Four classes of organic compounds, i.e. n-alkanes, fatty acids, saccharides and lignin/resin acids were measured quantitatively. Fatty acids were found to be the most abundant species with an average concentration of 401 ± 419 ng m-3 (range 25.7-1490 ng m-3) in the daytime, similar to the average concentration at night (399 ± 447 ng m-3, 19.6-1970 ng m-3). However, the concentrations of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan), primary biological aerosol tracers (e.g., mannitol and arabitol) and low molecular weight n-alkanes derived from fossil fuel combustion in daytime samples were obviously higher than those in nighttime samples. The results suggest that valley breezes transported a large number of aerosols and their precursors from the ground surface to the summit of Mt. Emei in the daytime. Estimated with tracer-based methods, the contributions of biogenic primary sources (plant debris, fungal spore, and biomass burning) to organic carbon was in the range of 3.28-83.5% (22.0 ± 17.5%) in the daytime and 3.45-37.4% (10.9 ± 8.97%) at night. As the largest contributor, biomass burning was an important anthropogenic/natural source of aerosol particles in the free troposphere over Mt. Emei. CAPSULE: Valley/mountain breeze is an important constraint to the temporal variations in organic aerosols over Mt. Emei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanbing Fan
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hajime Akimoto
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Li L, Zhou Y, Bi X, Deng S, Wang S, Lu M. Determination of the stable carbon isotopic compositions of 2-methyltetrols for four forest areas in Southwest China: The implications for the δ 13C values of atmospheric isoprene and C 3/C 4 vegetation distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:780-792. [PMID: 31085494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the troposphere and is released predominantly by vegetation. The δ13C values of atmospheric isoprene vary with different plant types (e.g. C3 and C4 plants). In this work, aerosol samples were collected in four forest areas in Sichuan Province, China, i.e., the Baima Spring Scenic Area (BM), the Panzhihua Cycas Nature Reserve (PZ), the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve (GG) and the Wolong National Nature Reserve (WL) during the summers of 2010-2012. The stable carbon isotopic compositions of 2-methyltetrols, the stable products of isoprene oxidation by OH, were measured using a GC/C/IRMS (gas chromatography/combustion/isotopic ratio mass spectrometry) with methylboronic acid derivatization. The stable carbon isotopic fractionation coefficient of isoprene oxidized by OH (OHεi) was derived in laboratory. With the δ13C values of 2-methyltetrols, OHεi and meteorological parameters, the δ13C values of atmospheric isoprene were calculated. The results show that forests can remarkably change the δ13C values of isoprene in the regional scales, making significant contributions to isoprene emissions. Moreover, C3/C4 proportions of shrubs and grasses depend on altitudes. The average δ13C values of atmospheric isoprene are -24.18 ± 1.72‰, -25.81 ± 1.36‰, -24.96 ± 0.94‰, -25.89 ± 1.35‰ for BM, PZ, GG and WL, respectively. The average δ13C value of atmospheric isoprene in SW China and the surrounding areas was -25.23 ± 1.44‰. C4 plants emitted 26.9 ± 10.3% of isoprene in the research atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shihuai Deng
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingming Lu
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati 45221, United States.
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