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Ji Y, Luo W, Shi Q, Ma X, Wu Z, Zhang W, Gao Y, An T. Mechanisms of isomerization and hydration reactions of typical β-diketone at the air-droplet interface. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:225-234. [PMID: 38408823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Acetylacetone (AcAc) is a typical class of β-diketones with broad industrial applications due to the property of the keto-enol isomers, but its isomerization and chemical reactions at the air-droplet interface are still unclear. Hence, using combined molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry methods, the heterogeneous chemistry of AcAc at the air-droplet interface was investigated, including the attraction of AcAc isomers by the droplets, the distribution of isomers at the air-droplet interface, and the hydration reactions of isomers at the air-droplet interface. The results reveal that the preferential orientation of two AcAc isomers (keto- and enol-AcAc) to accumulate and accommodate at the acidic air-droplet interface. The isomerization of two AcAc isomers at the acidic air-droplet interface is more favorable than that at the neutral air-droplet interface because the "water bridge" structure is destroyed by H3O+, especially for the isomerization from keto-AcAc to enol-AcAc. At the acidic air-droplet interface, the carbonyl or hydroxyl O-atoms of two AcAc isomers display an energetical preference to hydration. Keto-diol is the dominant products to accumulate at the air-droplet interface, and excessive keto-diol can enter the droplet interior to engage in the oligomerization. The photooxidation reaction of AcAc will increase the acidity of the air-droplet interface, which indirectly facilitate the uptake and formation of more keto-diol. Our results provide an insight into the heterogeneous chemistry of β-diketones and their influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiyong Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuju Shi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqi Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li Q, Gong D, Chen Z, Li J, Wu G, Deng S, Wang H, He L, Wang B. Origins of formaldehyde in a mountainous background atmosphere of southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172707. [PMID: 38657816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the key indicators of severe photochemical pollution and strong atmospheric oxidation capacity in southern China. However, current information on the origins of regional HCHO and the impacts of polluted air masses remains scarce and unclear. In this study, an intensive observation of HCHO was conducted at a mountainous background site in southern China during typical photochemical pollution episodes. The concentrations of HCHO reached up to 6.14 ppbv and averaged at 2.68 ± 1.11 ppbv. Source appointment using a photochemical age-based parameterization method revealed significant contributions of secondary formation (50 %) and biomass burning (42 %). Meanwhile, under the influence of the East Asian Winter Monsoon, polluted air masses from central and western China can significantly increase the regional HCHO levels. The simulation results adopting the Rapid Adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry model further demonstrated that the intrusion of active anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., small-molecule alkenes) can accelerate the net production rate of HCHO, particularly through BVOC-oxidation pathways. This study suggests a potential enhanced mechanism of HCHO production resulting from anthropogenic-biogenic interactions. It highlights that polluted air masses carrying abundant HCHO from upwind areas may facilitate severe photochemical pollution in the Greater Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gengchen Wu
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Lingyan He
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
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3
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Yang X, Zhang G, Pan G, Fan G, Zhang H, Ge X, Du M. Significant contribution of carbonyls to atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) during the winter haze pollution over North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:377-388. [PMID: 38105063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbonyl compounds play significant roles in the cycling of radicals and have exhibited surprisingly high levels in winter that were well correlated to particulate matter, for which the reason have not been clearly elucidated. Here we measured carbonyl compounds and other trace gasses together with PM2.5 over urban Jinan in North China Plain during the winter. Markedly higher carbonyl concentrations (average: 14.63 ± 4.21 ppbv) were found during wintertime haze pollution, about one to three-times relative to those on non-haze days, with slight difference in chemical composition except formaldehyde (HCHO). HCHO (3.68 ppbv), acetone (3.17 ppbv), and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) (2.83 ppbv) were the three most abundant species, accounting for ∼75% of the total carbonylson both haze and non-haze days. Results from observational-based model (OBM) with atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) indicated that AOC significantly increased with the increasing carbonyls during the winter haze events. Carbonyl photolysis have supplied key oxidants such as RO2 and HO2, and thereby enhancing the formation of fine particles and secondary organic aerosols, elucidating the observed haze-carbonyls inter-correlation. Diurnal variation with carbonyls exhibiting peak values at early-noon and night highlighted the combined contribution of both secondary formation and primary diesel-fuel sources. 1-butene was further confirmed to be the major precursor for HCHO. This study confirms the great contribution of carbonyls to AOC, and also suggests that reducing the emissions of carbonyls would be an effective way to mitigate haze pollution in urban area of the NCP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan 250101, China; Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guang Pan
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Guolan Fan
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Houyong Zhang
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Xuan Ge
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Mingyue Du
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
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Li P, Chen C, Liu D, Lian J, Li W, Fan C, Yan L, Gao Y, Wang M, Liu H, Pan X, Mao J. Characteristics and source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds and ozone generation sensitivity in urban Jiaozuo, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:607-625. [PMID: 38135424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many cities have taken measures to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), an important precursor of ozone (O3), to alleviate O3 pollution in China. 116 VOC species were measured by online and offline methods in the urban area of Jiaozuo from May to October in 2021 to analyze the compositional characteristics. VOC sources were analyzed by a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the sensitivity of ozone generation was determined by ozone isopleth plotting research (OZIPR) simulation. The results showed that the average volume concentration of total VOCs was 30.54 ppbv and showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. The most dominant VOC groups were oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs, 29.3%) and alkanes (26.7%), and the most abundant VOC species were acetone and acetylene. However, based on the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the major VOC groups in terms of ozone formation potential (OFP) contribution were OVOCs (68.09 µg/m3, 31.5%), aromatics (62.90 µg/m3, 29.1%) and alkene/alkynes (54.90 µg/m3, 25.4%). This indicates that the control of OVOCs, aromatics and alkene/alkynes should take priority. Five sources of VOCs were quantified by PMF, including fixed sources of fossil fuel combustion (27.8%), industrial processes (25.9%), vehicle exhaust (19.7%), natural and secondary formation (13.9%) and solvent usage (12.7%). The empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA) curve obtained by OZIPR on O3 exceedance days indicated that the O3 sensitivity varied in different months. The results provide theoretical support for O3 pollution prevention and control in Jiaozuo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhao Li
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring Technology, Henan Ecological Environment Monitoring and Safety Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring Technology, Henan Ecological Environment Monitoring and Safety Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Jiaozuo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiaozuo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Chuanyi Fan
- Jiaozuo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Liangyu Yan
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jing Mao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Liu G, Ma X, Li W, Chen J, Ji Y, An T. Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170836. [PMID: 38346658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Same as other bay areas, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is also suffering atmospheric composite pollution. Even a series of atmospheric environment management policies have been conducted to win the "blue sky defense battle", the atmospheric secondary pollutants (e.g., O3) originated from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) still threaten the air quality in GBA. However, there lacks a systematic summary on the emission, formation, pollution and environmental effects of OVOCs in this region for further air quality management. This review focused on the researches related to OVOCs in GBA, including their pollution characteristics, detection methods, source distributions, secondary formations, and impacts on the atmosphere. Pollution profile of OVOCs in GBA revealed that the concentration percentage among total VOCs from Guangzhou and Dongguan cities exceeded 50 %, while methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top four highest concentrated OVOCs. The detection technique on regional atmospheric OVOCs (e.g., oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs)) underwent an evolution of off-line derivatization method, on-line spectroscopic method and on-line mass spectrometry method. The OVOCs in GBA were mainly from primary emissions (up to 80 %), including vehicle emissions and biomass combustion. The anthropogenic alkenes and aromatics in urban area, and natural isoprene in rural area also made a significant contribution to the secondary emission (e.g., photochemical formation) of OVOCs. About 20 % in average of ROx radicals was produced from photolysis of formaldehyde in comparison with O3, nitrous acid and rest OVOCs, while the reaction between OVOCs and free radical accelerated the NOx-O3 cycle, contributing to 15 %-60 % cumulative formation of O3 in GBA. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of dicarbonyls generated 21 %-53 % of SOA. This review also provided suggestions for future research on OVOCs in terms of regional observation, analytical method and mechanistic study to support the development of a control and management strategy on OVOCs in GBA and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Guo Y, Gong D, Wang H, Li Q, Wu G, Wang Y, Cai H, Yuan B, Wang B, Liu SC. Sources of elevated organic acids in the mountainous background atmosphere of southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169673. [PMID: 38199347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (AA) are pivotal organic acids in the troposphere, significantly influencing atmospheric chemistry. However, their abundance and sources in the mountainous background atmosphere remain underexplored. We undertook continuous measurements of FA and AA in Nanling mountains, southern China, during autumn 2020 using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS). Both acids registered higher concentrations than in other global high-altitude or forested locations, averaging at 0.89 (max: 3.91) and 0.95 (max: 3.52) ppbv for FA and AA, respectively. High concentrations of FA and AA in this forested background area arose from secondary formation and biomass burning, collectively contributing 71 % to 89 %. During episodes, FA and AA concentrations surged 2-3 times, owing to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity. The secondary FA production was predominantly due to isoprene oxidation among the VOC precursors studied. However, observed inconsistencies between calculated and actual FA concentrations suggest overlooked precursors or mechanisms warranting further investigation. Our findings can enhance the understanding of organic acid characteristics and the interplay of biogenic and anthropogenic sources in the background atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Gengchen Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huang Cai
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Shaw Chen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
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7
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Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Hui L, Wang M, Xia M, Zou Z, Wei W, Ho KF, Wang Z, Lai S, Zhang Y, Wang T, Lee S. Origin and transformation of volatile organic compounds at a regional background site in Hong Kong: Varied photochemical processes from different source regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168316. [PMID: 37949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important gaseous constituents in the troposphere, impacting local and regional air quality, human health, and climate. Oxidation of VOCs, with the participation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3). Accurately apportioning the emission sources and transformation processes of ambient VOCs, and effectively estimation of OH reactivity and ozone formation potential (OFP) will play an important role in reducing O3 pollution in the atmosphere and improving public health. In this study, field measurements were conducted at a regional background site (Hok Tsui; HT) in Hong Kong from October to November 2020 with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). VOC data coupled with air mass back trajectory cluster analysis and receptor modelling were applied to reveal the pollution pattern, emission sources and transformation of ambient VOCs at HT in autumn 2020. Seven sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely vehicular + industrial, solvent usage, primary oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), secondary OVOCs 1, secondary OVOCs 2 (aged), biogenic emissions, and background + biomass burning. Secondary formation and vehicular + industrial emissions are the vital sources of ambient VOCs at HT supersite, contributing to 20.8 % and 46.7 % of total VOC mixing ratios, respectively. Integrated with backward trajectory analysis and correlations of VOCs with their oxidation products, short-range transport of air masses from inland regions of southeast China brought high levels of total VOCs but longer-range transport of air masses brought more secondary OVOCs in aged air masses. Photolysis of OVOCs was the most important contributor to OH reactivity and OFP, among which aldehyde was the dominant contributor. The results of this study highlight the photochemical processing of VOCs from different source regions which should be considered in strategy making for pollution reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zhouxing Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong.
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8
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Zhang Y, Dai W, Li J, Ho SSH, Li L, Shen M, Wang Q, Cao J. Comprehensive observations of carbonyls of Mt. Hua in Central China: Vertical distribution and effects on ozone formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167983. [PMID: 37866597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) play important roles in tropospheric chemistry, regulating the oxidation capacity and ozone (O3) formation potential of the atmosphere. However, the evolution of OVOCs composition during vertical transport from the near surface to the upper atmosphere layer and the roles of OVOCs in the alpine atmospheric O3 formation are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the carbonyl compounds, the most important chemical group of OVOCs, and other gaseous pollutants simultaneously collected at the top (2060 m a.s.l, Top) and the foot (402 m a.s.l, Foot) of Mt. Hua in August 2020. The average concentrations of the total quantified carbonyl compounds (∑carbonyls) at the Top and Foot were 16.05 ± 3.69 and 15.32 ± 5.63 ppbv, respectively. Acetone was the most abundant carbonyl (4.19 ± 1.01 ppbv) at the Top, followed by formaldehyde and n-Nonanal, accounting for ∼58.8 % of ∑carbonyls, while formaldehyde (5.40 ± 2.26 ppbv), acetone, and acetaldehyde were the three most abundant species at the Foot, accounting for 64.7 % of ∑carbonyls. The n-Nonanal, acetone and acetaldehyde showed positive correlations between the Top and Foot during daytime, confirming the vertical transport of carbonyls from the foot to the top of Mt. Hua under the influence of valley winds. The direct emissions from vegetation, transport processes of anthropogenic emissions and photochemical oxidation contributed significantly to the measured carbonyls at the Top, especially for acetone. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal were the most important contributors to the O3 generation in Mt. Hua. This study could advance our understanding of the vertical distribution of the carbonyls and the effects on O3 formation in the alpine region of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, NV 89512, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minxia Shen
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Qin Z, Xu B, Zheng Z, Li L, Zhang G, Li S, Geng C, Bai Z, Yang W. Integrating ambient carbonyl compounds provides insight into the constrained ozone formation chemistry in Zibo city of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121294. [PMID: 36796669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the impact of carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) on ozone (O3) photochemical formation is crucial to formulating targeted O3 mitigation strategies. To investigate the emission source of ambient carbonyls and their integrated observational constraint on the impact of O3 formation chemistry, a field campaign was conducted in an industrial city (Zibo) of the North China Plain from August to September 2020. The site-to-site variations of OH reactivity for carbonyls were in accordance with the sequence of Beijiao (BJ, urban, 4.4 s-1) > Xindian (XD, suburban, 4.2 s-1) > Tianzhen (TZ, suburban, 1.6 s-1). A 0-D box model (MCMv3.3.1) was applied to assess the O3-precursor relationship influenced by measured carbonyls. It was found that without carbonyls constraint, the O3 photochemical production of the three sites was underestimated to varying degrees, and the biases of overestimating the VOC-limited degree were also identified through a sensitivity test to NOx emission changes, which may be associated with the reactivity of carbonyls. In addition, the results of the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated that the main source of aldehydes and ketones was secondary formation and background (81.6% for aldehydes, 76.8% for ketones), followed by traffic emission (11.0% for aldehydes, 14.0% for ketones). Incorporated with the box model, we found that biogenic emission contributed the most to the O3 production at the three sites, followed by traffic emission as well as industry and solvent usage. Meanwhile, the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) values of O3 precursor groups from diverse VOC emission sources featured consistencies and differences at the three sites, which further highlights the importance of the synergetic mitigation of target O3 precursors at regional and local scales. This study will help to provide targeted policy-guiding O3 control strategies for other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Shandong Zibo Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Zibo, 255040, China
| | - Zhensen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guotao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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10
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Li Y, Li H, Zhang X, Ji Y, Gao R, Wu Z, Yin M, Nie L, Wei W, Li G, Wang Y, Luo M, Bai H. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of atmospheric carbonyls during multiple ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing: Insights into control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160769. [PMID: 36526184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyls have attracted continuous attention due to their critical roles in atmospheric chemistry and their potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health. In this study, atmospheric carbonyls were measured during several ground-level-ozone (O3) pollution episodes at three urban sites (CRAES, IEP and BJUT) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020. Comparative analysis revealed that the carbonyl concentrations were 20.25 ± 6.91 ppb and 13.43 ± 5.13 ppb in 2019 and 2020 in Beijing, respectively, with a significant spatial trend from north to south, and carbonyl levels in urban Beijing were in an upper-intermediate range in China, and higher than those in other countries reported in the literature. A particularly noteworthy phenomenon is the consistency of carbonyl concentrations with variations in O3 concentrations. On O3 polluted days, the carbonyl concentrations were 1.3-1.5 times higher than those on non-O3 polluted days. Secondary formation contributed more to formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) on O3 polluted days, while the anthropogenic emissions were more significant for acetone (AC) on non-O3 polluted days. Vehicle exhaust and solvent utilization were the main primary contributors to carbonyls. Due to reduced anthropogenic emissions caused by the COVID-19 lockdown and the "Program for Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds in 2020" in China, the contributions of primary emissions to carbonyls decreased in 2020 in Beijing. Human cancer risks to exposed populations from FA and AA increased with elevated O3 levels, and the risks still remained on non-O3 polluted days. The residents around the BJUT site might experience relatively higher human cancer risks than those around the other two sites. The findings in this study confirmed that atmospheric carbonyl pollution and its potential human health hazards cannot be ignored in urban Beijing; therefore, more strict control strategies for atmospheric carbonyls are urgently needed to better protect human health in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Manfei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guohao Li
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hongxiang Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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11
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Li X, Li B, Guo L, Feng R, Fang X. Research progresses on VOCs emission investigations via surface and satellite observations in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1968-1981. [PMID: 36000414 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of severe pollution of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols in China. Fully understanding the VOCs emission is crucial for making regulations to improve air quality. This study reviews the published studies on atmospheric VOCs concentration observations in China and observation-based estimation of China's VOCs emission strengths and emission source structures. The results reveal that direct sampling and stainless-steel-tank sampling are the most commonly used methods for online and offline observations in China, respectively. The GC-MS/FID is the most commonly used VOCs measuring instrument in China (in 60.8% of the studies we summarized). Numerous studies conducted observation campaigns in urban areas (76.2%) than in suburban (17.1%), rural (18.1%), and background areas (14.3%) in China. Moreover, observation sites are largely set in eastern China (83.8%). Though there are published studies reporting observation-based China's VOCs emission investigation, these kinds of studies are still limited, and gaps are found between the results of top-down investigation and bottom-up inventories of VOCs emissions in China. In order to enhance the observation-based VOCs emission investigations in China, this study suggests future improvements including: (1) development of VOCs detection techniques, (2) strengthening of atmospheric VOCs observations, (3) improvement of the accuracy of observation-based VOCs emission estimations, and (4) facilitation of better VOCs emission inventories in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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12
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Jookjantra P, Thepanondh S, Keawboonchu J, Kultan V, Laowagul W. Formation potential and source contribution of secondary organic aerosol from volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:1016-1034. [PMID: 35751911 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a key constituent of fine particulate matter, can be formed through the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, information on its relevant emission sources remains limited in many cities, especially concerning different types of land use. In this study, VOC concentration in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand, was continuously collected for 24 h by 6-L evacuated canister and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry following USEPA TO15, and the formation of SOA was evaluated through the comprehensive direct measurements and speciation of ambient VOCs. Finally, source contribution of VOCs to SOA formation was characterized using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. The results revealed the abundant group of VOCs species in the overall BMR was oxygenated VOCs, accounting for 49.97-57.37%. The SOA formation potential (SOAP) ranged from 1,134.33 to 3,143.74 μg m-3 . The VOC species contributing to the highest SOAP was toluene. Results from the PMF model revealed the dominant emission source of VOCs that greatly contributed to SOA was vehicle exhaust emission. Industrial combustion was the main source of VOC emission contributing to SOA in industrial areas. Sources of fuel evaporation, biomass burning, and cooking were also found in the study areas but in small quantities. The results of this study elucidated that different emission sources of VOCs contribute to SOA with respect to different types of land use. Findings of this study highlight the necessity to identify the contribution of potential emission sources of SOA precursors to effectively manage urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peemapat Jookjantra
- Dep. of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol Univ., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Thepanondh
- Dep. of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol Univ., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
| | - Jutarat Keawboonchu
- Dep. of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol Univ., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Vanitchaya Kultan
- Dep. of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol Univ., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanna Laowagul
- Dep. of Environmental Quality Promotion, Environmental Research and Training Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
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13
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Zhang X, Wu Z, He Z, Zhong X, Bi F, Li Y, Gao R, Li H, Wang W. Spatiotemporal patterns and ozone sensitivity of gaseous carbonyls at eleven urban sites in southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153719. [PMID: 35149078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous carbonyls are essential trace gases for tropospheric chemistry and contribute significantly to the formation of ambient air ozone (O3) in densely populated regions, especially in China. Pollution characterization and the analysis of O3, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (O3-NOX-VOCs) sensitivities of carbonyls were investigated from October 22 to 28, 2018 at eleven urban sites in nine cities in Fujian Province, southeastern China. The total mixing ratios of 15 kinds of gaseous carbonyls (Σ15OVOCs) was 12.15 ± 2.53 ppbv in Fujian Province. The concentrations in the eastern coastal regions were higher than those in the western mountainous regions. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top three species of Σ15OVOCs concentration. Photochemical formation during the daytime and vehicle emission during the rush hours significantly contributed to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The shoe-making industry is well developed in Putian, where the acetone mixing ratio was significantly higher than in other cities. The O3-NOX-VOCs sensitivities at all urban sites were in VOC-limited or transitional regimes based on the ratios of formaldehyde to NO2; from morning to afternoon, the VOC-limited sensitivity decreased, and the NOX-limited sensitivity increased gradually. Formaldehyde contributed the most significant O3 formation potential (OFP) proportion of the Σ15OVOCs. The OFP of carbonyl species accounted for half of the total VOCs in Fuzhou and Putian, suggesting that more attention needs to be given to gaseous carbonyls control. Overall, the links inferred by this study provide evidence and clues to mitigate the increasing ambient O3 concentration on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefen Zhong
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Shi J, Bao Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Bai Z, Han X. Mass Concentration, Source and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Nine Cities of Northeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084915. [PMID: 35457782 PMCID: PMC9028055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had the highest concentration of VOCs (519.68 ± 309.88 μg/m3), followed by Changchun (345.01 ± 170.52 μg/m3), Harbin (231.14 ± 46.69 μg/m3), Jilin (221.63 ± 34.32 μg/m3), Huludao (195.92 ± 103.26 μg/m3), Fushun (135.43 ± 46.01 μg/m3), Anshan (109.68 ± 23.27 μg/m3), Tianjin (104.31 ± 46.04 μg/m3), Shenyang (75.2 ± 40.09 μg/m3). Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in concentrations of the quantified VOCs in NRC, and the exception was Tianjin dominated by aromatics (about 52.34%). Although alkanes were the most abundant VOCs at the cities, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) were alkenes and aromatics. Changchun had the highest OFP (537.3 μg/m3), Tianjin had the lowest OFP (111.7 μg/m3). The main active species contributing to OFP in the nine cities were C2~C6 alkanes, C7~C8 aromatic hydrocarbons, individual cities (Daqing) contained n-hexane, propane and other alkane species. Correlation between individual hydrocarbons, B/T ratio and principal component analysis model (PCA) were deployed to explore the source contributions. The results showed that the source of vehicle exhausts was one of the primary sources of VOCs in all nine cities. Additionally, individual cities, such as Daqing, petrochemical industry was founded to be an important source of VOCs. The results gained from this study provided a large of useful information for better understanding the characteristics and sources of ambient VOCs incities of NRC. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the nine cities were within the safe range recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (HQ < 1), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk values of benzene were 3.82 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4, which were higher than the safety range specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (R < 1.00 × 10−6). The results of risk values indicated that there was a risk of cancer in these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuzhai Bao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Yuanqi Chen
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
| | - Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-8715-0201
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15
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Characterization of VOCs during Nonheating and Heating Periods in the Typical Suburban Area of Beijing, China: Sources and Health Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the “coal to electricity” project (CTEP) using clean energy instead of coal for heating has been implemented by Beijing government to cope with air pollution. However, VOC pollution after CTEP was rarely studied in suburbs of Beijing. To fill this exigency, 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed during nonheating (P1) and heating (P2) periods in suburban Beijing. The results showed that the total of VOCs (TVOCs) was positively correlated with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 but negatively correlated with O3 and wind speed. The average TVOCs concentration was 19.43 ± 12.41 ppbv in P1 and 16.25 ± 8.01 ppbv in P2. Aromatics and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the main contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP). Seven sources of VOCs identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were industrial source, coal combustion, fuel evaporation, gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, background and biogenic sources, and solvent usage. The contribution of coal combustion to VOCs increased significantly during P2, whereas industrial sources, fuel evaporation, and solvent usage exhibited opposite trends. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) were used to analyze the source distributions. The results showed that VOC pollution was caused mainly by air mass from southern Hebei during P1 but by local emissions during P2. Therefore, although the contribution of coal combustion after heating increased, TVOCs concentration during P2 was lower than that during P1. Chronic noncarcinogenic risks of all selected VOC species were below the safe level, while the carcinogenic risks of most selected VOC species were above the acceptable risk level, especially for tetrachloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The cancer risks posed by gasoline vehicle emissions, industrial enterprises, and coal combustion should be paid more attention.
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16
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Hu X, Yang G, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Chen J, Wang L. Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:190-203. [PMID: 34963528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear. In this study, twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids, including C1-C9 alkanoic acids, methacrylic acid, pyruvic acid, and benzoic acid, were observed in the suburb of Wangdu, Hebei Province, a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16th December, 2018 to 22nd January, 2019, using a Vocus® Proton-Transfer-Reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Vocus PTR-ToF). The quantification of C2-C4 alkanoic acids by the Vocus PTR-ToF was calibrated according to the titration of a NaOH solution by C2-C4 alkanoic acids from home-made permeation sources, and the other organic acids except for formic acid were quantified based on the kcap-sensitivity linearity in the Vocus PTR-ToF, whereas formic acid was not quantified because our instrument setting led to a significant underestimation in its concentration. The average total concentration of eleven gaseous organic acids was 6.96 ± 5.20 ppbv (parts per billion by volume). The average concentration of acetic acid was the highest (3.86 ± 3.00 ppbv), followed by propanoic acid, butyric acid, and methacrylic acid. Domestic straw burning was likely the dominant source of the observed gaseous organic acids according to the good correlations between acetonitrile and organic acids and between particulate K+ and organic acids, and traffic emissions could also have contributed. During episodes with continuously high concentrations of organic acids, short-distance transport dominated in Wangdu according to the backward trajectory analysis. Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Hengshui areas were the main source areas based on potential source contribution function and concentration weighing track analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiliang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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17
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Xie G, Chen H, Zhang F, Shang X, Zhan B, Zeng L, Mu Y, Mellouki A, Tang X, Chen J. Compositions, sources, and potential health risks of volatile organic compounds in the heavily polluted rural North China Plain during the heating season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147956. [PMID: 34052493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution has become an urgent problem during the heating season in the North China Plain (NCP), as exposure to hazardous VOCs can lead to chronic or acute diseases. A campaign with online VOC measurements was conducted at a rural site in Wangdu, NCP during the 2018 heating season to characterize the compositions and associated sources of VOCs and to assess their potential health risks. The total concentration of VOCs with 94 identified species was 77.21 ± 54.39 ppb. Seven source factors were identified by non-negative matrix factorization, including coal combustion (36.1%), LPG usage (21.1%), solvent usage (13.9%), biomass burning and secondary formation (14.2%), background (7.0%), industrial emissions (4.5%), and vehicle emissions (3.3%). The point estimate approach and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of harzadous VOCs. The results showed that the cumulative health risk of VOCs was above the safety level. Acrolein, 1.2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, chloroform, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene were identified as the key hazardous VOCs in Wangdu. Benzene had the highest average carcinogenic risk. Solvent usage and secondary formation were the dominant sources of adverse health effects. During the Spring Festival, most sources were sharply reduced; and VOC concentration declined by 49%. However, coal and biomass consumptions remained relatively large, probably due to heating demand. This study provides important references for the control strategies of VOCs during the heating season in heavily polluted rural areas in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Acadamy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bixin Zhan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivite et Environnement, CNRS, 45071 Orleans cedex 02, France
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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18
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Huang Z, Zhong Z, Sha Q, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wu L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Cui X, Tang M, Shi B, Zheng C, Li Z, Hu M, Bi L, Zheng J, Yan M. An updated model-ready emission inventory for Guangdong Province by incorporating big data and mapping onto multiple chemical mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144535. [PMID: 33486173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An accurate characterization of spatial-temporal emission patterns and speciation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for multiple chemical mechanisms is important to improving the air quality ensemble modeling. In this study, we developed a 2017-based high-resolution (3 km × 3 km) model-ready emission inventory for Guangdong Province (GD) by updating estimation methods, emission factors, activity data, and allocation profiles. In particular, a full-localized speciation profile dataset mapped to five chemical mechanisms was developed to promote the determination of VOC speciation, and two dynamic approaches based on big data were used to improve the estimation of ship emissions and open fire biomass burning (OFBB). Compared with previous emissions, more VOC emissions were classified as oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) species, and their contributions to the total ozone formation potential (OFP) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region increased by 17%. Formaldehyde became the largest OFP species in GD, accounting for 11.6% of the total OFP, indicating that the model-ready emission inventory developed in this study is more reactive. The high spatial-temporal variability of ship sources and OFBB, which were previously underestimated, was also captured by using big data. Ship emissions during typhoon days and holidays decreased by 23-55%. 95% of OFBB emissions were concentrated in 9% of the GD area and 31% of the days in 2017, demonstrating their strong spatial-temporal variability. In addition, this study revealed that GD emissions have changed rapidly in recent years due to the leap-forward control measures implemented, and thus, they needed to be updated regularly. All of these updates led to a 5-17% decrease in the emission uncertainty for most pollutants. The results of this study provide a reference for how to reduce uncertainties in developing model-ready emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhuangmin Zhong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qinge Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuanqian Xu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuzheng Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihang Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaozhen Cui
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - MingShuang Tang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chuanzeng Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Mingming Hu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Min Yan
- Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China.
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Yin M, Zhang X, Li Y, Fan K, Li H, Gao R, Li J. Ambient ozone pollution at a coal chemical industry city in the border of Loess Plateau and Mu Us Desert: characteristics, sensitivity analysis and control strategies. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11322. [PMID: 33987008 PMCID: PMC8086580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ambient ozone (O3) pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis were carried out in Yulin, a city in the central area of the Loess Plateau during 2017 to 2019 summer. O3 concentrations increased for 2017 to 2019. Correlation and statistics analysis indicated high temperature (T > 25 °C, low relative humidity (RH < 60%), and low wind speed (WS < 3 m/s) were favorable for O3 formation and accumulation, and the O3 pollution days (MDA8 O3 > 160 µg/m3) were predominantly observed when the wind was traveling from the easterly and southerly. O3 concentration in urban area of Yulin was higher than that in background. The pollution air masses from Fenwei Plain increase the level and duration of O3 pollution. In order to clarify the formation mechanism and source of O3, online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted from 7 July to 10 August in 2019. The average of VOCs concentration was 26 ± 12 ppbv, and large amounts of alkenes followed by aromatics, characteristic pollutants of the coal chemical industry, were detected in the ambient air. To further measure the sensitivity, the observation-based model (OBM) simulation was conducted. Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) plot and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) value indicated Yulin located on VOCs-limited regime. That implied a slight decrease of NOx may increase O3 concentration. When the emission reduction ratio of anthropogenic VOCs/NOx higher than 1:1, the O3 will decrease. O3 control strategies analysis shows that the O3 targets of 5% and 10% O3 concentration reductions are achievable through precursor control, but more effort is needed to reach the 30% and 40% reduction control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Yin
- College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Yulin Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Yulin, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjuan Li
- College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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20
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Xia SY, Wang C, Zhu B, Chen X, Feng N, Yu GH, Huang XF. Long-term observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in an urban atmosphere in southern China, 2014-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116301. [PMID: 33360596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important precursors and intermediate products of atmospheric photochemical reactions, which can promote the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, there have been few studies on the sources of and long-term variation in ambient OVOCs. This study combined sensitive, near real-time measurements of VOCs by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) with an improved photochemical age parameterization method to quantify daytime sources of OVOCs in an urban atmosphere in China from 2014 to 2019, permitting the observation of the impacts of emission control strategies that were implemented during this period. Temporal variation in six key OVOCs (methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), formic acid, and acetic acid) were observed. The sum of concentrations of OVOCs was averagely 13% higher during the dry season (November to April), when winds transported polluted air masses to Shenzhen from the continent, than during the wet season, and peak diurnal levels occurred during the daytime year-round due to photochemical production and higher daytime anthropogenic emissions. The average dry season concentration of OVOCs declined from a peak of 30.3 ppb in 2015 to 18.7 ppb in 2019. The results of source apportionment showed that primary anthropogenic sources contributed the most to methanol, MEK, and acetic acid (32-51%); the dominant sources of acetaldehyde and formic acid were both primary and secondary anthropogenic sources; and biomass burning contributed a small fraction (5-11%) to the six OVOCs. From 2014 to 2019, contributions from primary anthropogenic sources of OVOCs decreased significantly by 50-60% due to intensive pollution control measures in Shenzhen, whereas pollution control measures had no observable impact on secondary OVOCs, indicating their formation was not limited by availability of their primary VOC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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21
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Li B, Ho SSH, Qu L, Gong S, Ho KF, Zhao D, Qi Y, Chan CS. Temporal and spatial discrepancies of VOCs in an industrial-dominant city in China during summertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128536. [PMID: 33049507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is currently problematic to cities across the globe. Many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are efficient O3 precursors. In this study, target volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (known as carbonyls), were monitored at eight sampling sites distributed in urban and suburban in the typical and industrial-dominant city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China. At the suburban sites, C8-C12 alkanes, aromatics with lower reactivity (kOH <13 × 10-12 cm3 mol-1 s-1) and acetonitrile were more abundant than urban ones due to higher emissions from diesel-fueled trucks and biomass burning. In general, higher abundances of total quantified NMHCs (ΣNMHC) were found on high O3 (HO) days. The increments of formaldehyde (C1) and O3 were higher in urban than suburban, while a reverse trend was seen for acetaldehyde (C2). Substantial and local biogenic inputs of C2 were found in suburban in the afternoon when both temperature and light intensity reached maximum of the day. In urban, higher increment was found for O3 than the carbonyls, representing that the secondary formation of O3 was more efficient. Distance decay gradient of most representative NMHCs were positively correlated to the distances from a westernmost industrial origin located at the upwind location. The net loss rates of the NMHCs ranged from -0.009 to -0.11 ppbv km-1, while the higher rates were seen for the most reactive species like C2-C4 alkenes. The results and interpretation of this study are informative to establish efficient local control measures for O3 and the related percussors for the microscale industrial cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Yijin Qi
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Chi Sing Chan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Wang J, Sun S, Zhang C, Xue C, Liu P, Zhang C, Mu Y, Wu H, Wang D, Chen H, Chen J. The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:256-265. [PMID: 32653188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuyu Sun
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hai Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Defa Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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23
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Zhang F, Shang X, Chen H, Xie G, Fu Y, Wu D, Sun W, Liu P, Zhang C, Mu Y, Zeng L, Wan M, Wang Y, Xiao H, Wang G, Chen J. Significant impact of coal combustion on VOCs emissions in winter in a North China rural site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137617. [PMID: 32325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out using an online GC-FID/MS at a rural site in North China Plain from 1 Nov. 2017 to 21 Jan. 2018. Their concentrations, emission ratios and source apportionment are investigated. During the entire experiment period, the average mixing ratio of VOCs was 69.5 ± 51.9 ppb, among which alkanes contributed the most (37% on average). Eight sources were identified in the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) model as short-chain alkanes (13.3%), biomass burning (4.6%), solvent (10.8%), industry (3.7%), coal combustion (41.1%), background (4.5%), vehicular emission (7.7%) and secondary formation (14.2%). In addition to the formation of OVOCs through photochemical reactions, the primary sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicular emission, solvent and industry, can also contribute to OVOCs emissions. High OVOCs emission ratios thus were observed at Wangdu site. Primary emission was estimated to contribute 50%, 45%, 73%, 77%, 40%, and 29% on average to acrolein, acetone, methylvinylketone (MVK), methylethylketone (MEK), methacrolein and n-hexanal according to NMF analysis, respectively, which was well consistent with the contribution from photochemical age method. Secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was evaluated by SOA yield, which was significantly higher under low-NOx condition (13.4 μg m-3 ppm-1) than that under high-NOx condition (3.2 μg m-3 ppm-1). Moreover, the photochemical reactivity and sources of VOCs showed differences in seven observed pollution episodes. Among, the largest OH loss rate and SOAFP were found in severe pollution plumes, which were induced primarily by coal combustion. Therefore, mitigation strategies for severe pollution formation should focus on reducing coal combustion emitted VOCs that lead to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
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24
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Huang XF, Zhang B, Xia SY, Han Y, Wang C, Yu GH, Feng N. Sources of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in urban atmospheres in North and South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114152. [PMID: 32066058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are critical precursors of atmospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Although China is experiencing increasing O3 pollution from north to south, understanding the major sources of OVOCs in this region is still limited due to their active photochemical behaviors. In this study, five critical OVOCs at a northern urban site (Beijing) and a southern urban site (Shenzhen) were monitored in summer using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The mean total concentration of VOCs measured in Beijing (39.4 ppb) was much higher than that measured in Shenzhen (16.7 ppb), with methanol and formaldehyde being the most abundant in concentration at both sites. The source apportionment of daytime OVOCs was conducted effectively using a photochemical age-based parameterization method. Biogenic and anthropogenic secondary sources were the main sources of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone at both sites, with a total contribution of 46-82%; acetone also had a large regional-scale background contribution (36-38%); methanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were mainly derived from anthropogenic primary sources (35-55%) at both sites. In addition, the regional background levels of OVOCs measured in North China were shown to be much higher than those measured in South China. The calculation of the total O3 formation potential (OFP) of OVOCs highlights the comparable contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources in both Beijing and Shenzhen, indicating the important role of biogenic OVOC sources even in polluted environments. Since biogenic sources are already important but uncontrollable, anthropogenic emissions in China need to be restricted even more critically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Garcia-Alcega S, Nasir ZA, Cipullo S, Ferguson R, Yan C, Whitby C, Dumbrell AJ, Drew G, Colbeck I, Tyrrel S, Coulon F. Fingerprinting ambient air to understand bioaerosol profiles in three different environments in the south east of England. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137542. [PMID: 32120091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and chemical fingerprints from 10 contrasting outdoor air environments, including three agricultural farms, three urban parks and four industrial sites were investigated to advance our understanding of bioaerosol distribution and emissions. Both phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) profiles showed a different distribution in summer compared to winter. Further to this, a strong positive correlation was found between the total concentration of MVOCs and PLFAs (r = 0.670, p = 0.004 in winter and r = 0.767, p = 0.001 in summer) demonstrating that either chemical or molecular fingerprints of outdoor environments can provide good insights into the sources and distribution of bioaerosols. Environment specific variables and most representative MVOCs were identified and linked to microbial species emissions via a MVOC database and PLFAs taxonomical classification. While similar MVOCs and PLFAs were identified across all the environments suggesting common microbial communities, specific MVOCs were identified for each contrasting environment. Specifically, 3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol, ethoxyethane and propanal were identified as key MVOCs for the industrial areas (and were correlated to fungi, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria) and Gram negative bacteria, R = 0.863, R = 0.618 and R = 0.676, respectively) while phthalic acid, propene and isobutane were key for urban environments (correlated to Gram negative bacteria, fungi and bacteria, R = 0.874, R = 0.962 and R = 0.969 respectively); and ethanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-pentene, butane, isoprene and methyl acetate were key for farms (correlated to fungi, Gram positive bacteria and bacteria, R = 0.690 and 0.783, R = 0.706 and R = 0.790, 0.761 and 0.768). The combination of MVOCs and PLFAs markers can assist in rapid microbial fingerprinting of distinct environmental influences on ambient air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Garcia-Alcega
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sabrina Cipullo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Robert Ferguson
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Cheng Yan
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; China University of Geosciences, School of Environmental Studies, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Corinne Whitby
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Alex J Dumbrell
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Gillian Drew
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ian Colbeck
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
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Lyu X, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Nie K, Dang J, Liang Z, Dong S, Zeren Y, Zhou B, Gao W, Zhao S, Zhang G. Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125731. [PMID: 31918083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and the majority of them have been proved to be detrimental to human health. The hazardous VOCs were studied very insufficiently in China, despite the enormous emissions of VOCs. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 17 hazardous VOCs reported in literature were reviewed, based on which the health effects were assessed. In-depth survey indicated that benzene and toluene had the highest concentrations in eastern China (confined to the study regions reviewed, same for the other geographic generalization), which however showed significant declines. The southern China featured high levels of trichloroethylene. Dichloromethane and chloroform were observed to be concentrated in northern China. The distributions of 1,2-dichloropropane and tetrachloroethylene were homogeneous across the country. Basically consistent with the spatial patterns of ozone, the summertime formaldehyde exhibited higher levels in eastern and northern China, and increased continuously. While transportation served as the largest source of benzene and toluene, industrial emissions and secondary formation were the predominant contributors of halogenated hydrocarbons and aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), respectively. The chronic non-cancer effects of inhalation exposure to the hazardous VOCs were insignificant, however the probabilities of developing cancers by inhaling the hazardous VOCs in ambient air of China were quite high. Formaldehyde was identified as the primary carcinogenic VOC in the atmosphere of most regions. The striking results, especially the high inhalation cancer risks, alerted us that the emission controls of hazardous VOCs were urgent in China, which must be grounded upon full understanding of their occurrence, presence and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhirong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhao Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Huang XF, Wang C, Zhu B, Lin LL, He LY. Exploration of sources of OVOCs in various atmospheres in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:831-842. [PMID: 30953945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are critical atmospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors and radical sources, while understanding of OVOC sources in the atmosphere, especially with large anthropogenic emissions, still has large uncertainties. A high-sensitivity proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was deployed in vastly different atmospheres in southern China, including an urban site (SZ-U), a regional site (NA-R), and a background site (NL-B). Four critical OVOCs, i.e., methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and acetaldehyde, five groups of aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprene and acetonitrile were measured with a high time resolution. The featured relative abundance and diurnal variations of the OVOCs indicated that methanol, acetone and MEK had prominent contributions from urban industrial activities, while acetaldehyde was closely related to the photochemical formation at all three sites. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was improved locally and then applied to quantify different sources of daytime OVOCs: anthropogenic secondary and biogenic sources (together 60-73%) were always the dominant source for acetaldehyde in various atmospheres; in addition to a significant background for methanol, acetone and MEK, anthropogenic primary emissions (mostly industrial) were their dominant source at SZ-U (38-73%), while biogenic sources played the key role for them at NL-B (30-43%); biomass burning contributed a small fraction of 5-17% for the four OVOCs at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Maitlo HA, Kim KH, Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim JC, Song HN, Ahn WS. Competitive adsorption of gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in a binary mixture on nanoporous covalent organic polymers at various partial pressures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:1-11. [PMID: 30884433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Covalent-organic polymers (COPs) are recognized for their great potential for treating diverse pollutants via adsorption. In this study, the sorption behavior of benzene and toluene was investigated both individually and in a binary mixture against two types of COPs possessing different -NH2 functionalities. Namely, the potential of COPs was tested against benzene and toluene in a low inlet partial pressure range (0.5-20 Pa) using carbonyl-incorporated aromatic polymer (CBAP)-1-based diethylenediamine (EDA) [CD] and ethylenetriamine (DETA) [CE]. The maximum adsorption capacity and breakthrough values of both COPs showed dynamic changes with increases in the partial pressures of benzene and toluene. The maximum adsorption capacities (Amax) of benzene (as the sole component in N2 under atmospheric conditions) on CD and CE were in the range of 24-36 and 33-75 mg g-1, respectively. In contrast, with benzene and toluene in a binary mixture, the benzene Amax decreased more than two-fold (range of 2.7-15 and 6-39 mg g-1, respectively) due to competition with toluene for sorption sites. In contrast, the toluene Amax values remained consistent, reflecting its competitive dominance over benzene. The adsorption behavior of the targeted compounds (i.e., benzene and toluene) was explained by fitting the adsorption data by diverse isotherm models (e.g., Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich). The current research would be helpful for acquiring a better understanding of the factors affecting competitive adsorption between different VOCs in relation to a given sorbent and across varying partial pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubdar Ali Maitlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Azmatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Chun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hee Nam Song
- ACEN Co., Ltd, Yeongtong-Gu Dukyong Dearo 1556-16, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16670, South Korea
| | - Wha-Seung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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