1
|
Li S, Qiao Z, Huang M, Lao Q, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Pan S, Martin FL, Liu H, Pang W. Combined exposure of polystyrene microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene in rat: Study of the oxidative stress effects in the liver. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116390. [PMID: 38705037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are prevalent environmental pollutants. Numerous studies have extensively reported their individual adverse effects on organisms. However, the combined effects and mechanisms of exposure in mammals remain unknown. Thus, this study aims to investigate the potential effects of oral administration of 0.5μm polystyrene (PS) MPs (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL), B[a]P (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL) and combined (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL) on 64 male SD rats by gavage method over 6-weeks. The results demonstrate that the liver histopathological examination showed that the liver lobules in the combined (5 mg/kg) group had blurred and loose boundaries, liver cord morphological disorders, and significant steatosis. The levels of AST, ALT, TC, and TG in the combined dose groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups, the combined (5 mg/kg) group had the lowest levels of antioxidant enzymes and the highest levels of oxidants. The expression of Nrf2 was lowest and the expression of P38, NF-κB, and TNF-α was highest in the combined (5 mg/kg) group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the combination of PSMPs and B[a]P can cause the highest levels of oxidative stress and elicit markedly enhanced toxic effects, which cause severe liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Zipeng Qiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Meidie Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Qiufeng Lao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Songying Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Francis L Martin
- Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China.
| | - Weiyi Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ting YC, Zou YX, Pan SY, Ko YR, Ciou ZJ, Huang CH. Sources-attributed contributions to health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the warm and cold seasons in an urban area of Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171325. [PMID: 38428604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established recognition of the health hazards posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs, a comprehensive understanding of their source-specific impact has been lacking. In this study, the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and source-specific contributions were investigated in the urban region of Taipei during both cold and warm seasons. The levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their potential health risks across different age groups of humans were also characterized. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis were utilized to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. Moreover, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) and source regional apportionment (SRA) analyses were employed to determine the potential source regions. Results showed that the total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng m-3, with an average of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng m-3. Vehicular emissions emerged as the primary contributor to PM2.5-bound PAHs, constituting 39.8 % of the TPAHs concentration, followed by industrial emissions (37.6 %), biomass burning (13.8 %), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8 %). PSCF and CWT analyses revealed that industrial activities and shipping processes in northeast China, South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, contributed to the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Taipei. SRA identified central China as the primary regional contributor of ambient TPAHs in the cold season and Taiwan in the warm season, respectively. Evaluations of incremental lifetime cancer risk demonstrated the highest risk for adults, followed by children, seniors, and adolescents. The assessments of lifetime lung cancer risk showed that vehicular and industrial emissions were the main contributors to cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs. This research emphasizes the essential role of precisely identifying the origins of PM2.5-bound PAHs to enhance our comprehension of the related human health hazards, thus providing valuable insights into the mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Xuan Zou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ko
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaya W. Reframing the wicked problem of pre-harvest burning: A case study of Thailand's sugarcane. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29327. [PMID: 38623203 PMCID: PMC11016728 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sugarcane burning persists in many countries though there are policies prohibiting the practice. As problems related to sugarcane harvesting are complex, a thorough understanding of the problems for policy formulation is required. The objective of this study was to reanalyze or reframe problems of sugarcane harvesting and pre-harvest sugarcane burning. Concepts of wicked problems, practical reasoning and policy reframing were applied. The study used a participatory modeling approach to illustrate the case of Thailand. Wickedness was shown by complexity and uncertainties of factors intertwining with values related to adoption of harvesting methods; green mechanical, green manual and burnt manual. As timeliness of harvest was the top priority, the burnt method was considered more efficient. It was easier, faster, cheaper and more suitable under unfavorable circumstances for the green methods. The policy to reduce burnt-harvested sugarcane was not so effective and also led to the undesired 'green but unclean' method. To frame harvesting problems based on emissions of fine particulates (PM2.5) from sugarcane burning was not a good choice. Incomplete problem sense-making and poor problem frame were indicated. Most farmers were unable to associate sugarcane burning with environmental problems of PM2.5 (and also global warming/climate change) and livelihood impacts. Nevertheless, a larger concern over climate variations was perceived by a majority of farmers. Farmers who adapted relied primarily on green harvesting and the use of residues as trash blankets. Through policy reframing, inefficient green harvesting was seen as a better frame. The new frame enabled farmers linking agricultural practices to sustainability of environment, productivity and livelihoods in the context of climate change. Using participatory modeling for reframing policy problems in general and wicked problems in particular was shown to be powerful and contributing to originality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wirawat Chaya
- Policy and Innovation Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, 60130, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nim N, Morris J, Tekasakul P, Dejchanchaiwong R. Fine and ultrafine particle emission factors and new diagnostic ratios of PAHs for peat swamp forest fires. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122237. [PMID: 37481028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Peatland fires are one of the major global sources of atmospheric particles. Emission factors for fine (PM1 and PM2.5) and ultrafine (PM0.1) particles and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from plants in the peat swamp forest (PSF), including Melaleuca cajuputi leaves, M. cajuputi branches, M. cajuputi bark, Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin, forest leaf litter and peat were measured in a laboratory combustion chamber. From these measurements, new PAH diagnostic ratios for fine and ultrafine particles were proposed for identifying the forest burning source. The new emission factors for PM were PM0.1: 0.03-0.33, PM1: 0.69-2.11 and PM2.5: 1.12-4.18 g/kg; for PM-bound PAHs, the factors were PM0.1: 5.7-166.0, PM1: 31.5-1338.9 and PM2.5: 36.3-3641.1 μg/kg. The predominant PAHs for PSF burning were Pyr, BbF, DBA (in PM0.1), Flu, DBA, BghiPe (in PM1), and BbF, DBA and BghiPe (in PM2.5). We also presented new diagnostic ratios for PSF burning, including BaP/(BaP + Chr): 0.39-0.75, BaP/(BaP + BbF): 0.21-0.47 and BaA/(BaA + Chr): 0.36-0.53. Moreover, the physical and chemical characteristics of ambient fine and ultrafine particles in the Kuan Kreng forest during the 2019 forest fire (FF) and 2021 non-forest fire (NFF) periods were investigated. The mean PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations during the FF period were approximately 3.5-4.4 times as high as those during the 2021 NFF period. New PAH diagnostic ratios of BaP/(BaP + BbF) versus BaP/(BaP + Chr) were able to identify PAH burning sources in PM1 and PM2.5 but were less clear for PM0.1, which was dominated by a single source - M. cajuputi. Chemical mass balance studies identified peat forest burning emissions as the main source of fine and ultrafine particles during the FF period. This study suggests that the new PAH diagnostic ratios can be used to identify the burning source for more precise source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaisongkaew P, Dejchanchaiwong R, Inerb M, Mahasakpan N, Nim N, Samae H, Intra P, Morris J, Ingviya T, Limna T, Tekasakul P. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Thailand's deep south by principal component analysis and impact of transboundary haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89180-89196. [PMID: 37442939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) was evaluated at four sites in the lower southern part of Thailand during 2019-2020 to understand the impact of PM2.5 transport from peatland fires in Indonesia on air quality during the southwest monsoon season. Mass concentration and chemical bound-PM, including carbon composition, e.g., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic elements, were analyzed. The PM2.5 emission sources were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the normal period, which represents clean background air, from four sites was 3.5-5.1 µg/m3, whereas during the haze period, it rose to 5.4-13.5 µg/m3. During the haze period, both OC and EC were 3.5 times as high as in the normal period. The average total PAHs and BaP-TEQ of PM2.5 during the haze period were ~ 1.3-1.7 and ~ 1.2-1.9 times higher than those in the normal period. The K concentrations significantly increased during haze periods. SO42- dominated throughout the year. The effects of external sources, especially the transboundary haze from peatland fires, were significantly enhanced, because the background air in the study locations was generally clean. PCA indicated that vehicle emission, local biomass burning, and secondary particles played a key role during normal period, whereas open biomass burning dominated during the haze phenomena. This was consistent with the OC/EC and PAH diagnostic ratios. Backward trajectories confirmed that the sources of PM during the haze period were predominantly peatland fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, due to southwest wind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phatsarakorn Chaisongkaew
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Napawan Mahasakpan
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Hisam Samae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Panich Intra
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Thanathip Limna
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Zhang F, Gao Y, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Zhu S, Zhang X, Li T, Chen B, Han A, Wei J, Zhu W, Li D. Synergic effects of PM 1 and thermal inversion on the incidence of small for gestational age infants: a weekly-based assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00542-0. [PMID: 37019981 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synergic effects of thermal inversion (TI) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1) exposure and incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) was not clear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the independent effects of prenatal TI and PM1 exposure on incidence of SGA and their potential interactive effects. METHODS A total of 27,990 pregnant women who delivered in Wuhan Children's Hospital from 2017 to 2020 were included. The daily mean concentration of PM1 was obtained from ChinaHighAirPollutants (CHAP) and matched with the residential address of each woman. Data on TI was derived from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The independent effects of PM1 and TI exposures on SGA in each gestational week were estimated by the distributed lag model (DLM) nested in Cox regression model, and the potential interactive effects of PM1 and TI on SGA were investigated by adapting the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) index. RESULTS Per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1 was associated with an increase in the risk of SGA at 1-3 and 17-23 gestational weeks, with the strongest effect at the first gestational week (HR = 1.043, 95%CI: 1.008, 1.078). Significant links between one day increase of TI and SGA were found at the 1-4 and 13-23 gestational weeks and the largest effects were observed at the 17th gestational week (HR = 1.018, 95%CI: 1.009, 1.027). Synergistic effects of PM1 and TI on SGA were detected in the 20th gestational week, with RERI of 0.208 (95%CI: 0.033,0.383). IMPACT STATEMENT Both prebirth PM1 and TI exposure were significantly associated with SGA. Simultaneous exposure to PM1 and TI might have synergistic effect on SGA. The second trimester seems to be a sensitive window of environmental and air pollution exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Zhang
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Faxue Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, 222006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Gaichan Zhao
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tianzhou Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Aojing Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dejia Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aman N, Manomaiphiboon K, Pala-En N, Devkota B, Inerb M, Kokkaew E. A Study of Urban Haze and Its Association with Cold Surge and Sea Breeze for Greater Bangkok. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3482. [PMID: 36834174 PMCID: PMC9964824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with haze characteristics under the influence of the cold surge and sea breeze for Greater Bangkok (GBK) in 2017-2022, including haze intensity and duration, meteorological classification for haze, and the potential effects of secondary aerosols and biomass burning. A total of 38 haze episodes and 159 haze days were identified. The episode duration varies from a single day to up to 14 days, suggesting different pathways of its formation and evolution. Short-duration episodes of 1-2 days are the most frequent with 18 episodes, and the frequency of haze episodes decreases as the haze duration increases. The increase in complexity in the formation of relatively longer episodes is suggested by a relatively higher coefficient of variation for PM2.5. Four meteorology-based types of haze episodes were classified. Type I is caused by the arrival of the cold surge in GBK, which leads to the development of stagnant conditions favorable for haze formation. Type II is induced by sea breeze, which leads to the accumulation of air pollutants due to its local recirculation and development of the thermal internal boundary layer. Type III consists of the haze episodes caused by the synergetic effect of the cold surge and sea breeze while Type IV consists of short haze episodes that are not affected by either the cold surge or sea breeze. Type II is the most frequent (15 episodes), while Type III is the most persistent and most polluted haze type. The spread of haze or region of relatively higher aerosol optical depth outside GBK in Type III is potentially due to advection and dispersion, while that in Type IV is due to short 1-day episodes potentially affected by biomass burning. Due to cold surge, the coolest and driest weather condition is found under Type I, while Type II has the most humid condition and highest recirculation factor due to the highest average sea breeze duration and penetration. The precursor ratio method suggests the potential effect of secondary aerosols on 34% of the total haze episodes. Additionally, biomass burning is found to potentially affect half of the total episodes as suggested by the examination of back trajectories and fire hotspots. Based on these results, some policy implications and future work are also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Aman
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Natchanok Pala-En
- Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bikash Devkota
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Eakkachai Kokkaew
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University (Phuket Campus), Phuket 83120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahasakpan N, Chaisongkaew P, Inerb M, Nim N, Phairuang W, Tekasakul S, Furuuchi M, Hata M, Kaosol T, Tekasakul P, Dejchanchaiwong R. Fine and ultrafine particle- and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affecting southern Thailand air quality during transboundary haze and potential health effects. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:253-267. [PMID: 36182135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 particle- and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the 2019 normal, partial and strong haze periods at a background location in southern Thailand were investigated to understand the behaviors and carcinogenic risks. PM1 was the predominant component, during partial and strong haze periods, accounting for 45.1% and 52.9% of total suspended particulate matter, respectively, while during normal period the contribution was only 34.0%. PM0.1 concentrations, during the strong haze period, were approximately 2 times higher than those during the normal period. Substantially increased levels of particle-PAHs for PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 were observed during strong haze period, about 3, 5 and 6 times higher than those during normal period. Gas-PAH concentrations were 10 to 36 times higher than those of particle-PAHs for PM2.5. Average total Benzo[a]Pyrene Toxic Equivalency Quotients (BaP-TEQ) in PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 during haze periods were about 2-6 times higher than in the normal period. The total accumulated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILCRs) in PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 for all the age-specific groups during the haze effected scenario were approximately 1.5 times higher than those in non-haze scenario, indicating a higher potential carcinogenic risk. These observations suggest PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 were the significant sources of carcinogenic aerosols and were significantly affected by transboundary haze from peatland fires. This leads to an increase in the volume of smoke aerosol, exerting a significant impact on air quality in southern Thailand, as well as many other countries in lower southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Napawan Mahasakpan
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Phatsarakorn Chaisongkaew
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surajit Tekasakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Thaniya Kaosol
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matthews JC, Navasumrit P, Wright MD, Chaisatra K, Chompoobut C, Arbon R, Khan MAH, Ruchirawat M, Shallcross DE. Aerosol mass and size-resolved metal content in urban Bangkok, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:79025-79040. [PMID: 35705762 PMCID: PMC9587116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a health concern, and people living in large cities such as Bangkok are exposed to high concentrations. This exposure has been linked to respiratory and cardiac diseases and cancers of the lung and brain. Throughout 2018, PM was measured in northern Bangkok near a toll road (13.87°N, 100.58°E) covering all three seasons (cool, hot and rainy). PM10 was measured in 24- and 72-h samples. On selected dates aerodynamic size and mass distribution were measured as 3-day samples from a fixed 5th floor inlet. Particle number concentration was measured from the 5th floor inlet and in roadside survey measurements. There was a large fraction of particle number concentration in the sub-micron range, which showed the greatest variability compared with larger fractions. Metals associated with combustion sources were most found on the smaller size fraction of particles, which may have implications for associated adverse health outcomes because of the likely location of aerosol deposition in the distal airways of the lung. PM10 samples varied between 30 and 100 μg m-3, with highest concentrations in the cool season. The largest metal fractions present in the PM10 measurements were calcium, iron and magnesium during the hot season with average airborne concentrations of 13.2, 3.6 and 2.0 μg m-3, respectively. Copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony and lead had large non-crustal sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified likely sources of the metals as crustal minerals, tailpipe exhaust and non-combustion traffic. A health risk analysis showed a higher risk of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects in the drier seasons than the wet season due to ingestion of nickel, arsenic, cadmium and lead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Matthews
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Matthew D Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Krittinee Chaisatra
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Chalida Chompoobut
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Robert Arbon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Jean Golding Institute, Royal Fort House, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UH, UK
| | - M Anwar H Khan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Dudley E Shallcross
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7375, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bukowska B, Mokra K, Michałowicz J. Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116348. [PMID: 35683027 PMCID: PMC9181839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sakunkoo P, Thonglua T, Sangkham S, Jirapornkul C, Limmongkon Y, Daduang S, Tessiri T, Rayubkul J, Thongtip S, Maneenin N, Pimonsree S. Human health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09572. [PMID: 35711987 PMCID: PMC9193878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the human health risk of PM2.5-bound heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand between December 2020 and February 2021. According to the findings, the geometric mean concentration of PM2.5 in the university area, residential area, industrial zone, and the agricultural zone was 32.78 μg/m3, 50.25 μg/m3, 44.48 μg/m3, and 29.53 μg/m3, respectively. The results showed that the estimated human health risk assessment, in terms of non-carcinogenic risks among children and adults in an urban area (residential and university), industrial zone, and the agricultural area, was of hazard index (HI) value of >1.0 indicating a greater chance of chronic effects occurring. This study showed that exposure to PM2.5-bound heavy metal may increase the likelihood that lasting effects will result in a very high carcinogenic risk (CR) in children in residential areas, and an industrial zone with total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values of 0.23×101, and 0.12×101, respectively while resulting in a high TCR of 3.34×10−2 and 4.11×10−2 within the university areas and agricultural zone, respectively. In addition, health risk assessments among adults demonstrate high TCR values of 4.40×10−1 (residential area), 2.28×10−1 (industrial zone), and 7.70×10−3 (agricultural zone), thus indicating a potential health risk to adults living in these areas while the university area was very low effects on carcinogenic risk (CR≤10−8) for adults. Therefore, lowering the risk of exposure to PM2.5 via the respiratory tract, for example, wearing a mask outside is a very effective self-defense strategy for people within and around the study site. This data study strongly supports the implementation of the air pollutant emission source reduction measures control and health surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pornpun Sakunkoo
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Theerachai Thonglua
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Sangkham
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
| | - Chananya Jirapornkul
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yuparat Limmongkon
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanee Tessiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jetnapis Rayubkul
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sakesun Thongtip
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Maneenin
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Sittichai Pimonsree
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aman N, Manomaiphiboon K, Suwattiga P, Assareh N, Limpaseni W, Suwanathada P, Soonsin V, Wang Y. Visibility, aerosol optical depth, and low-visibility events in Bangkok during the dry season and associated local weather and synoptic patterns. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:322. [PMID: 35357591 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visibility and aerosol optical depth (AOD) characterization, and their relationship with PM10 and local and synoptic meteorology, were studied for January-March in 2014 and 2015 over Bangkok. Visibility degradation intensifies in the dry season as compared to the wet season due to increase in PM10 and unfavorable meteorological conditions. The average visibility is lower in January and February as compared to the other months. Relatively higher AOD in March despite lower PM10 is attributed to the synergetic effect of moderate relative humidity, secondary aerosols, elevated aerosol layer due to summertime convection, and biomass burning. Larger variability in visibility and PM10 in winter months is due to more synoptic weather fluctuations while AOD shows similar variability for all months attributed partly to fires. Higher PM10 and moderate-to-high relative humidity cause lower visibility in the morning while it improves in afternoon as PM10 and relative humidity decrease. AOD is higher in the afternoon as compared to that in the morning and evening as it is less sensitive to diurnal change in aerosols and meteorology at the surface level. Visibility and AOD relationships with PM10 are dependent on relative humidity. Weaker winds lead to lower visibility, higher PM10, and higher AOD irrespective of wind direction. Stronger winds improve visibility and decrease PM10 for all directions while AOD is higher for all directions except eastern and northeastern. The back-trajectory results show that the transport of pollutant and moist air is coupled with the synoptic weather and influence visibility and AOD. Two low-visibility events were investigated. The first event is potentially caused by the combined effect of local emissions and their accumulation due to stagnant weather conditions, secondary aerosols, and forest fires in the nearby regions. The second event can be attributed to the local emission and fires in the nearby area with hygroscopic growth of aerosols due to moist air from the Gulf of Thailand. Based on these findings, some policy implications have also been given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Aman
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Panwadee Suwattiga
- Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nosha Assareh
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wongpun Limpaseni
- Institute of Metropolitan Development, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Vacharaporn Soonsin
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Bai P, Hayakawa K, Zhang L, Tang N. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073944. [PMID: 35409624 PMCID: PMC8998094 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming and achieve carbon neutrality, biomass has become a widely used carbon-neutral energy source due to its low cost and easy availability. However, the incomplete combustion of biomass can produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are harmful to human health. Moreover, increasing numbers of wildfires in many regions caused by global warming have greatly increased the emissions of PAHs from biomass burning. To effectively mitigate PAH pollution and health risks associated with biomass usage, the concentrations, compositions and influencing factors of PAH emissions from biomass burning are summarized in this review. High PAH emissions from open burning and stove burning are found, and two- to four-ring PAHs account for a higher proportion than five- and six-ring PAHs. Based on the mechanism of biomass burning, biomass with higher volatile matter, cellulose, lignin, potassium salts and moisture produces more PAHs. Moreover, burning biomass in stoves at a high temperature or with an insufficient oxygen supply can increase PAH emissions. Therefore, the formation and emission of PAHs can be reduced by pelletizing, briquetting or carbonizing biomass to increase its density and burning efficiency. This review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of PAH pollution from biomass burning, providing prospective insight for preventing air pollution and health hazards associated with carbon neutrality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (N.T.); Tel.: +81-76-234-4942 (L.Z.); +81-76-234-4455 (N.T.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (N.T.); Tel.: +81-76-234-4942 (L.Z.); +81-76-234-4455 (N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Insian W, Yabueng N, Wiriya W, Chantara S. Size-fractionated PM-bound PAHs in urban and rural atmospheres of northern Thailand for respiratory health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118488. [PMID: 34793907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size-fractionated particulate matters (SPMs) in a range of 9.0 to 0.43 μm, classified based on aerodynamic diameter (dae) as fine PMs (0.43 μm ≤ dae < 2.1 μm) and coarse PMs (2.1 μm ≤ dae < 9.0 μm) were collected by cascade impactors (7 fractions) during smoke haze (SH) and non-smoke haze (NSH) seasons in urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai, Thailand. Their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compositions were determined for respiratory health risk assessment. During SH episode, concentrations of SPMs and PAHs in the rural area were approximately two times higher than in the urban area and about 62-68% of the SPMs were fine particles. Conversely, during NSH season the concentrations in the urban area were higher due to traffic emission. The finest particle sizes (0.65-0.43 μm) contained the highest PAHs concentrations among the other PM sizes. Benzo[b]fluoranthene was a main PAH component found during SH season suggesting biomass burning is a major pollutant source. High molecular weight (5-6 rings) PAHs with high carcinogenicity were likely to concentrate in fine particles. Distribution patterns of SPMs and PAHs during SH season were bimodal with the highest peak at a fine size range (0.65-0.43 μm) and a small peak at a coarse size range (5.8-4.7 μm). Respiratory health risk was estimated based on toxicity equivalent concentrations of PAHs bound-SPMs and inhalation cancer risk (ICR). Relatively high ICR values (1.14 × 10-4 (rural) and 6.80 × 10-5 (urban)) were found during SH season in both areas, in which fine particles played an important role. It revealed that high concentration of fine particles in ambient air is related to high respiratory health risk due to high content of carcinogenic substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wittawat Insian
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuttipon Yabueng
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wan Wiriya
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su WC, Lee J, Xi J, Zhang K. Investigation of Mask Efficiency for Loose-Fitting Masks against Ultrafine Particles and Effect on Airway Deposition Efficiency. AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH 2022; 22:210228. [PMID: 35937716 PMCID: PMC9355369 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.210228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particle (i.e., smaller than 100 nm) in the ambient air is a significant public health issue. The inhalation and deposition of ultrafine particles in the human airways can lead to various adverse health effects. Loose-fitting types of masks are commonly used by the general public in some developing countries for protecting against ultrafine particles in the ambient environment. This research conducted a series of laboratory chamber experiments using two sets of particle sizers and two mannequin heads to study the mask efficiency of selected loose-fitting masks. Results acquired demonstrated that the cloth mask showed a low mask efficiency against ultrafine particles with the mask efficiency generally less than 0.4. The KN95 presented a better mask efficiency among all tested masks with the mask efficiency overall larger than 0.5. In addition, the effect of mask-wearing on the change of ultrafine particle airway deposition efficiency was also investigated in this study. The ultrafine particle deposition efficiency in the airway section studied was found to decrease due to mask-wearing, and the decreases of the deposition efficiencies were similar among all loose-fitting masks tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Francis College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jakovljević I, Šimić I, Mendaš G, Sever Štrukil Z, Žužul S, Gluščić V, Godec R, Pehnec G, Bešlić I, Milinković A, Bakija Alempijević S, Šala M, Ogrizek M, Frka S. Pollution levels and deposition processes of airborne organic pollutants over the central Adriatic area: Temporal variabilities and source identification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112873. [PMID: 34428622 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
First data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) in aerosols as well as of PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and NACs in bulk and wet atmospheric deposition samples were simultaneously obtained during 6-month-long field campaign at the costal central Adriatic area. Special attention was given to open-fire biomass burning episodes as extreme events common for the overall Mediterranean coastal area in order to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric variabilities and potential sources of trace organic pollutants in coastal environments. Diesel and gasoline combustion related to land and maritime traffic as well as occasional open-fire episodes (forest fires) were found to be the dominant pollution sources of PAHs in PM10 particles. NACs were determined almost exclusively in samples affected by biomass burning episodes. Open-fire episodes had a strong contribution to the overall NACs atmospheric deposition fluxes. Several chlorinated congeners of PCBs were predominantly contributed in deposition samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Šimić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Silva Žužul
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Gluščić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Milinković
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saranda Bakija Alempijević
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Šala
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Ogrizek
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Liu J, Kong Q, Li L, Gao J, Fang L, Liu Z, Fan X, Li C, Lu Q, Qian A. Cytotoxicity and inflammatory effects in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mixture. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1803-1815. [PMID: 33782999 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most common contaminants in the air pollutants. Inhalation exposure to PAHs could increase the risk of respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and even cancer. However, the biotoxicity of multi-component PAHs from atmospheric pollutants has been poorly studies. The main topic of this study was to investigate the PAHs mixture, which derived from atmospheric pollutants, induced toxic effects and inflammatory effects on human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. The results showed that PAHs mixture could decrease the cell viability, increase the apoptosis rate, and induce cell cycle arrest at S-phase. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 were increased and NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in PAHs mixture-treated cells. The findings of this study indicate that PAHs mixture-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation may be related to intracellular ROS generation and to the activated NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinren Liu
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingbo Kong
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Li
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Junhong Gao
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 521 Hospital of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cunzhi Li
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Biological Effects and Technology Division, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evolution of Urban Haze in Greater Bangkok and Association with Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics during Two Recent Haze Episodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249499. [PMID: 33352994 PMCID: PMC7766008 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This present work investigates several local and synoptic meteorological aspects associated with two wintertime haze episodes in Greater Bangkok using observational data, covering synoptic patterns evolution, day-to-day and diurnal variation, dynamic stability, temperature inversion, and back-trajectories. The episodes include an elevated haze event of 16 days (14–29 January 2015) for the first episode and 8 days (19–26 December 2017) for the second episode, together with some days before and after the haze event. Daily PM2.5 was found to be 50 µg m−3 or higher over most of the days during both haze events. These haze events commonly have cold surges as the background synoptic feature to initiate or trigger haze evolution. A cold surge reached the study area before the start of each haze event, causing temperature and relative humidity to drop abruptly initially but then gradually increased as the cold surge weakened or dissipated. Wind speed was relatively high when the cold surge was active. Global radiation was generally modulated by cloud cover, which turns relatively high during each haze event because cold surge induces less cloud. Daytime dynamic stability was generally unstable along the course of each haze event, except being stable at the ending of the second haze event due to a tropical depression. In each haze event, low-level temperature inversion existed, with multiple layers seen in the beginning, effectively suppressing atmospheric dilution. Large-scale subsidence inversion aloft was also persistently present. In both episodes, PM2.5 showed stronger diurnality during the time of elevated haze, as compared to the pre- and post-haze periods. During the first episode, an apparent contrast of PM2.5 diurnality was seen between the first and second parts of the haze event with relatively low afternoon PM2.5 over its first part, but relatively high afternoon PM2.5 over its second part, possibly due to the role of secondary aerosols. PM2.5/PM10 ratio was relatively lower in the first episode because of more impact of biomass burning, which was in general agreement with back-trajectories and active fire hotspots. The second haze event, with little biomass burning in the region, was likely to be caused mainly by local anthropogenic emissions. These findings suggest a need for haze-related policymaking with an integrated approach that accounts for all important emission sectors for both particulate and gaseous precursors of secondary aerosols. Given that cold surges induce an abrupt change in local meteorology, the time window to apply control measures for haze is limited, emphasizing the need for readiness in mitigation responses and early public warning.
Collapse
|