1
|
Chen PC, Mou CH, Chen CW, Hsieh DPH, Tsai SP, Wei CC, Sung FC. Roles of Ambient Temperature and PM 2.5 on Childhood Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis from Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091932. [PMID: 36146739 PMCID: PMC9503275 DOI: 10.3390/v14091932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have associated the human respiratory syncytial virus which causes seasonal childhood acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (CABs) with climate change and air pollution. We investigated this association using the insurance claims data of 3,965,560 children aged ≤ 12 years from Taiwan from 2006−2016. The monthly average incident CABs increased with increasing PM2.5 levels and exhibited an inverse association with temperature. The incidence was 1.6-fold greater in January than in July (13.7/100 versus 8.81/100), declined during winter breaks (February) and summer breaks (June−August). The highest incidence was 698 cases/day at <20 °C with PM2.5 > 37.0 μg/m3, with an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97−1.04) compared to 568 cases/day at <20 °C with PM2.5 < 15.0 μg/m3 (reference). The incidence at ≥30 °C decreased to 536 cases/day (aRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.85−1.06) with PM2.5 > 37.0 μg/m3 and decreased further to 392 cases/day (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58−0.65) when PM2.5 was <15.0 μg/m3. In conclusion, CABs infections in children were associated with lowered ambient temperatures and elevated PM2.5 concentrations, and the high PM2.5 levels coincided with low temperature levels. The role of temperature should be considered in the studies of association between PM2.5 and CABs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Mou
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao W. Chen
- University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Dennis P. H. Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shan P. Tsai
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chang-Ching Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2296-7979 (ext. 6220); Fax: +886-4-2299-0245
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pastore MA, Classen AT, D'Amato AW, Foster JR, Adair EC. Cold-air pools as microrefugia for ecosystem functions in the face of climate change. Ecology 2022; 103:e3717. [PMID: 35388477 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cold-air pooling is a global phenomenon that frequently sustains low temperatures in sheltered, low-lying depressions and valleys and drives other key environmental conditions, such as soil temperature, soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, frost frequency, and winter dynamics. Local climate patterns in areas prone to cold-air pooling are partly decoupled from regional climates and thus may be buffered from macroscale climate change. There is compelling evidence from studies across the globe that cold-air pooling impacts plant communities and species distributions, making these decoupled microclimate areas potentially important microrefugia for species under climate warming. Despite interest in the potential for cold-air pools to enable species persistence under warming, studies investigating the effects of cold-air pooling on ecosystem processes are scarce. Because local temperatures and vegetation composition are critical drivers of ecosystem processes like carbon cycling and storage, cold-air pooling may also act to preserve ecosystem functions. We review research exploring the ecological impacts of cold-air pooling with a focus on vegetation, and then present a new conceptual framework in which cold-air pooling creates feedbacks between species and ecosystem properties that generate unique hotspots for carbon accrual in some systems relative to areas more vulnerable to regional climate change impacts. Finally, we describe key steps to motivate future research investigating the potential for cold-air pools to serve as microrefugia for ecosystem functions under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
| | - Anthony W D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jane R Foster
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun X, Ivey CE, Baker KR, Nenes A, Lareau NP, Holmes HA. Confronting Uncertainties of Simulated Air Pollution Concentrations during Persistent Cold Air Pool Events in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15072-15081. [PMID: 34709803 PMCID: PMC9585943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutant accumulations during wintertime persistent cold air pool (PCAP) events in mountain valleys are of great concern for public health worldwide. Uncertainties associated with the simulated meteorology under stable conditions over complex terrain hinder realistic simulations of air quality using chemical transport models. We use the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate the gaseous and particulate species for 1 month in January 2011 during the Persistent Cold Air Pool Study (PCAPS) in the Salt Lake Valley (SLV), Utah (USA). Results indicate that the temporal variability associated with the elevated NOx and PM2.5 concentrations during PCAP events was captured by the model (r = 0.20 for NOx and r = 0.49 for PM2.5). However, concentrations were not at the correct magnitude (NMB = -35/12% for PM2.5 during PCAPs/non-PCAPs), where PM2.5 was underestimated during PCAP events and overestimated during non-PCAP periods. The underestimated PCAP strength is represented by valley heat deficit, which contributed to the underestimated PM2.5 concentrations compared with observations due to the model simulating more vertical mixing and less stable stratification than what was observed. Based on the observations, the dominant PM2.5 species were ammonium and nitrate. We provide a discussion that aims to investigate the emissions and chemistry model uncertainties using the nitrogen ratio method and the thermodynamic ammonium nitrate regime method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Cesunica E. Ivey
- Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
- School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil P. Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aman N, Manomaiphiboon K, Pala-En N, Kokkaew E, Boonyoo T, Pattaramunikul S, Devkota B, Chotamonsak C. Evolution of Urban Haze in Greater Bangkok and Association with Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics during Two Recent Haze Episodes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9499. [PMID: 33352994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This present work investigates several local and synoptic meteorological aspects associated with two wintertime haze episodes in Greater Bangkok using observational data, covering synoptic patterns evolution, day-to-day and diurnal variation, dynamic stability, temperature inversion, and back-trajectories. The episodes include an elevated haze event of 16 days (14–29 January 2015) for the first episode and 8 days (19–26 December 2017) for the second episode, together with some days before and after the haze event. Daily PM2.5 was found to be 50 µg m−3 or higher over most of the days during both haze events. These haze events commonly have cold surges as the background synoptic feature to initiate or trigger haze evolution. A cold surge reached the study area before the start of each haze event, causing temperature and relative humidity to drop abruptly initially but then gradually increased as the cold surge weakened or dissipated. Wind speed was relatively high when the cold surge was active. Global radiation was generally modulated by cloud cover, which turns relatively high during each haze event because cold surge induces less cloud. Daytime dynamic stability was generally unstable along the course of each haze event, except being stable at the ending of the second haze event due to a tropical depression. In each haze event, low-level temperature inversion existed, with multiple layers seen in the beginning, effectively suppressing atmospheric dilution. Large-scale subsidence inversion aloft was also persistently present. In both episodes, PM2.5 showed stronger diurnality during the time of elevated haze, as compared to the pre- and post-haze periods. During the first episode, an apparent contrast of PM2.5 diurnality was seen between the first and second parts of the haze event with relatively low afternoon PM2.5 over its first part, but relatively high afternoon PM2.5 over its second part, possibly due to the role of secondary aerosols. PM2.5/PM10 ratio was relatively lower in the first episode because of more impact of biomass burning, which was in general agreement with back-trajectories and active fire hotspots. The second haze event, with little biomass burning in the region, was likely to be caused mainly by local anthropogenic emissions. These findings suggest a need for haze-related policymaking with an integrated approach that accounts for all important emission sectors for both particulate and gaseous precursors of secondary aerosols. Given that cold surges induce an abrupt change in local meteorology, the time window to apply control measures for haze is limited, emphasizing the need for readiness in mitigation responses and early public warning.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shmool JLC, Michanowicz DR, Cambal L, Tunno B, Howell J, Gillooly S, Roper C, Tripathy S, Chubb LG, Eisl HM, Gorczynski JE, Holguin FE, Shields KN, Clougherty JE. Saturation sampling for spatial variation in multiple air pollutants across an inversion-prone metropolitan area of complex terrain. Environ Health 2014; 13:28. [PMID: 24735818 PMCID: PMC4021317 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing intra-urban variation in air quality is important for epidemiological investigation of health outcomes and disparities. To date, however, few studies have been designed to capture spatial variation during select hours of the day, or to examine the roles of meteorology and complex terrain in shaping intra-urban exposure gradients. METHODS We designed a spatial saturation monitoring study to target local air pollution sources, and to understand the role of topography and temperature inversions on fine-scale pollution variation by systematically allocating sampling locations across gradients in key local emissions sources (vehicle traffic, industrial facilities) and topography (elevation) in the Pittsburgh area. Street-level integrated samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were collected during morning rush and probable inversion hours (6-11 AM), during summer and winter. We hypothesized that pollution concentrations would be: 1) higher under inversion conditions, 2) exacerbated in lower-elevation areas, and 3) vary by season. RESULTS During July - August 2011 and January - March 2012, we observed wide spatial and seasonal variability in pollution concentrations, exceeding the range measured at regulatory monitors. We identified elevated concentrations of multiple pollutants at lower-elevation sites, and a positive association between inversion frequency and NO2 concentration. We examined temporal adjustment methods for deriving seasonal concentration estimates, and found that the appropriate reference temporal trend differs between pollutants. CONCLUSIONS Our time-stratified spatial saturation approach found some evidence for modification of inversion-concentration relationships by topography, and provided useful insights for refining and interpreting GIS-based pollution source indicators for Land Use Regression modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie LC Shmool
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leah Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brett Tunno
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffery Howell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Gillooly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren G Chubb
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Holger M Eisl
- E & G Environmental Diagnostics, LLC, Warwick, NY, USA
| | | | - Fernando E Holguin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyra Naumoff Shields
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Urban P, Schmoranzer D, Hanzelka P, Sreenivasan KR, Skrbek L. Anomalous heat transport and condensation in convection of cryogenic helium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8036-9. [PMID: 23576759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303996110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a hot body A is thermally connected to a cold body B, the textbook knowledge is that heat flows from A to B. Here, we describe the opposite case in which heat flows from a colder but constantly heated body B to a hotter but constantly cooled body A through a two-phase liquid-vapor system. Specifically, we provide experimental evidence that heat flows through liquid and vapor phases of cryogenic helium from the constantly heated, but cooler, bottom plate of a Rayleigh-Bénard convection cell to its hotter, but constantly cooled, top plate. The bottom plate is heated uniformly, and the top plate is cooled by heat exchange with liquid helium maintained at 4.2 K. Additionally, for certain experimental conditions, a rain of helium droplets is detected by small sensors placed in the cell at about one-half of its height.
Collapse
|