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Sung FC, Wei CC, Muo CH, Tsai SP, Chen CW, Hsieh DPH, Chen PC, Lu CY. Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis Infection in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on 5,027,486 Children in Taiwan. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030810. [PMID: 36992517 PMCID: PMC10054660 DOI: 10.3390/v15030810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the risks of childhood acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (CABs) for children with asthma or allergic rhinitis (AR). Using insurance claims data of Taiwan, we identified, from children of ≤12 years old in 2000-2016, cohorts with and without asthma (N = 192,126, each) and cohorts with and without AR (N = 1,062,903, each) matched by sex and age. By the end of 2016, the asthma cohort had the highest bronchitis incidence, AR and non-asthma cohorts followed, and the lowest in the non-AR cohort (525.1, 322.4, 236.0 and 169.9 per 1000 person-years, respectively). The Cox method estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of bronchitis were 1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.80-1.83) for the asthma cohort and 1.68 (95% CI, 1.68-1.69) for the AR cohort, relative to the respective comparisons. The bronchiolitis incidence rates for these cohorts were 42.7, 29.5, 28.5 and 20.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The aHRs of bronchiolitis were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.48-1.52) for the asthma cohort and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.45-1.47) for the AR cohort relative to their comparisons. The CABs incidence rates decreased substantially with increasing age, but were relatively similar for boys and girls. In conclusion, children with asthma are more likely to develop CABs than are children with AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Shan P Tsai
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chao W Chen
- University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lu
- Department of Sport and Health Management, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
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Chen PC, Mou CH, Chen CW, Hsieh DPH, Tsai SP, Wei CC, Sung FC. Roles of Ambient Temperature and PM 2.5 on Childhood Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis from Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091932. [PMID: 36146739 PMCID: PMC9503275 DOI: 10.3390/v14091932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have associated the human respiratory syncytial virus which causes seasonal childhood acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (CABs) with climate change and air pollution. We investigated this association using the insurance claims data of 3,965,560 children aged ≤ 12 years from Taiwan from 2006−2016. The monthly average incident CABs increased with increasing PM2.5 levels and exhibited an inverse association with temperature. The incidence was 1.6-fold greater in January than in July (13.7/100 versus 8.81/100), declined during winter breaks (February) and summer breaks (June−August). The highest incidence was 698 cases/day at <20 °C with PM2.5 > 37.0 μg/m3, with an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97−1.04) compared to 568 cases/day at <20 °C with PM2.5 < 15.0 μg/m3 (reference). The incidence at ≥30 °C decreased to 536 cases/day (aRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.85−1.06) with PM2.5 > 37.0 μg/m3 and decreased further to 392 cases/day (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58−0.65) when PM2.5 was <15.0 μg/m3. In conclusion, CABs infections in children were associated with lowered ambient temperatures and elevated PM2.5 concentrations, and the high PM2.5 levels coincided with low temperature levels. The role of temperature should be considered in the studies of association between PM2.5 and CABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Mou
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao W. Chen
- University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Dennis P. H. Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shan P. Tsai
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chang-Ching Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2296-7979 (ext. 6220); Fax: +886-4-2299-0245
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Abstract
Melamine contamination of food has become a major food safety issue because of incidents of infant disease caused by exposure to this chemical. This study was aimed at establishing a safety limit in Taiwan for the degree of melamine migration from food containers. Health risk assessment was performed for three exposure groups (preschool children, individuals who dine out, and elderly residents of nursing homes). Selected values of tolerable daily intake (TDI) for melamine were used to calculate the reference migration concentration limit (RMCL) or reference specific migration limit (RSML) for melamine food containers. The only existing values of these limits for international standards today are 1.2 mg/L (0.2 mg/dm2 ) in China and 30 mg/L (5 mg/dm2 ) in the European Union. The factors used in the calculations included the specific surface area of food containers, daily food consumption rate, body weight, TDI, and the percentile of the population protected at a given migration concentration limit (MCL). The results indicate that children are indeed at higher risk of melamine exposure at toxic levels than are other groups and that the 95th percentile of MCL (specific surface area = 5) for children aged 1-6 years should be the RMCL (0.07 mg/dm2 ) for protecting the sensitive and general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Pei Ling
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Keng-Wen Lien
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Ling MP, Lien KW, Wu CH, Ni SP, Huang HY, Hsieh DPH. Dietary exposure estimates for the food preservatives benzoic acid and sorbic acid in the total diet in Taiwan. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2074-2082. [PMID: 25633072 DOI: 10.1021/jf503987y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to assess the health risk to general consumers in Taiwan associated with dietary intake of benzoic acid and sorbic acid by conducting a total diet study (TDS). The hazard index (HI) in percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of benzoic acid and sorbic acid for eight exposure groups classified by age were calculated. In high-intake consumers, the highest HI of benzoic acid was 54.1%ADI for males aged 1-2 years old at the 95th percentile, whereas for females, the HI was 61.7%ADI for aged over 66 years old. The highest HI of sorbic acid for male and female consumers aged 3-6 years old at the 95th percentile were 14.0%ADI and 12.2%ADI, respectively. These results indicate that the use of benzoic acid and sorbic acid as preservatives at the current level of use in the Taiwanese diet does not constitute a public health and safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Pei Ling
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University , No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan R.O.C
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Wen CP, Lee JH, Tai YP, Wen C, Wu SB, Tsai MK, Hsieh DPH, Chiang HC, Hsiung CA, Hsu CY, Wu X. High serum iron is associated with increased cancer risk. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6589-97. [PMID: 25228650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies linking high serum iron with cancer risks are limited and inconclusive, despite evidence implicating body iron in human carcinogenesis. A cohort of 309,443 adults in Taiwan who had no history of cancer had serum iron levels tested at the time of recruitment (1997-2008). Initially measured iron levels were associated with subsequent cancer risk by linking individuals with the National Cancer Registry and National Death File. HRs were calculated by the Cox model. One third of males (35%) and one fifth of females (18%) had high serum iron (≥120 μg/dL), which was associated with a 25% increase in risk for incidence of all cancers [HR, 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-1.35] and with a 39% increase in risk for mortality from all cancers (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.57). The relationship between serum iron and cancer risk was a J-shaped one, with higher cancer risk at both ends, either at lower than 60 μg/dL or higher than 120 μg/dL. At the higher end, cancer risk increased by 4% for every 10 μg/dL increment above 80 μg/dL, showing a dose-response relationship, with 60 to 79 μg/dL as a reference level. In a sensitivity analysis, the increases in risk were still observed after the first 5 years of cancer cases were excluded. Liver cancer risk was increased in HBV (-) non-hepatitis B carrier (3-fold) and HBV (+) hepatitis B carrier (24-fold). Lifestyle risks such as smoking, drinking, or inactivity interacted synergistically with high serum iron and significantly increased the cancer risks. The liver (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.97-3.16) and the breast (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.01-1.70) were the two major cancer sites where significant cancer risks were observed for serum iron either ≥120 μg/dL or ≥140 μg/dL, respectively. This study reveals that high serum iron is both a common disorder and a marker of increased risk for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Pang Wen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan. China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - June Han Lee
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Tai
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Wen
- Long Beach Veterans Administration Hospital, University of Irvine, California
| | - Shiuan Be Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Min Kuang Tsai
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Environmental Health Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Tseng CH, Liao CC, Kuo CM, Sung FC, Hsieh DPH, Tsai CH. Medical and non-medical correlates of carpal tunnel syndrome in a Taiwan cohort of one million. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:91-7. [PMID: 21631646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), with unclear etiology, is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Its occurrence is related to lots of medical and non-medical conditions with uncertain causality. With a large population, we characterized selected demographical and clinical factors to add more information on CTS-correlated factors and new insight into future CTS prevention. METHODS A national insurance claim dataset of one million enrollees in Taiwan was used to identify 15 802 patients with CTS and 31 604 randomly selected controls, during a period of 7 years starting 1 January 2000. Statistical association with CTS was determined for five sociodemographic and nine medical factors. RESULTS Patients were predominantly women (65.6% vs. 47.7% in the control group) and older (40 and above, 62.6% vs. 36.2%). Rheumatoid arthritis was found to be the most significant comorbidity associated with CTS, followed by gout, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, uremia, and acromegaly. For younger group age ≤39, the association of these comorbidities was stronger, and hypothyroidism and vitamin B(6) deficiency were additional comorbidities. Aging appears to reduce the relative impact of the diseases commonly associated with CTS as the possible risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the CTS correlates in younger group would be of greater value in timely detection and treatment for these diseases. Correcting these disorders may aid in removing possible causes of CTS. This is the first report on the effect of aging on probable CTS risk factors. How factors associated with aging contribute to the development of CTS remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Tseng
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee HL, Hsieh DPH, Li LA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette sidestream smoke particulates from a Taiwanese brand and their carcinogenic relevance. Chemosphere 2011; 82:477-482. [PMID: 20947129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on cigarette sidestream smoke particulates (CSSPs) have been regarded as important contributors to lung carcinogenesis in never smokers. However, limited information is available on PAH levels in cigarette sidestream smoke. Here we determine the concentrations of 22 PAHs, including 16 US EPA priority PAHs, in CSSPs generated from a high market-share domestic brand in Taiwan. Five of the 22 PAHs are undetectable. The remaining 17 PAHs constitute about 0.022% of the total mass of CSSPs. Near one fifth of the PAH mass come from IARC group 1 and group 2 carcinogens. Carcinogenic potency is equivalent to 144 ng benzo[a]pyrene per cigarette converted according to potency equivalency factors (PEFs). The CSSP condensate could activate AhR activity and induce AhR target gene expression. High concentrations of CSSPs also exhibited AhR-independent cytotoxicity. However, mixing the 17 PAHs as the composition in the CSSP condensate could not reconstitute either capacity. Since AhR activation and cytotoxicity are important mechanisms underlying carcinogenic potency, the results suggest that other component compounds play a more active role in carcinogenesis. The approach of individual PAH profiling plus PEF conversion commonly used in risk assessment is likely to underestimate the risk caused by environmental cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Lee
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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Redding LE, Sohn MD, McKone TE, Chen JW, Wang SL, Hsieh DPH, Yang RS. Population physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for the human lactational transfer of PCB-153 with consideration of worldwide human biomonitoring results. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:1629-1635. [PMID: 19079712 PMCID: PMC2599755 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most serious human health concerns related to environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is the presence of these chemicals in breast milk. OBJECTIVES We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of PCB-153 in women, and predict its transfer via lactation to infants. The model is the first human, population-scale lactational model for PCB-153. Data in the literature provided estimates for model development and for performance assessment. METHODS We used physiologic parameters from a cohort in Taiwan and reference values given in the literature to estimate partition coefficients based on chemical structure and the lipid content in various body tissues. Using exposure data from Japan, we predicted acquired body burden of PCB-153 at an average childbearing age of 25 years and compared predictions to measurements from studies in multiple countries. We attempted one example of reverse dosimetry modeling using our PBPK model for possible exposure scenarios in Canadian Inuits, the population with the highest breast milk PCB-153 level in the world. RESULTS Forward-model predictions agree well with human biomonitoring measurements, as represented by summary statistics and uncertainty estimates. CONCLUSION The model successfully describes the range of possible PCB-153 dispositions in maternal milk, suggesting a promising option for back-estimating doses for various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E. Redding
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Sohn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas E. McKone
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jein-Wen Chen
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Occupational and Industrial Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Dennis P. H. Hsieh
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Raymond S.H. Yang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Quantitative and Computational Toxicology Group, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Yang HH, Lee SA, Hsieh DPH, Chao MR, Tung CY. PM2.5 and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and mutagenicity emissions from motorcycles. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008; 81:412-415. [PMID: 18587517 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PM(2.5) in diluted exhausts of motorcycles are collected and emission characteristics of PM(2.5)-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicities are investigated. The measured mutagenicity emission factors with metabolic activation for new fuel injection, used fuel injection, new carburetor and used carburetor motorcycles are 7.77 x 10(4), 1.18 x 10(5), 1.32 x 10(5) and 1.15 x 10(5) rev/km, respectively. The mutagenicity emission factors with metabolic activation are higher than the corresponding values without metabolic activation. The average PAH emission factors are 12.3, 16.3, 25.5 and 26.5 microg/km for new and used fuel-injection motorcycles, and new and used carburetor-operated motorcycles, respectively. The correlation coefficients between PAHs and mutagenicity emission factors are higher with metabolic activation (0.59) than that without metabolic activation (0.31).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung 41349, Taiwan, ROC.
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Wang SL, Chang FH, Liou SH, Wang HJ, Li WF, Hsieh DPH. Inorganic arsenic exposure and its relation to metabolic syndrome in an industrial area of Taiwan. Environ Int 2007; 33:805-11. [PMID: 17481731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Past arsenic exposure was found associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolic syndrome has been shown as a strong predictor for diabetes occurrence. We aimed at examining the association of inorganic arsenic exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The authors recruited 660 age and gender stratified random population of residents in central Taiwan during 2002-2003. They received home interviews and health examinations at local health care units, where blood and hair specimens were collected. Hair arsenic (H-As) concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following risk factors: elevated levels of blood pressure, plasma glucose, and triglycerides, also the body mass index, and reduced high-density lipoprotein. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased from the 2nd tertile (0.034 ug/g) of H-As levels (odds ratio=2.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-5.39, p=0.015) after the adjustment for age, gender, occupation and life styles including cigarette smoking. We further found linear relation between H-As concentrations and increased levels of plasma glucose and lipids, and blood pressures. This first report may help identify modifiable factors associated with diabetogenesis and cardiovascular disease progression and thus be worth following for community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
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Chang FH, Wang HJ, Wang SL, Wang YC, Hsieh DPH, Chang LW, Ko YC. Survey of urinary nickel in residents of areas with a high density of electroplating factories. Chemosphere 2006; 65:1723-30. [PMID: 16777179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The soil metal contamination arising from the discharge of the high density of electroplating factories in the geographic center of Taiwan has prompted concern about human exposure to harmful metals. This study aimed to determine the levels of nickel (Ni) in urine of residents living in the high vs. low factory-density areas, and to examine how these levels relate to gender and age. A total of 660 subjects, resident in the area for the last five years, were sampled according to the stratified random sampling approach, at ages 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64years for both genders. Metals in urine samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of urinary Ni was 6.30 (5.99-6.62)mug/l. The 0.95 parametric reference interval (90% CI) of urinary Ni was estimated to be 1.74 (1.62-1.88) to 22.73 (21.14-24.44)mug/l. Subjects in the areas with a high density of electroplating factories had significantly higher urinary Ni levels than those in the low-density areas, but both types of areas had obviously higher urinary Ni levels when compared to the non-occupationally exposed population from western countries. The health significance of elevated urinary Ni and its causative factors remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsiang Chang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
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Choi MC, Yu PKN, Hsieh DPH, Lam PKS. Trophic transfer of paralytic shellfish toxins from clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) to gastropods (Nassarius festivus). Chemosphere 2006; 64:1642-9. [PMID: 16504245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A local strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (ATCI01), which predominantly produces C2 toxin, was fed to the clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) under laboratory conditions. Concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in the dosed clams were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) analyses, and the clams were homogenized and then fed to the gastropods (Nassarius festivus). In the toxin accumulation phase, which lasted for 42 days, concentrations of PSTs increased in the snails gradually, reaching a maximum of 1.10 nmole g(-1) at the end of the exposure period. The toxin content of the homogenized clams (food) was 13.18 nmole g(-1), which was about 12-fold higher than the PST content in the snails. Between day 43 and day 82, the snails were fed with non-toxic clams, and this period represented the depuration phase. Accumulation and depuration rates of PSTs in the snails, N. festivus, were determined by fitting the experimental data to user-defined parameters program using a one-compartment model. Two different modeling approaches were used to derive the accumulation and depuration rates. The first approach is to derive both values from the data for the toxin uptake. The second approach is to derive depuration rate from the depuration data and then to derive uptake rate, allowing for toxin depuration, from the data for toxin uptake. The first approach yielded more consistent results for the toxin concentration at the end of the uptake period, when compared with the experimental data. The toxin uptake and depuration rates were 1.64 (pmole of toxin into snail per day) per (nmole g(-1) of toxin in food) and 0.06+/-0.02 day(-1) (mean+/-SE), respectively. The toxin profiles of snails were similar to the clams, but different from the algae. Besides C toxins (C1 and C2), dcGTX2 and dcGTX3 were also detected in both clams and snails. The beta:alpha epimer ratio gradually decreased during trophic transfer and approached a ratio of 1:3 (26.4 mol%:73.6 mol% at day 42) in the snails, near the end of the accumulation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chi Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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Choi NMC, Yeung LWY, Siu WHL, So IMK, Jack RW, Hsieh DPH, Wu RSS, Lam PKS. Relationships between tissue concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins and antioxidative responses of clams, Ruditapes philippinarum. Mar Pollut Bull 2006; 52:572-8. [PMID: 16540124 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M C Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Kwok YC, Hsieh DPH, Wong PK. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) of pore water of contaminated marine sediments collected from Hong Kong waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2005; 51:1085-91. [PMID: 16023143 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment can function both as a source and as a sink of marine chemical contaminants. The toxicity of contaminated marine sediment can be assessed by toxic evaluation of its pore water, the inter-particle water of sediment, because toxicants in the pore water may be bioavailable to marine organisms. In this study, the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was performed to identify the major toxicants in the pore water of marine sediment collected in Hong Kong waters. In Phase 1 TIE, the suspected toxicants were characterized as anions or organic compounds that are either oxidizable or filterable in alkaline medium. In Phase 2 TIE, the suspected toxicants were identified as sulfide (S(2-)) based on the reduction of toxicity due to lowering of sulfide concentrations by experimental manipulations. The mass balance and spiking analyses in Phase 3 confirmed that S(2-) was one of the major toxicants and that some non-toxic unknown compounds measured by LC-MS, which was removed by C18 solid phase extraction, enhanced the toxicity of S(2-) in the pore water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Kwok
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Chan YK, Wong CK, Hsieh DPH, Ng SP, Lau TK, Wong PK. Application of a toxicity identification evaluation for a sample of effluent discharged from a dyeing factory in Hong Kong. Environ Toxicol 2003; 18:312-316. [PMID: 14502583 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A first toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted in three phases using the Microtox test to identify the major toxicant(s) in effluent discharged from a dyeing plant in Hong Kong. In Phase I toxicity characterization indicated that anions were likely to be the major toxicants for the entire effluent. In Phase II concentrations of sulfite and other anions in the original and the anion exchange resin-treated effluent samples were determined by ion chromatography. Anions, which were found in the effluent at comparatively high concentrations and were suspected of being responsible for the toxicity to luminescent bacteria, were selected for further study in Phase III. Investigation in Phase III using the spiking and mass balance approaches confirmed that the sulfite ion was the major toxicant in the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chan
- Environmental Science Program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shalin, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China
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16
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Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are neurotoxins known to block voltage-gated sodium channels in intoxicated animals and humans. Their metabolism in mammalian systems and their effects on other receptors are not as well understood. In this study, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of two classes of PSTs, gonyautoxin 2/3 (GTX2/3) and C1/2 toxins (C1/2), using rat and mouse liver enzyme preparations. We also analyzed the effects of these toxins on several antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in mice. These toxins were selected for their prevalence in the coastal waters of Southern China. When the toxins were incubated with liver preparations containing Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and appropriate co-factors, no transformation of the toxins was detectable. When mice were given sub-lethal doses of GTX2/3, a loss of activity was observed in hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, penthoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, but not in glutathione S-transferase, catalase and glutathione reductase. Exposure to the same mouse units of C1/2 caused only a slight reduction in the activity of penthoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and glutathione peroxidase. Our results indicated that these toxins may not be metabolized readily in mammals and that they may cause adverse effects other than sodium channel blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-zheng Hong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Mak KCY, Li AMY, Hsieh DPH, Wong PS, Lam MHW, Wu RSS, Richardson BJ, Lam PKS. Paralytic shellfish toxins in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, in Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 2003; 46:258-263. [PMID: 12586122 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie C Y Mak
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Winterlin W, Hall G, Hsieh DPH. On-column chromatographic extraction of aflatoxin M1 from milk and determination by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50047a067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Li SC, Wang WX, Hsieh DPH. Effects of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on the energy budgets and growth of two marine bivalves. Mar Environ Res 2002; 53:145-160. [PMID: 11829010 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) may impose a serious threat to aquatic lives and human health. We determined the effects of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (clone ATCIO1, isolated from Hong Kong coastal waters) on the energy budget, quantified as scope for growth (SFG), and the growth rate of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. To quantify the SFG, clams and mussels were dosed with different amounts of toxic A. tamarense for 6 days, resulting in different toxin burdens in the tissues. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency, and respiration rate were subsequently measured in these toxin containing bivalves. Clearance rate significantly declined at the highest toxin burden in the clams only, while there was no significant difference in the clearance rate among different treatments for the mussels. The respiration rate of either bivalve was not significantly affected by toxin accumulation in the tissues. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of both clams and mussels decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner for mussels but not for clams, when the tissue accumulated the toxins. With an increase in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin burden, SFG in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced, primarily because of the decrease of absorption efficiency. The growth rate of juvenile clam R. philippinarum, measured as an increment in tissue dry weight over a 15 d exposure period, was significantly lower during their feeding on toxic dinoflagellate than the growth rate of clams feeding on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The juvenile mussel P. viridis, however, exhibited similar growth rates after feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates and the nontoxic diatom. This study showed that SFG can provide a sensitive and integrated measure of the effect of HAB on the physiology of bivalves. Clam R. philippinarum may be more sensitive, in terms of their energy budget, to PSP toxin accumulation than the mussel P. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Li
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, People's Republic of China
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20
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Hsieh DPH, Beltran LM, Fukayama MY, Rice DW, Wong JJ. Production and Isolation of Aflatoxin M1 for Toxicological Studies. J AOAC Int 1986. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/69.3.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One hundred mg aflatoxin Mi was produced and purified for toxicological studies. Aspergillus flams NRRL 3251 was cultured on rice to produce aflatoxins B1, B2, M1, and M2. B1 and B2 were separated from M1 and M2 by a normal phase low pressure liquid chromatography (LC) column. M1 was then separated from M2 by a reverse phase low pressure LC column. Recoveries of aflatoxins from the LC columns were about 90%. The purified M1 was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, optical rotation, and its mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P H Hsieh
- University of California, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Linda M Beltran
- University of California, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mark Y Fukayama
- University of California, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - David W Rice
- University of California, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jeffrey J Wong
- University of California, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
A detailed fractionation of radioactivity in the milk of goats administered 14C-aflatoxin Bx at low doses was performed. The milk collected in the first 24 h following dosing contained radioactivity equivalent to 0.45-1.1% of the dose given. The radioactivity in each sample was partitioned into 4 fractions: ether, protein, dichloromethane, and wateralcohol. Over 80% of the radioactivity was detected in the dichloromethane fraction, of which over 95% was attributable to aflatoxin M1. No aflatoxin B, or other known aflatoxin metabolites were detected in any fraction. The results indicate that the major metabolite of aflatoxin B, in goat milk is aflatoxin M] and that other metabolites, including conjugates, are of minor significance.
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22
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Fukayama M, Winterlin W, Hsieh DPH. Rapid Method for Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products. J AOAC Int 1980. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/63.4.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Four methods for determining aflatoxin M1 levels in fluid milk were compared in a search for a simple, routine analytical procedure. Each method was tested with samples spiked at levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppb. The 3 quantitative methods were comparable in sensitivity (0.1 ng/mL) and recoveries (80–90%). A new method, a commercially available extraction column that contains an inert hydrophilic matrix to permit extraction of dairy products, is described. The milk is adsorbed on the column and aflatoxin M1 is eluted with chloroform-acetone (9 + 1). The extract is further purified on a small silica gel collumn and aflatoxin M1 is determined by TLC. This method was simpler and shorter, and was equally sensitive and reproducible in determining aflatoxin M1 in spiked and naturally contaminated fluid milk samples and in spiked nonfat powdered, condensed, and evaporated milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fukayama
- University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Wray Winterlin
- University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616
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23
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De Jesus AE, Gorst-Allman CP, Steyn PS, Vleggaar R, Wessels PL, Wan CC, Hsieh DPH. Conversion of averufin derived from [1,2-13C]acetate into aflatoxin B1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1039/c39800000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P H Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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25
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Salhab AS, Russell GF, Coughlin JR, Hsieh DPH. Gas-Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Ion Selective Detection of Sterigmatocystin in Grains. J AOAC Int 1976. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/59.5.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method was developed for direct gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) analysis of nonderivatized sterigmatocystin in wheat, rice, barley, and corn. Sterigmatocystin was extracted from spiked grain samples by 2 methods, both of which yielded high recoveries of 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin (>90%). Extracts were cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography on polystyrene with tetrahydrofuran as the eluant. Chromatography of relabeled compound indicated good recoveries (>90%). The GLC-MS system was modified to give an all-glass chromatographic pathway to the ion source. Short glass or quartz columns packed with silicone liquid phase on inert supports gave the best results. Trace levels of sterigmatocystin were very labile in all gas chromatographic systems and levels below 5 ppb in grains were detected only with great difficulty. The GLC-MS system was utilized in the mass fragmentography mode, with selective ion monitoring of the m/e 295, 306, and 324 peaks. These ions were present in only trace levels in all control grain samples, indicating minimal interference from other compounds. The limit of accurate detectability (20 ng) on spiked grain samples was lower than previously reported. Lower levels of sterigmatocystin (1 ppb or 4 ng on column) could be detected in grains by using the mass fragmentography mode, but these levels could not be measured accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulazim S Salhab
- Departments of Food Science and Technology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Gerald F Russell
- Departments of Food Science and Technology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - James R Coughlin
- Departments of Food Science and Technology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- Departments of Food Science and Technology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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26
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Abstract
Abstract
Partial resolution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and P1 was achieved by high-speed liquid chromatography (HSLC) on a porous layer silica adsorbent, using chloroform-isooctane as the eluting solvent and a 254 nm UV monitor for detection. The resolution was somewhat less than, although comparable with, that obtained by thin layer chromatography, using Adsorbosil-1 adsorbent and fluorodensitometric detection. The HSLC response to B1 and G1 was linear in the 400–3000 ng range, allowing application of the technique to the quantitative analysis of B1 and G1 in crude extracts of Aspergillus parasiticus cultures. The coefficients of variation (precision) were 4.2% for B1 and 23.2% for G1 in a series of 4 replicate injections. The advantages and limitations of the technique for quantitative analysis and isolation are compared with those of more conventional chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Seiber
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Calif. 95616
| | - Dennis P H Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Calif. 95616
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