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Yi H, Cui Y, Zhu L, Shen Y, Li H, Huang G, Qu L, Guo D, Nie L, Xue Y. Smoke and NO x emission characteristics of in-use construction machinery base on substantial field measurement: A case study in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 149:386-393. [PMID: 39181651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
To understand the smoke level and NOx emission characteristics of in-use construction machinery in Beijing, we selected 905 construction machines in Beijing from August 2022 to April 2023 to monitor the emission level of smoke and NOx. The exhaust smoke level and excessive emission situation of different machinery types were identified, and their NOx emission levels were monitored according to the free acceleration method. We investigated the correlation of NOx and smoke emission, and proposed suggestions for controlling pollution discharge from construction machinery in the future. The results show that the exhaust smoke level was 0-2.62 m-1, followed a log-normal distribution (μ = -1.73, δ = 1.09, R2 = 0.99), with a 5.64% exceedance rate. Differences were observed among machinery types, with low-power engine forklifts showing higher smoke levels. The NOx emission range was 71-1516 ppm, followed a normal distribution (μ = 565.54, δ = 309.51, R2 = 0.83). Differences among machinery types were relatively small. Engine rated net power had the most significant impact on NOx emissions. Thus, NOx emissions from construction machinery need further attention. Furthermore, we found a weak negative correlation (p < 0.05) between the emission level of smoke and NOx, that is the synergic emission reduction effect is poor, emphasizing the need for NOx emission limits. In the future, the oversight in Beijing should prioritize phasing out China Ⅰ and China Ⅱ machinery, and monitor emissions from high-power engine China Ⅲ machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Yi
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yan Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Han Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Linzhen Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Dongdong Guo
- Beijing Vehicle Emission Management Affairs Centre, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lei Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yifeng Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
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Zhang S, Fu M, Zhang H, Yin H, Ding Y. Emission control status and future perspectives of diesel trucks in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:702-713. [PMID: 39095202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Chinese diesel trucks are the main contributors to NOx and particulate matter (PM) vehicle emissions. An increase in diesel trucks could aggravate air pollution and damage human health. The Chinese government has recently implemented a series of emission control technologies and measures for air quality improvement. This paper summarizes recent control technologies and measures for diesel truck emissions in China and introduces the comprehensive application of control technologies and measures in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions. Remote online monitoring technology has been adopted according to the China VI standard for heavy-duty diesel trucks, and control measures such as transportation structure adjustment and heavy pollution enterprise classification control continue to support the battle action plan for pollution control. Perspectives and suggestions are provided for promoting pollution control and supervision of diesel truck emissions: adhere to the concept of overall management and control, vigorously promote the application of systematic and technological means in emission monitoring, continuously facilitate cargo transportation structure adjustment and promote new energy freight vehicles. This paper aims to accelerate the implementation of control technologies and measures throughout China. China is endeavouring to control diesel truck exhaust pollution. China is willing to cooperate with the world to protect the global ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Luo N, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zuo C, Chen J, Zhao W, Shi W, Yan X. Unveiling global land fine- and coarse-mode aerosol dynamics from 2005 to 2020 using enhanced satellite-based monthly inversion data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123838. [PMID: 38521397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Accurate fine-mode and coarse-mode aerosol knowledge is crucial for understanding their impacts on the climate and Earth's ecosystems. However, current satellite-based Fine-Mode Aerosol Optical Depth (FAOD) and Coarse-Mode Aerosol Optical Depth (CAOD) methods have drawbacks including inaccuracies, low spatial coverage, and limited temporal duration. To overcome these issues, we developed new global-scale FAOD and CAOD from 2005 to 2020 using a novel deep learning model capable of the synergistic retrieval of two aerosol sizes. After validation with the aerosol robotic network (AERONET) and sky radiometer network (SKYNET), the new monthly FAOD and CAOD showed significant improvements in accuracy and spatial coverage. From 2005 to 2020, the new data showed that China had the greatest decrease in FAOD and CAOD. In contrast, India and South Latin America had a significant increase in FAOD versus North Africa in CAOD. FAOD in the regions of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay in South America have shown an upward trend. The results reveal that FAOD and CAOD display distinct patterns of change in the same regions, particularly on the west coast of the United States where FAOD is increasing, while CAOD is decreasing. Aside from the year 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis showed that although China has seen at least an +85% increase in energy consumption and urban expansion in 2019 compared to 2005 due to the needs of development and construction, the implementation of China's air pollution control policies has led to a significant decrease in FAOD (-46%) and CAOD (-65%) after 2013. This research enriches our comprehension of global fine and coarse aerosol patterns, additional investigations are needed to determine the potential global implications of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Luo
- School of Geomatics and Urban Information, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yize Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chen Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenji Zhao
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wenzhong Shi
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Gao D, Chen B, Sha X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Cao Y, Wang Y, Li L, Li X, Xu S, Yu H, Cheng L. Near infrared emissions from both high efficient quantum cutting (173%) and nearly-pure-color upconversion in NaY(WO 4) 2:Er 3+/Yb 3+ with thermal management capability for silicon-based solar cells. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:17. [PMID: 38225231 PMCID: PMC10789824 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Raising photoelectric conversion efficiency and enhancing heat management are two critical concerns for silicon-based solar cells. In this work, efficient Yb3+ infrared emissions from both quantum cutting and upconversion were demonstrated by adjusting Er3+ and Yb3+ concentrations, and thermo-manage-applicable temperature sensing based on the luminescence intensity ratio of two super-low thermal quenching levels was discovered in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped tungstate system. The quantum cutting mechanism was clearly decrypted as a two-step energy transfer process from Er3+ to Yb3+. The two-step energy transfer efficiencies, the radiative and nonradiative transition rates of all interested 4 f levels of Er3+ in NaY(WO4)2 were confirmed in the framework of Föster-Dexter theory, Judd-Ofelt theory, and energy gap law, and based on these obtained efficiencies and rates the quantum cutting efficiency was furthermore determined to be as high as 173% in NaY(WO4)2: 5 mol% Er3+/50 mol% Yb3+ sample. Strong and nearly pure infrared upconversion emission of Yb3+ under 1550 nm excitation was achieved in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped NaY(WO4)2 by adjusting Yb3+ doping concentrations. The Yb3+ induced infrared upconversion emission enhancement was attributed to the efficient energy transfer 4I11/2 (Er3+) + 2F7/2 (Yb3+) → 4I15/2 (Er3+) + 2F5/2 (Yb3+) and large nonradiative relaxation rate of 4I9/2. Analysis on the temperature sensing indicated that the NaY(WO4)2:Er3+/Yb3+ serves well the solar cells as thermos-managing material. Moreover, it was confirmed that the fluorescence thermal quenching of 2H11/2/4S3/2 was caused by the nonradiative relaxation of 4S3/2. All the obtained results suggest that NaY(WO4)2:Er3+/Yb3+ is an excellent material for silicon-based solar cells to improve photoelectric conversion efficiency and thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Gao
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Baojiu Chen
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xuezhu Sha
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Xizhen Zhang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinsu Zhang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongze Cao
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Lihong Cheng
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China
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Wang C, Duan W, Cheng S, Jiang K. Emission inventory and air quality impact of non-road construction equipment in different emission stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167416. [PMID: 37774875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-road construction equipment (NRCE) is an important source of air pollution, and it is crucial to fully understand the impact of NRCE on atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 pollution. However, systematic assessment of the impact of NRCE emissions on the atmosphere is lacking, especially with the latest implementation of the Stage IV Standard, and current research progress is insufficient for the development of effective control measures. This study estimated NRCE emission inventories at different emission standard stages and their impact on the atmosphere, using the "2 + 26" cities as the case study area. The results showed that the total NRCE emissions of CO, NOx, VOC, and PM2.5 were 387, 418, 82, and 24 kt in 2015 and 319, 262, 62, and 15 kt in 2020 and are predicted to be 270, 226, 48, and 10 kt in 2025, respectively. Simulation results showed that the contributions of NRCE to NO3-, NO2, PM2.5, and O3 were 16.7 %, 18.9 %, 7.7 %, and 8.2 % in 2015 to 13.6 %, 18.4 %, 6.5 %, and 6.7 % in 2020, respectively. In both 2015 and 2020, NRCE emissions in southern cities showed greater impacts on the average concentrations in the "2 + 26" cities than those in northern cities. The contributions of local NRCE emissions to local PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the 28 cities ranged from 30 %-59 % and 13 %-39 %, respectively. The O3 sensitivity estimated by the HDDM illustrated that nonlinear characteristics highlighted the importance of coordinated control of NOx and VOC and can inspire development of post-processing technology and electricity substitution. The belt-like area connecting Zhengzhou to Beijing showed higher exposure concentrations of PM2.5 and O3, and the concentration exposure in urban areas was much higher than that in the rural and other areas. The environmental impact assessment of NRCE emissions can provide guidance for its management and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanda Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenjiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Zhang M, Liu X, Li K, Huang H, Hu H. Real-world emission for in-use non-road construction machinery in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:46414-46425. [PMID: 36717414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-road construction machinery (NRCM) emissions pollutants significantly impact air quality. Six typical NRCM (2 excavators, 3 loaders, and 1 forklift) are analyzed based on a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in Wuhan to estimate the real-world emission characteristics and chemical composition of PM2.5 of NRCM. The results show that the fuel-based average emission factors (EFs) of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are 19.4 ~ 35.7 g kg-1 fuel, 2.9 ~ 7.9 g kg-1 fuel, 57.5 ~ 95.3 g kg-1 fuel, and 1.8 ~ 2.6 g kg-1 fuel for the tested NRCM. The high NOx EF implies that the regulation of NOx emission in Wuhan should be strengthened. In addition, the PM2.5 chemical composition profiles for NRCM show that the PM2.5 emitted from NRCM is dominated by organic carbon and elemental carbon (56.11 ~ 73.85%), followed by water-soluble ions (WSIs, 1.47 ~ 3.46%), and elements (0.16 ~ 0.41%). The major WSIs species are Cl-, Na+ and NO3-, and the major elements are Ca, Na, and K, which are important markers for PM2.5 source analysis. The results of EFs and chemical composition emission characteristics of NRCM tailpipe pollutants obtained in the real-world can provide essential data support for accurately establish of emission inventory of non-road mobile sources in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Hubei Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Assessment of Emissions and Energy Consumption for Construction Machinery in Earthwork Activities by Incorporating Real-World Measurement and Discrete-Event Simulation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Earthwork, an essential activity in most construction projects, consumes large quantities of fossil fuel and produces substantial air pollution with adverse environmental impacts. To achieve more sustainable construction processes, novel methodologies to evaluate and improve the performance of earthwork operations are required. This study quantifies the real-world emissions and fuel consumption of construction equipment within an earthwork project in China. Two wheel loaders and two dump trucks are examined through on-board measurements and in-lab engine tests. The duty cycles of construction equipment are categorized with respect to their power efficiency and working patterns. Moreover, the power-specific and time-based emission factors for these duty cycles are computed and compared with relevant legislative emission limits. Significant emission variations among different duty cycles were found, and the real-world emission measurements exceeded the results from the in-lab test required for emission certification. In addition, a discrete-event simulation (DES) framework was developed, validated, and integrated with the computed emission factors to analyze the environmental and energy impacts of the earthwork project. Furthermore, the equipment fleet schedule was optimized in the DES framework to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption by 8.1% and 6.6%, respectively.
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