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Peng J, Zhang J, Yuan W, Zhou X, Fang P. The correlation of childhood maltreatment and aggression among incarcerated adolescents: testing the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-control. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Zampella BJ, Benau EM. Delay of Gratification, Gender Role Attitudes, and Death Reflections Predict Death Anxiety. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221085177. [PMID: 35445615 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221085177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has established that gender, age, and self-control can predict Death Anxiety (DA), the distress that centers around thoughts of one's mortality. However, it has not been determined if DA is associated with Delay of Gratification (DG; a tendency to forgo immediate rewards to receive a more favorable outcome in the future), attitudes toward gender roles (as compared to gender identity itself), and Death Reflections (DR; positive goals that occur when contemplating death). To examine these relations, 131 adults (45% women; aged 23-67 years) completed questionnaires that assess these constructs. We found that greater DG, egalitarian gender role attitudes, and engagement with DR were all associated with reduced DA. Gender identity was not associated with any variable, including DA. Age correlated independently with DA, but not when included in the regression models. These results demonstrate that elements of self-regulation and prosocial attitudes may predict baseline DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Zampella
- Department of Psychology, 14824SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Erik M Benau
- Department of Psychology, 14824SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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Conrad SM, Webb M, Affleck K, Hood E, Kemp K. Suicide Risk, Self-Injury, and Sleep: An Exploration of the Associations in a Sample of Juvenile Justice Involved Adolescents. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 24:48-65. [PMID: 38525195 PMCID: PMC10959508 DOI: 10.1080/24732850.2022.2057268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Court-involved youth living in the community represent a vulnerable, yet understudied, group that is at risk for a variety of concerning outcomes including increased suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Additionally, sleep disruption, which has been associated with an increase in impulsive decision making, appears to be disproportionately high in this population. However, little is known about any connection between poor sleep and increased suicide risk and NSSI in a group of youth. This study explores the associations between sleep disruption, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and NSSI in a sample of court-involved youth in the community referred for mental health evaluation at a court based mental health clinic. Findings suggest that sleep disruption is related to NSSI in this population but not suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Additional relationships were found between NSSI and being female, as well as having a lifetime history of trauma and marijuana use. Findings suggest that court clinics may wish to screen for sleep disruption as a risk factor for NSSI, and future studies may wish to explore improved sleep as a protective factor for CINI youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selby M Conrad
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Bradley Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Roger Williams University
| | - Margaret Webb
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Katelyn Affleck
- Bradley Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | | | - Kathleen Kemp
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Rhode Island Family Court
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4
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The Mediating Effect of Dispositional Gratitude on the Relationship between Religious Struggles and Self-Esteem: Preliminary Results. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In comforting or distressing circumstances, individuals tend to have various perceptions of themselves. It seems that religious comfort and religious distress correlate differently with people’s self-esteem. Since the relationship between religiosity and self-esteem is not only direct but can be mediated by other factors that are recognized as buffers against adverse situations, our main goal was to verify whether dispositional gratitude may have an indirect effect on the association between both variables. The research involved data from 254 participants aged 18 to 25 (M = 21.24; SD = 2.09) and included 192 women (76%) and 62 men (24%). To measure the title variables, we used: the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale (RCSS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6). The results showed that people who consider religion as a source of comfort express positive attitudes toward the self and recognize others’ kindness, as well. In contrast, people who consider religiosity as a cause of fear, stress, and internal strain tend to display a lower subjective sense of personal worth and lower appreciation of the positivity around them. Moreover, gratitude had a mediatory effect on the relationships between religious comfort/negative emotions toward God and self-esteem.
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5
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Anestis JC, Anestis MD, Preston OC, Rodriguez TR. Dispositional characteristics in firearm ownership and purchasing behavior during the 2020 purchasing surge. Soc Sci Med 2021; 289:114408. [PMID: 34653931 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In 2020 the U.S. saw a firearm purchasing surge that was synchronous with the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and notable community unrest. Extant literature has highlighted a potential cohort effect among 2020 firearm purchasers and the importance of characterizing these individuals to inform policy and interventions. Dispositional traits have received minimal attention in the firearm literature overall, despite research that indicates dispositional traits impact intervention interest, access, and effectiveness. OBJECTIVE The current study examined two dispositional traits indicated as important in firearm research - threat sensitivity (THT) and disinhibition (DIS). We hypothesized that 1) firearm owners overall would have lower THT and higher DIS relative to non-firearm owners, 2) mean levels of DIS (but not THT) would be higher among firearm owners who purchased during the 2020 purchasing surge relative to firearm owners who did not and non-firearm owners, and 3) DIS (but not THT) would be related to future plans for purchasing such that mean levels of DIS would be highest amongst those who have plans. METHODS This study used an online-recruited sample (N = 3500) matched to 2010 US Census data. RESULTS Firearm owners demonstrated lower THT and higher DIS than non-firearm owners. 2020 firearm purchasers had higher DIS compared to non-firearm owners and non-purchasing firearm owners, while firearm owners who did not purchase had lower THT compared to non-owners and 2020 purchasers. Plans to purchase in the next 12 months was associated with higher DIS relative to those undecided or without plans. CONCLUSIONS In combination with prior research, findings suggest elevated DIS may drive purchasing as a danger and distress management strategy, while low THT may protect against emotion-based firearm purchasing. Further research is needed to clarify the directionality of these relationships and to identify other dispositional characteristics of those purchasing firearms in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joye C Anestis
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, & Policy, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Taylor R Rodriguez
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA; Department of Psychology, School of Arts & Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA
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6
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Huang X, Cai R. Does Product Semantics Matter in Stimulating Impulse Buying Behavior for Internet Products? Front Psychol 2021; 12:676086. [PMID: 34497555 PMCID: PMC8419358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Design-driven innovation has become the source of the third-dimensional innovation driving force behind technology and outside the market, aiming to explore breakthrough innovation in product semantics for Internet products. This research tries to define the concept of product semantics and construct a consumer purchase decision model for Internet products with product semantic perception as the antecedent variable. In addition, how product semantics could stimulate consumers' expected regret and impulse purchase for Internet products is explained. The research finds that product semantic perception significantly affects consumers' expected inaction regret, which promotes their impulse purchase intention for Internet products; and expected inaction regret partially mediates between product semantic perception and impulse purchase intention. Self-control ability of consumers negatively moderates the relationship between their expected inaction regret and impulsive purchase intention for Internet products. Thus, the "non-use function" design of product semantics can effectively meet and lead the spiritual and cultural needs in hedonistic Internet shopping for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmeng Huang
- Business School, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Cai
- Business School, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, China
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7
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Schmidt-Barad T, Uziel L. When (state and trait) powers collide: Effects of power-incongruence and self-control on prosocial behavior. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Shi Y, Li H. How a crisis mindset activates implicit knowledge and brings it into awareness: The role of attentional switch cost. Conscious Cogn 2020; 82:102934. [PMID: 32413835 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we relied on the attentional switch cost to ascertain whether a crisis mindset can activate and momentarily bring related implicit knowledge into awareness. We found that the attentional switch cost was higher in a crisis mindset condition than in a common mindset condition in which non-crisis-related stimuli were being attended to (Experiment 1). However, the attentional switch cost was lower in the crisis mindset condition when crisis-related stimuli were being attended to (Experiment 2A), and the reduced cost was not attributable to the complexity of the stimuli (Experiment 2B). A link emerged in the crisis mindset condition between the attentional switch cost and related implicit knowledge (Experiment 3A and 3B). Potential confounding factors were adequately controlled (see the Appendix). In conclusion, the results offer insight into the pivotal role of a crisis mindset. This finding delineates an alternative pathway in which implicit knowledge can be activated and brought into working memory once an event is perceived and interpreted as a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shi
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China.
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Cassé JFH, Finkenauer C, Oosterman M, van der Geest VR, Schuengel C. Family Conflict and Resilience in Parenting Self-Efficacy Among High-Risk Mothers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:1008-1029. [PMID: 26581751 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515614280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mothers with a history of institutional care in adolescence are often involved in high-conflict partner relationships, which may undermine relationships with children and confidence in oneself as a parent. Not all mothers think of themselves as bad parents under these circumstances. We turned to psychological resources as an explanation, focusing on mothers' trait self-control. The negative association between family conflict and parenting self-efficacy was tested for moderation by self-control among 104 mothers with a history of institutionalization for behavioral problems and delinquency during adolescence. We found a negative association between current family conflict and parenting self-efficacy among mothers with low self-control, and no significant association among mothers with high self-control. This study draws attention to the needs of high-risk mothers in their parenting role and demonstrates that self-control is a potential resource for mothers to balance the load presented by conflict in their families. The findings suggest new avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor R van der Geest
- 1 VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 2 Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Steinman CT, Updegraff JA. Delay and death-thought accessibility: a meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1682-96. [PMID: 26443599 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215607843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dual-process component of Terror Management Theory (TMT) proposes that different types of threats lead to increases in death-thought accessibility (DTA) after different delay intervals. Experimental studies of terror management threats' effect on DTA were collected and coded for their use of explicitly death-related (vs. not explicitly death-related) threats, and for their use of delay and task-switching during the delay. Results reveal that studies using death-related threats achieved larger DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching or a longer delay between the threat and the DTA measurement. In contrast, studies using threats that were not explicitly death-related achieved smaller DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching between the threat and the DTA measurement. These findings provide partial support for the dual-process component's predictions regarding delay and DTA. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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11
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Kelley NJ, Schmeichel BJ. Mortality salience increases personal optimism among individuals higher in trait self-control. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Huang Z(T, Wyer RS. Diverging effects of mortality salience on variety seeking: The different roles of death anxiety and semantic concept activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Juhl J, Routledge C. The awareness of death reduces subjective vitality and self-regulatory energy for individuals with low interdependent self-construal. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Imhoff R, Schmidt AF, Gerstenberg F. Exploring the Interplay of Trait Self–Control and Ego Depletion: Empirical Evidence for Ironic Effects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trait self–control (TSC) has been conceptualized as a general and abstract ability to exert self–regulation across multiple domains that has mostly beneficial effects. However, its relationship to situational depletion of self–regulatory resources has received little attention. We systematically explore the interplay of trait and situational self–control in two studies (total N = 264). In contrast with a positive view of TSC, the results show greater ego depletion effects for high (vs. low) self–control abilities across such diverse domains as candy consumption (Study 1), risk–taking behaviour (Study 2) and achievement motivation (Study 2). It is proposed that these ironic effects are attributable to high–TSC individuals’ less frequent active inhibition of impulses in everyday life and their resulting lack of experience in resisting acute temptations. A third study (N> = 358) corroborated this general reasoning by showing that TSC is indeed associated with less frequent impulse inhibition in daily routines. Our data point to a downside of dispositional self–control in ego depletion paradigms. Other explanations and potential future avenues for resolving inconsistent findings across the literature are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Salmon SJ, Adriaanse MA, De Vet E, Fennis BM, De Ridder DTD. "When the going gets tough, who keeps going?" Depletion sensitivity moderates the ego-depletion effect. Front Psychol 2014; 5:647. [PMID: 25009523 PMCID: PMC4067808 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-control relies on a limited resource that can get depleted, a phenomenon that has been labeled ego-depletion. We argue that individuals may differ in their sensitivity to depleting tasks, and that consequently some people deplete their self-control resource at a faster rate than others. In three studies, we assessed individual differences in depletion sensitivity, and demonstrate that depletion sensitivity moderates ego-depletion effects. The Depletion Sensitivity Scale (DSS) was employed to assess depletion sensitivity. Study 1 employs the DSS to demonstrate that individual differences in sensitivity to ego-depletion exist. Study 2 shows moderate correlations of depletion sensitivity with related self-control concepts, indicating that these scales measure conceptually distinct constructs. Study 3 demonstrates that depletion sensitivity moderates the ego-depletion effect. Specifically, participants who are sensitive to depletion performed worse on a second self-control task, indicating a stronger ego-depletion effect, compared to participants less sensitive to depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Salmon
- Department of Marketing, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Clinical and Health Psychology Department, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Adriaanse
- Clinical and Health Psychology Department, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Emely De Vet
- Strategic Communication Chairgroup, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bob M Fennis
- Department of Marketing, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Clinical and Health Psychology Department, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Martin LL, van den Bos K. Beyond terror: Towards a paradigm shift in the study of threat and culture. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2014.923144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Hagger MS, Panetta G, Leung CM, Wong GG, Wang JCK, Chan DKC, Keatley DA, Chatzisarantis NLD. Chronic inhibition, self-control and eating behavior: test of a 'resource depletion' model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76888. [PMID: 24146942 PMCID: PMC3798321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research tested the hypothesis that individuals engaged in long-term efforts to limit food intake (e.g., individuals with high eating restraint) would have reduced capacity to regulate eating when self-control resources are limited. In the current research, body mass index (BMI) was used as a proxy for eating restraint based on the assumption that individuals with high BMI would have elevated levels of chronic eating restraint. A preliminary study (Study 1) aimed to provide evidence for the assumed relationship between eating restraint and BMI. Participants (N = 72) categorized into high or normal-range BMI groups completed the eating restraint scale. Consistent with the hypothesis, results revealed significantly higher scores on the weight fluctuation and concern for dieting subscales of the restraint scale among participants in the high BMI group compared to the normal-range BMI group. The main study (Study 2) aimed to test the hypothesized interactive effect of BMI and diminished self-control resources on eating behavior. Participants (N = 83) classified as having high or normal-range BMI were randomly allocated to receive a challenging counting task that depleted self-control resources (ego-depletion condition) or a non-depleting control task (no depletion condition). Participants then engaged in a second task in which required tasting and rating tempting cookies and candies. Amount of food consumed during the taste-and-rate task constituted the behavioral dependent measure. Regression analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of these variables on amount of food eaten in the taste-and-rate task. Individuals with high BMI had reduced capacity to regulate eating under conditions of self-control resource depletion as predicted. The interactive effects of BMI and self-control resource depletion on eating behavior were independent of trait self-control. Results extend knowledge of the role of self-control in regulating eating behavior and provide support for a limited-resource model of self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Hagger
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Panetta
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chung-Ming Leung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ging Ging Wong
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Derwin K. C. Chan
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A. Keatley
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Kelley NJ, Tang D, Schmeichel BJ. Mortality salience biases attention to positive versus negative images among individuals higher in trait self-control. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:550-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.840269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Tam KP. Existential motive underlying cosmetic surgery: A terror management analysis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Pong Tam
- Division of Social Science; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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20
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Inzlicht M, Schmeichel BJ. What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2012; 7:450-63. [PMID: 26168503 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612454134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
According to the resource model of self-control, overriding one’s predominant response tendencies consumes and temporarily depletes a limited inner resource. Over 100 experiments have lent support to this model of ego depletion by observing that acts of self-control at Time 1 reduce performance on subsequent, seemingly unrelated self-control tasks at Time 2. The time is now ripe, therefore, not only to broaden the scope of the model but to start gaining a precise, mechanistic account of it. Accordingly, in the current article, the authors probe the particular cognitive, affective, and motivational mechanics of self-control and its depletion, asking, “What is ego depletion?” This study proposes a process model of depletion, suggesting that exerting self-control at Time 1 causes temporary shifts in both motivation and attention that undermine self-control at Time 2. The article highlights evidence in support of this model but also highlights where evidence is lacking, thus providing a blueprint for future research. Though the process model of depletion may sacrifice the elegance of the resource metaphor, it paints a more precise picture of ego depletion and suggests several nuanced predictions for future research.
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Dahm T, Neshat-Doost HT, Golden AM, Horn E, Hagger M, Dalgleish T. Age shall not weary us: deleterious effects of self-regulation depletion are specific to younger adults. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26351. [PMID: 22039469 PMCID: PMC3200324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation depletion (SRD), or ego-depletion, refers to decrements in self-regulation performance immediately following a different self-regulation-demanding activity. There are now over a hundred studies reporting SRD across a broad range of tasks and conditions. However, most studies have used young student samples. Because prefrontal brain regions thought to subserve self-regulation do not fully mature until 25 years of age, it is possible that SRD effects are confined to younger populations and are attenuated or disappear in older samples. We investigated this using the Stroop color task as an SRD induction and an autobiographical memory task as the outcome measure. We found that younger participants (<25 years) were susceptible to depletion effects, but found no support for such effects in an older group (40–65 years). This suggests that the widely-reported phenomenon of SRD has important developmental boundary conditions casting doubt on claims that it represents a general feature of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Dahm
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Englert C, Bertrams A, Dickhäuser O. Dispositional Self-Control Capacity and Trait Anxiety as Relates to Coping Styles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2011.26092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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The effects of being spurned and self-esteem on depersonalization and coping preferences in kindergarten teachers: the case of Hong Kong. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-010-9138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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vanDellen MR, Campbell WK, Hoyle RH, Bradfield EK. Compensating, Resisting, and Breaking: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Reactions to Self-Esteem Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 15:51-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868310372950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Much research has identified how people react to receiving threatening information about the self. The purpose of this article is to discuss such experiences in the context of a model of state self-esteem regulation. The authors propose that people engage in one of three regulatory responses to threat: compensation, resistance, and breaking. They conduct a meta-analysis aimed to examine when people engage in each of these three responses to threat and how trait self-esteem affects the selection and success of selecting each regulatory response. Furthermore, the authors test six theoretical models that might explain why responses to ego threat vary across level of trait self-esteem. The models for differences between people with low and high trait self-esteem that fit the data best suggest that (a) self-esteem serves as a resource and (b) there is a self-verification motivation.
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Burke BL, Martens A, Faucher EH. Two decades of terror management theory: a meta-analysis of mortality salience research. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 14:155-95. [PMID: 20097885 DOI: 10.1177/1088868309352321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted on empirical trials investigating the mortality salience (MS) hypothesis of terror management theory (TMT). TMT postulates that investment in cultural worldviews and self-esteem serves to buffer the potential for death anxiety; the MS hypothesis states that, as a consequence, accessibility of death-related thought (MS) should instigate increased worldview and self-esteem defense and striving. Overall, 164 articles with 277 experiments were included. MS yielded moderate effects (r = .35) on a range of worldview- and self-esteem-related dependent variables (DVs), with effects increased for experiments using (a) American participants, (b) college students, (c) a longer delay between MS and the DV, and (d) people-related attitudes as the DV. Gender and self-esteem may moderate MS effects differently than previously thought. Results are compared to other reviews and examined with regard to alternative explanations of TMT. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered.
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Dvorak RD, Simons JS. Moderation of Resource Depletion in the Self-Control Strength Model: Differing Effects of Two Modes of Self-Control. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 35:572-83. [PMID: 19193603 DOI: 10.1177/0146167208330855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of good and poor control and changes in blood glucose following self-control depletion on task persistence. Good self-control attenuated the effect of depletion on task persistence. Poor control exerted a main effect; however, there were no significant interactions between poor control and self-control depletion. In addition, the association between depletion and task persistence was partially mediated by decreases in blood glucose. Task persistence in the experimental, but not control, condition was correlated with several risk behaviors. These correlations provide support for the external validity of the laboratory experiment. The differential effects of good and poor control support a two-mode model of self-control. The interaction between the depletion manipulation and good self-control suggests that associations between good self-control and behavior may be due, in part, to good self-control reducing the effects of self-control demands on behavior.
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Gailliot MT, Stillman TF, Schmeichel BJ, Maner JK, Plant EA. Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2008; 34:993-1003. [PMID: 18550864 DOI: 10.1177/0146167208316791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four studies indicate that mortality salience increases adherence to social norms and values, but only when cultural norms and values are salient. In Study 1, mortality salience coupled with a reminder about cultural values of egalitarianism reduced prejudice toward Blacks among non-Black participants. In Studies 2 through 4, a mortality salience induction (e.g., walking through a cemetery) increased self-reported and actual helping behavior only when the cultural value of helping was salient. These results suggest that people may adhere to norms and values so as to manage awareness of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Gailliot
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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