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Chen J, Sedikides C, Cai H. Self‐affirmation reduces vigilance to mortality threat: An eye‐tracking study. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology BeijingChina
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology BeijingChina
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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2
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Look me in the eyes! A pre-registered eye-tracking study investigating visual attention and affective reactions to faces with a visible difference. Body Image 2022; 40:67-77. [PMID: 34864605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to determine how disfigurement alters visual attention paid to faces and to examine whether such a potential modified pattern of visual attention to faces with visible difference was associated, in turn, with perceiver's stigmatizing affective reactions. A pilot study (N = 38) and a pre-registered experimental eye-tracking study (N = 89) were conducted. First, the visual explorations of faces with and without disfigurement were compared. The association of these visual explorations with affective reactions were investigated next. Findings suggest that disfigurement impacts visual attention toward faces; attention is not merely attracted to the disfigured area but it is also diverted particularly from the eye area. Disfigurement also eases disgust-related, surprise-related, anxiety-related, and, to a lesser extent, hostility-related affective states. Exploratory interaction effects between attention to the eyes and to the disfigured part of the face revealed a hybrid effect on disgust-related affect and an increase in surprise-related affect when participants fixated more upon the disfigured area and fixated less upon the eyes. Thus, perceiver's attention is captured by disfigurement and also diverted from face internal features which seems to play a role in the affective reactions elicited.
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Heller I, Halabi S. The Underlying Process of Prosocial Behavior Among Soldiers: A Terror Management Theory Perspective. Front Psychol 2022; 12:770723. [PMID: 35095654 PMCID: PMC8797155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality salience (MS) hypothesis postulates that anxiety elicited by mortality awareness leads people to develop negative emotions toward those who hold values inconsistent with their worldview faith. We explored this hypothesis in a sample of 76 Israeli combat soldiers, who were asked to reflect on either their mortality or dental pain. Subsequently, participants reported their motivation to help a father in need who was either an Arab (outgroup) or a Jewish Israeli (ingroup), as well as their perceptions of threat by Arab Israelis. Regression analysis indicated that mortality reminders intensified soldiers’ perception of threat by the outgroup, leading to an increased desire to assist a Jewish-Israeli father, and a decreased motivation to help an Arab-Israeli one. The findings demonstrate the pronounced effects of MS on soldiers involved in frequent combat actions in terms of evoking negative emotions leading to reluctance to help unarmed civilian outgroup members. Recommendations for soldiers’ pre-deployment psychoeducation sessions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Heller
- Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Samer Halabi
- Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Wendelberg L. An Ontological Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR)-A Three World Perspective. J Imaging 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34460716 PMCID: PMC8321290 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an ontology that involves using information from various sources from different disciplines and combining it in order to predict whether a given person is in a radicalization process. The purpose of the ontology is to improve the early detection of radicalization in persons, thereby contributing to increasing the extent to which the unwanted escalation of radicalization processes can be prevented. The ontology combines findings related to existential anxiety that are related to political radicalization with well-known criminal profiles or radicalization findings. The software Protégé, delivered by the technical field at Stanford University, including the SPARQL tab, is used to develop and test the ontology. The testing, which involved five models, showed that the ontology could detect individuals according to "risk profiles" for subjects based on existential anxiety. SPARQL queries showed an average detection probability of 5% including only a risk population and 2% on a whole test population. Testing by using machine learning algorithms proved that inclusion of less than four variables in each model produced unreliable results. This suggest that the Ontology Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR) ontology risk model should consist of at least four variables to reach a certain level of reliability. Analysis shows that use of a probability based on an estimated risk of terrorism may produce a gap between the number of subjects who actually have early signs of radicalization and those found by using probability estimates for extremely rare events. It is reasoned that an ontology exists as a world three object in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wendelberg
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway
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Bodner E, Bergman YS. The Utility of a Positive Body Image Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults Who Perceive Death to Be Near and Fear It. Res Aging 2019; 41:751-771. [PMID: 31030622 DOI: 10.1177/0164027519845115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical changes are an inevitable part of the aging process. However, research has demonstrated inconclusive findings with regard to body image among older adults. This study attempts to clarify the utility of body image among this age-group, by adopting the framework of terror management theory. It is suggested that a positive body image may moderate the connection between two types of death concerns and psychological distress: subjective nearness-to-death and death anxiety. A convenience sample of 386 community-dwelling older adults, aged 60-97, filled scales measuring subjective nearness-to-death, positive body image, psychological distress, and death anxiety. A significant negative association was found between a positive body image and distress. Moreover, positive body image moderated the connection between distress and both subjective nearness-to-death and death anxiety. Thus, holding a positive image of the body seems to be an important resource for older adults when death is perceived to be near.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Bodner
- 1 Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- 2 Department of Music, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav S Bergman
- 3 School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Talmor D, Hirschberger G, Seeman S, Ein-Dor T, Mikulincer M. Implicit aggression following exposure to people with physical disabilities: The costs of inhibiting self-protective processes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Koren E, Shrira A, Bodner E, Bergman YS. Subjective nearness-to-death and negative attitudes toward persons with disability: Attachment patterns moderate. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 44:312-318. [PMID: 30596339 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1544949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether subjective nearness-to-death is associated with negative attitudes toward people with disabilities, and whether attachment patterns moderate this connection. A total of 462 Israeli adults, average age 57 years, completed scales measuring subjective nearness-to-death, negative attitudes toward people with disability, and attachment patterns. High levels of subjective nearness-to-death were associated with negative attitudes toward people with disability, and attachment patterns were significant moderators. Findings point to the theoretical importance of both perceptions of death and personal resources for coping with subjective nearness-to-death in relation to attitudes toward individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Koren
- The Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amit Shrira
- The Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Bodner
- The Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Music, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Gerber Z, Anaki D. Self-compassion as a buffer against concrete but not abstract threat. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 43:639-646. [PMID: 30265835 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1511195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terror management theory posits that validation of self-esteem is a major defense mechanism in keeping mortal concerns at bay. Yet, self-esteem often leads to devaluation of others. Self-compassion (SC) is an alternative, more inclusive construct than self-esteem. We explored among 125 university students whether SC serves as a defense mechanism from abstract and concrete threats responses, utilizing a dot-probe task and mortality salience priming. Although SC was not associated with avoidance of abstract threats, it was associated with avoidance of concrete threats. These findings underscore the potential role of SC in coping with trauma and in shielding from developing post-traumatic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Gerber
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - David Anaki
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
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Beyrak-Lev J, Gerber Z, Ein-Dor T, Hirschberger G. Mortality salience reduces tactile attention among people with low body esteem. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 42:426-431. [PMID: 28796582 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1363321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Death awareness leads to aversion from bodily processes such as breastfeeding and sex, especially among low body esteem individuals. Using a modality bias task, we examined whether primes of death reduced attention to bodily sensations. We subliminally primed 72 undergraduates with either the word death or failed and assessed their attention to tactile and visual stimuli as a function of their body esteem. Results indicated that death primes significantly reduced attention to tactile stimuli relative to visual stimuli in low body esteem individuals. Dissociation from the body, therefore, may be an unconscious terror management strategy utilized by people with low body esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Beyrak-Lev
- a Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) , Herzliya , Israel
| | - Zach Gerber
- a Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) , Herzliya , Israel
| | - Tsachi Ein-Dor
- a Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) , Herzliya , Israel
| | - Gilad Hirschberger
- a Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) , Herzliya , Israel
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Hirschberger G, Hayes J, Shtrul A, Ein-Dor T. The Existential Underpinnings of Intergroup Helping: When Normative and Defensive Motivations Collide. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:1469-1484. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167217718524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Five studies examined defensive intergroup helping—when responsibility for an out-group victim’s injury decreases helping, whereas lack of responsibility increases helping when death is salient. In Study 1 ( N = 350), implicit death primes increased petition signings to allow a Palestinian child to receive medical treatment in Israel, when the child was a victim of Palestinian fire. When the child was a victim of Israeli fire, however, death primes decreased petition signings. Study 2 ( N = 200) partially replicated these effects on commitment to donate blood to an injured Palestinian child. Study 3 ( N = 162) found that moral affirmation primes moderate defensive helping effects. Study 4 ( N = 372) replicated defensive helping, but failed to replicate the moral affirmation effect found in Study 3. Study 5 ( N = 243) partially replicated defensive helping and found that different framings of existential threat moderate the effect. Overall, results indicate that self-protective concerns underlie prosocial responses to out-group members in need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Hayes
- The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel
| | - Adi Shtrul
- The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel
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11
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Wendelberg L, Volden F, Yildirim-Yayilgan S. Death anxiety and visual oculomotor processing of arousing stimuli in a free view setting. Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:131-141. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frode Volden
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Norwegian Media Technology Lab; Gjøvik Norway
| | - Sule Yildirim-Yayilgan
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Norwegian Information Security Lab; Gjøvik Norway
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Bazan A. Alpha synchronization as a brain model for unconscious defense: An overview of the work of Howard Shevrin and his team. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 2017; 98:1443-1473. [PMID: 28247941 DOI: 10.1111/1745-8315.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Howard Shevrin and his team have developed a stringent subliminal priming methodology, which experimentally approximates a situation of an internal, mental triggering of unconscious defense. Through a series of four studies they thus are able to bring evidence for this type of unconscious defense. With event-related potentials, three clinical studies show how synchronization of a specific brain wave, the alpha wave, known for its inhibitory function, is also induced by subliminally presented conflictual subject-specific stimuli. Therefore, alpha synchronization could serve as the brain mechanism of unconscious defense. The results only make sense if we suppose the existence of a dynamic unconscious, which has inherited childhood conflicts, and with privileged connections to neurotic symptom characteristics. Moreover, by showing that the unconscious conflict phrases, inferred by clinicians from clinical interviews, have a similar brain behavior, Shevrin and his team provide evidence that these inferences are not simply clinician-dependent subjective interpretations but also imply some form of independent mental reality. Finally, interpretation of the results has led us to propose two distinct physiological mechanisms for defense: one, unconscious defense, by alpha synchronization in connection with the drive derivatives, and another, repression, based on the indications of reality in connection with the ego.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bazan
- Service de Psychologie Clinique et Différentielle, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie et Psychosomatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - CP122, 50, Avenue Frankin Roosevelt, B-1050, Bruxelles
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13
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Self-esteem buffers the mortality salience effect on the implicit self-face processing. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Woo TH, Kwak SM. Social networking-based simulations for nuclear security: Strategy assessment following nuclear cyber terror on South Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs). ANN NUCL ENERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Koca-Atabey M, Oner-Özkan B. Loss anxiety: an alternative explanation for the fundamental fears in human beings. DEATH STUDIES 2014; 38:662-671. [PMID: 24766158 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.844748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, fear of loss as well as fear of death are introduced to explain cultural worldview defence reactions of individuals. Participants were subjected to mortality salience, disability salience and control conditions. Mortality salience and paralysis salience were found to lead to a change in conservatism scores. In a qualitative follow-up study, when reminded about mortality, the participants reported less individual sadness than expected; whereas when the participants were reminded about paralysis, greater individual sadness was reported. Any kind of loss manipulation that is moderately fearful, highly imaginable, and highly self-relevant is suggested to affect cultural worldview defence reactions.
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Jonas E, McGregor I, Klackl J, Agroskin D, Fritsche I, Holbrook C, Nash K, Proulx T, Quirin M. Threat and Defense. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klackl J, Jonas E, Kronbichler M. Existential neuroscience: self-esteem moderates neuronal responses to mortality-related stimuli. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1754-61. [PMID: 24222712 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to terror management theory, self-esteem serves as a buffer against existential anxiety. This proposition is well supported empirically, but its neuronal underpinnings are poorly understood. Therefore, in the present neuroimaging study, our aim was to test how self-esteem affects our neural circuitry activation when death-related material is processed. Consistent with previous findings, the bilateral insula responded less to death-related stimuli relative to similarly unpleasant, but death-unrelated sentences, an effect that might reflect a decrease in the sense of oneself in the face of existential threat. In anterior parts of the insula, this 'deactivation' effect was more pronounced for high self-esteem individuals, suggesting that the insula might be of core importance to understanding the anxiety-buffering effect of self-esteem. In addition, low self-esteem participants responded with enhanced activation to death-related over unpleasant stimuli in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal and medial orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting that regulating death-related thoughts might be more effortful to these individuals. Together, this suggests that the anxiety-buffering effect of self-esteem might be implemented in the brain in the form of both insula-dependent awareness mechanisms and prefrontal cortex-dependent regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klackl
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, and Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, and Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, and Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, and Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria, and Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Kelley NJ, Tang D, Schmeichel BJ. Mortality salience biases attention to positive versus negative images among individuals higher in trait self-control. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:550-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.840269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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What you may not see might slow you down anyway: masked images and driving. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29857. [PMID: 22279549 PMCID: PMC3261158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many theories of driver behaviour suggest that unconscious or implicit emotions play a functional role in the shaping and control of behaviour. This has not been experimentally tested however. Therefore, in this study the effects of emotive masked images on driver behaviour were examined. While driving a simulator, participants were repeatedly exposed to negative or neutral emotionally laden target images that were sandwich masked by emotionally neutral images. These images were encountered across two different trials each of which consisted of 3-4 minutes of driving on a rural road. The results indicate an effect of the negative target images primarily in reducing the extent of familiarisation occurring between the first and second experimental drives. This is evident in a reduced decrease in heart rate and a reduced increase in high band heart rate variability and actual travelling speed from the first to second drives if the negative target image was presented in the second drive. In addition to these findings there was no clear effect of the target image on subjective ratings of effort or feelings of risk. There was however an effect of gender, with the majority of the effects found in the study being limited to the larger female dataset. These findings suggest that unconscious or implicit emotional stimuli may well influence driver behaviour without explicit awareness.
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Okon-Singer H, Kofman O, Tzelgov J, Henik A. Using international emotional picture sets in countries suffering from violence. J Trauma Stress 2011; 24:239-42. [PMID: 21381117 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that ratings of emotional stimuli are affected by a constant threat of traumatic events. Ratings of valence and arousal on the International Affective Picture System from young adults in the United States were compared to those of young Israeli adults. Israelis rated the pictures as less negative and less positive than did participants from the United States. Israeli women gave higher arousal ratings compared to the American women. These differences may be due to compulsory military service in Israel, during which exposure to traumatic events is more likely to occur, and to the timing of the study which followed a year of frequent suicide bomb attacks. The authors suggest that these findings may reflect mild symptoms of stress disorders.
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