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Santos D, Martínez R, Briñol P, Petty RE. Improving attitudes towards minority groups by thinking about the thoughts and meta‐cognitions of their members. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Santos
- IE School of Human Sciences and Technology IE University Madrid Spain
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Blankenship KL, Kane KA, Machacek MG. Values and attitude certainty: The case for attitude clarity and correctness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:975864. [PMID: 36438412 PMCID: PMC9691376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.975864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three studies examined how the perception that one's attitudes are based in values affects attitude clarity and correctness. Specifically, perceiving that one's attitude is based in important values increases attitude clarity (the subjective sense that one knows one's attitude) but not attitude correctness (the subjective sense that the attitude is correct). To test this, participants read a counterattitudinal message and were given feedback about the basis of their attitude. Relative to participants who learned that their attitudes were weakly based in values, participants who were told that their attitudes were strongly based in values reported greater attitude clarity than correctness (Study 1). Similarly, increases in attitude clarity from having an attitude based in values increased the perception that participants effortfully processed the message (Studies 2 and 3), the belief that participants more successfully resisted the message, and participants' intentions to act on the attitude.
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Gheondea-Eladi A, Gheondea A. Bifurcation in the evolution of certainty in a small decision-making group by consensus. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 75:88-115. [PMID: 34228357 DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a previous paper, the evolution of certainty measured during a consensus-based small-group decision process was shown to oscillate to an equilibrium value for about two-thirds of the participants in the experiment. Starting from the observation that experimental participants are split into two groups, those for whom the evolution of certainty oscillates and those for whom it does not, in this paper we perform an analysis of this bifurcation with a more accurate model and answer two main questions: what is the meaning of this bifurcation, and is this bifurcation amenable to the approximation method or numerical procedure? Firstly, we have to refine the mathematical model of the evolution of certainty to a function explicitly represented in terms of the model parameters and to verify its robustness to the variation of parameters, both analytically and by computer simulation. Then, using the previous group decision experimental data, and the model proposed in this paper, we run the curve-fitting software on the experimental data. We also review a series of interpretations of the bifurcated behaviour. We obtain a refined mathematical model and show that the empirical results are not skewed by the initial conditions, when the proposed model is used. Thus, we reveal the analytical and empirical existence of the observed bifurcation. We then propose that sensitivity to the absolute value of certainty and to its rate of change are considered as potential interpretations of this split in behaviour, along with certainty/uncertainty orientation, uncertainty interpretation, and uncertainty/certainty-related intuition and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelian Gheondea
- Department of Mathematics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Simion Stoilow Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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Yeargin TA, Gibson KE, Fraser AM. New Approach to Food Safety Training: A Review of a Six-Step Knowledge-Sharing Model. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1852-1862. [PMID: 34129677 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant resources, including both human and financial capital, have been dedicated to developing and delivering food handler training programs to meet government and organizational mandates. Even with the plethora of food safety-oriented training programs, there is scant empirical evidence documenting effectiveness, suggesting the need to rethink the design and delivery of food safety training for food handlers. One underlying assumption of most training programs is that food handlers engage in unsafe practices because of lack of knowledge. As a result, many training curricula are designed to improve knowledge, assuming behavior will change as knowledge increases. However, food handlers often return to the work environment and try to implement the new knowledge with minimal success. One explanation for this is that the training context and the implementation context often differ, making it difficult for the food handler to transfer what they learned into practice. Understanding the connection between knowledge, the organization, and its environment is critical to knowledge implementation. The focus of this review is to describe a six-step knowledge-sharing model. Here, knowledge sharing is broadly defined as the process of creating and then using knowledge to change a practice or behavior. Our proposed knowledge-sharing model includes six steps: generation, adaptation, dissemination, reception, adoption, and implementation. We have organized this model into two dyads: (i) transfer between researcher (i.e., knowledge generators) and educator and (ii) transfer between educator and food handler (i.e., knowledge implementers). To put into practice this proposed model for developing and delivering effective food safety training for food handlers, we have provided suggested actions that can be performed within each step of the knowledge-sharing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Yeargin
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, System Division of Agriculture, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, System Division of Agriculture, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704
| | - Angela M Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, College of Agriculture Forestry, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 206 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Mello J, Garcia-Marques T, Briñol P, Cancela A, Petty RE. The influence of physical attractiveness on attitude confidence and resistance to change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Paredes B, Santos D, Briñol P, Gómez Á, Petty RE. The role of meta-cognitive certainty on the relationship between identity fusion and endorsement of extreme pro-group behavior. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1681498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Paredes
- Departamento de Teoría y Análisis de la Comunicación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Santos
- IE School of Human Sciences and Technology, IE University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Briñol
- Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard E. Petty
- Department of Social Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Gascó M, Briñol P, Santos D, Petty RE, Horcajo J. Where Did This Thought Come From? A Self-Validation Analysis of the Perceived Origin of Thoughts. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1615-1628. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218775696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments examined whether perceiving thoughts as coming from internal versus external origins are more impactful on attitudes. Participants generated either positive or negative thoughts about different attitude objects, including different diets, and plastic surgery. Then, participants were induced to think that their thoughts came from the self or from an external source. In Experiment 1, participants induced to believe their thoughts originated from the self versus an external source relied on them more to form their attitudes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that when the external origin was associated with properties of validity, people relied on their thoughts more than when thoughts were perceived to come from an internal origin associated with low validity. Experiment 3 showed that the impact of thought origin on evaluations was mediated by greater liking for one’s thoughts when they originated in the self.
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Clark JK, Thiem KC. Group communicators, perceived entitativity, and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Petty RE, Briñol P. Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1-26. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.967183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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von Borgstede C, Andersson M, Hansla A. Value-Congruent Information Processing: The Role of Issue Involvement and Argument Strength. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2014.958226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Middlewood BL, Gasper K. Making information matter: Symmetrically appealing layouts promote issue relevance, which facilitates action and attention to argument quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Clark JK, Evans AT. Source Credibility and Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1024-1036. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214534733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly credible communicators have been found to elicit greater confidence and attitudes that are based more on recipients’ thoughts (i.e., self-validation) compared with non-credible sources. However, source credibility may produce different effects on thought confidence and persuasion depending on the position of an advocacy. When messages are proattitudinal, credible sources should initiate self-validation because recipients may be motivated to confirm (bolster) their existing views. Conversely, when appeals are counterattitudinal, recipients may be motivated to defend their opinions and disconfirm information. In these contexts, greater self-validation may emerge when a communicator lacks rather than possesses credibility. When a message was counterattitudinal and contained weak arguments, evidence of self-validation was found with low source credibility (Studies 1 and 2) and among participants high in defense motivation (Study 2). In response to strong, proattitudinal arguments, findings were consistent with high credibility producing self-validation when bolstering motivation was high (Study 3).
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Clark JK, Wegener DT, Sawicki V, Petty RE, Briñol P. Evaluating the message or the messenger? Implications for self-validation in persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:1571-84. [PMID: 23969619 DOI: 10.1177/0146167213499238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of persuasive message sources have been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to situations when people are motivated to form an evaluation of the communicator rather than the communicated issue. We postulated that these different foci can affect how a source validates message-related cognitions. Participants focused on the source (Studies 1 and 2) or the issue (Study 2) while reading weak or strong message arguments. Later, the communicator was described as low or high in credibility. When focused on the source, highly motivated participants were more confident and their attitudes were more reflective of thoughts when argument quality matched (e.g., weak arguments-low credibility) rather than mismatched (e.g., weak arguments-high credibility) source credibility. Conversely, when participants were focused on the issue, self-validation was greater when credibility was high rather than low-regardless of argument quality. Implications of these findings for the study and practice of persuasion are discussed.
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Clark JK, Wegener DT. Message Position, Information Processing, and Persuasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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