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Kube T, Kirchner L, Gärtner T, Glombiewski JA. How negative mood hinders belief updating in depression: results from two experimental studies. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1288-1301. [PMID: 34247664 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In two experimental studies, we tested the hypothesis that negative mood would hinder the revision of negative beliefs in response to unexpectedly positive information in depression, whereas positive mood was expected to enhance belief updating. METHODS In study 1 (N = 101), we used a subclinical sample to compare the film-based induction of sad v. happy mood with a distraction control group. Subsequently, participants underwent a well-established paradigm to examine intra-individual changes in performance-related expectations after unexpectedly positive performance feedback. In study 2, we applied the belief-updating task from study 1 to an inpatient sample (N = 81) and induced sad v. happy mood via film-clips v. recall of autobiographic events. RESULTS The results of study 1 showed no significant group differences in belief updating; the severity of depressive symptoms was a negative predictor of belief revision, though, and there was a non-significant trend suggesting that the presence of sad mood hindered belief updating in the subgroup of participants with a diagnosed depressive episode. Study 2 revealed that participants updated their expectations significantly less in line with positive feedback when they underwent the induction of negative mood prior to feedback, relative to positive mood. CONCLUSIONS By indicating that the presence of negative mood can hinder the revision of negative beliefs in clinically depressed people, our findings suggest that learning from new experiences can be hampered if state negative mood is activated. Thus, interventions relying on learning from novel positive experiences should aim at reducing state negative mood in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kube
- Pain and Psychotherapy Research Lab, University of Koblenz-Landau, Ostbahnstr. 10, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gärtner
- Schön Klinik Bad Arolsen, Hofgarten 10, 34454 Bad Arolsen, Germany
| | - Julia Anna Glombiewski
- Pain and Psychotherapy Research Lab, University of Koblenz-Landau, Ostbahnstr. 10, 76829 Landau, Germany
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2
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Shirai M, Soshi T. Color features continuously represent negative and positive aspects of sadness. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 150:96-119. [PMID: 33988083 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2021.1922344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Emotion is assumed to be stored in long-term memory as a concept by a feature (e.g., "tears" for "sadness") that is a memory unit of a concept. Memory activation of emotion concepts via features is supposed to enable recognition of emotional states. Emotion concepts are associated with various perceptual features oriented toward the interior and exterior of the body. Although previous studies have revealed that internal perceptual features need to recognize emotional experiences, how external perceptual features contribute to memory representation of emotions is unclear. This study focused on sadness and aimed to identify how color, which is an external perceptual feature, represents sadness in long-term memory. We hypothesized that colors continuously represent positive and negative aspects of sadness. Participants rated the congruency between each of 99 color visual stimuli and five major emotions, six sadness-related situations, and five psychological properties. Consistent with the prediction, two bluish color groups appeared to represent sadness based on emotional congruency ratings. Colors with the highest sadness ratings were related to dark and dull bluish ones. On the other hand, lighter bluish colors mixed with green appearance were similarly congruent with both sadness and happiness. The lightness properties of these sadness-related bluish colors continuously represent sadness dominancy (sadness rating minus happiness rating). Additionally, sadness dominancy of each sadness-related color group was differently associated with sadness-related situations. These findings indicate that color features contribute to memory representation of sadness in association with situations and that color features continuously instantiate negative and positive aspects of sadness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Soshi
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Naranowicz M. Mood effects on semantic processes: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1014706. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1014706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood (i.e., our current background affective state) often unobtrusively yet pervasively affects how we think and behave. Typically, theoretical frameworks position it as an embodied source of information (i.e., a biomarker), activating thinking patterns that tune our attention, perception, motivation, and exploration tendencies in a context-dependent manner. Growing behavioural and electrophysiological research has been exploring the mood–language interactions, employing numerous semantics-oriented experimental paradigms (e.g., manipulating semantic associations, congruity, relatedness, etc.) along with mood elicitation techniques (e.g., affectively evocative film clips, music, pictures, etc.). Available behavioural and electrophysiological evidence has suggested that positive and negative moods differently regulate the dynamics of language comprehension, mostly due to the activation of mood-dependent cognitive strategies. Namely, a positive mood has been argued to activate global and heuristics-based processing and a negative mood – local and detail-oriented processing during language comprehension. Future research on mood–language interactions could benefit greatly from (i) a theoretical framework for mood effects on semantic memory, (ii) measuring mood changes multi-dimensionally, (iii) addressing discrepancies in empirical findings, (iv) a replication-oriented approach, and (v) research practices counteracting publication biases.
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4
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Abbas A, Ekowati D, Suhariadi F, Hamid SAR. Negative vs. Positive Psychology: a Review of Science of Well-Being. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2022:10.1007/s12124-022-09708-1. [PMID: 35759165 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-022-09708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Happiness, well-being, human freedom, and life events are interconnected. Nevertheless, the debate about human well-being struggles to find an exact definition. Literature debates on the importance of positive psychology or adverse effects of negative psychology in the well-being context discuss separately. However, both counter each other but have their significance and indisputable fact. Human psychology evolves around determinism and Free Will. One type of determinism is hard, while the other is soft. Individuals who are adamant about and embrace acceptance of chances are driven by their nature and psychology to choose negative behaviors under hard determinism. They give up their free will, whereas soft determinists use it to make choices and behave positively. However, the researchers looked at negative psychology as a useful aspect and positive psychology's dark side. We argued that there are reasons to suppose that chances can develop into options and vice versa. From a well-being perspective, negative and positive psychological strengths and weaknesses can be investigated. From the literature review, useful hypotheses for future research have been derived from our synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Abbas
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ekowati
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Fendy Suhariadi
- Post Graduate Doctoral Students in Human Resource Development, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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5
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Lu T, Liang D, Hong M, Sun J. Regret Now, Compensate It Later: The Benefits of Experienced Regret on Future Altruism. Front Psychol 2022; 13:840809. [PMID: 35465568 PMCID: PMC9021411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores how experienced regret and relief evoked in a risky gambling task influence subsequent intertemporal pro-social behavior. We apply a dictator game experiment with delayed rewards to investigate the effect on donating behavior by simultaneously the time delay when the recipient accepts the donation and the emotions experienced by the participant. We examine this effect using a choice titration procedure. The results reveal that independent of the prior experienced emotions, participants’ donations decrease as the time delay rises; the hyperbolic model provides a better explanation of this finding. Significantly, experienced regret impacts the shape of the social discount function with delayed rewards, which is reflected in notably different discount rates. Participants who experienced regret exhibit a lower discount rate than those in the relief condition. Note that this distinct type of generosity differs significantly at the 14-day delay but not at the shortest and longest. It follows that regret can promote future altruism and intertemporal pro-social behavior, depending on the delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Hong
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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6
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Naranowicz M, Jankowiak K, Kakuba P, Bromberek-Dyzman K, Thierry G. In a Bilingual Mood: Mood Affects Lexico-Semantic Processing Differently in Native and Non-Native Languages. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030316. [PMID: 35326272 PMCID: PMC8945979 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive and negative moods tend to have differential effects on lexico-semantic processing in the native language (L1). Though accumulating evidence points to dampened sensitivity to affective stimuli in the non-native language (L2), little is known about the effects of positive and negative moods on L2 processing. Here, we show that lexico-semantic processing is differently affected by positive and negative moods only in L1. Unbalanced Polish–English bilinguals made meaningfulness judgments on L1 and L2 sentences during two EEG recording sessions featuring either positive- or negative-mood-inducing films. We observed a reduced N1 (lexical processing) for negative compared to positive mood in L2 only, a reduced N2 (lexico-semantic processing) in negative compared to positive mood in L1 only, a reduced N400 (lexico-semantic processing) for meaningless compared to meaningful L1 sentences in positive mood only, and an enhanced late positive complex (semantic integration and re-analysis) for L2 compared to L1 meaningful sentence in negative mood only. Altogether, these results suggest that positive and negative moods affect lexical, lexico-semantic, and semantic processing differently in L1 and L2. Our observations are consistent with previous accounts of mood-dependent processing and emotion down-regulation observed in bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Naranowicz
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.); (K.B.-D.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Jankowiak
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.); (K.B.-D.); (G.T.)
| | - Patrycja Kakuba
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.); (K.B.-D.); (G.T.)
| | | | - Guillaume Thierry
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.); (K.B.-D.); (G.T.)
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
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7
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Lin HC, Wang ST. Message Sidedness in Health Claims: Roles of Mood State, Product Involvement, and Self-Rated Health Status. Front Nutr 2022; 8:729370. [PMID: 34970574 PMCID: PMC8712455 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.729370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous studies with respect to message sidedness mainly focus on the effect of message sidedness in advertising on behavior of consumers and it is unknown how consumers respond to different message sidedness when a one-sided or two-sided message in claims shown on the package of a healthy food product. This study explores the underlying mechanisms how consumers respond to different message sidedness in claims. The results indicate that two-sided messages in claims are more persuasive than one-sided messages because they pass the “sufficiency threshold.” In addition, the results of this article show that mood state, product involvement, and self-rated health of individuals moderate the relationship between message sidedness in claims and product evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chou Lin
- Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tse Wang
- Graduate Institute of Bio-Industry Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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8
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Stavraki M, Lamprinakos G, Briñol P, Petty RE, Karantinou K, Díaz D. The influence of emotions on information processing and persuasion: A differential appraisals perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Palermo R. The Function of Moods and Emotions: Comment on “Can Sadness Be Good for You? On the Cognitive, Motivational and Interpersonal Benefits of Mild Negative Affect” (Forgas, 2017). AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Palermo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, and School of Psychology, University of Western Australia,
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10
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11
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Wen W, Li J, Georgiou GK, Huang C, Wang L. Reducing the Halo Effect by Stimulating Analytic Thinking. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The halo effect is one of the most common threats to interpersonal evaluation. In the present study, we examined the role of an alternative approach to reducing the halo effect, namely by stimulating analytic thinking. In Study 1, we established the validity of the current paradigm in inducing the halo effect. In Study 2 and Study 3, we investigated whether the halo effect could be reduced when analytic thinking was activated either with Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices or with a writing task. Results of both studies showed that participants were less biased by the irrelevant central trait when analytic thinking was activated compared to the control group, suggesting that priming analytic thinking ahead of a judgmental task can reduce the halo effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Cheng Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Abstract
Sadness, an emotional experience of daily life, is typically associated with negative experiences such as the loss of a loved one. However, sadness also has an adaptive function, as it can help us respond appropriately to environmental demands. While previous research has revealed positive functions of sadness, it is unclear whether laypeople recognize any positive aspects of sadness. In the present three-part study, we aimed to identify whether laypeople conceptualize any positive features of sadness. In Part 1, we asked Japanese participants (n = 122) to describe the features of "sadness," and their responses revealed 37 different sadness features, some of which were assumed to be positive aspects (e.g., meaning making). In Part 2, we asked a second group of Japanese participants (n = 140) to rate the centrality of each previously named feature, and we then classified the features into either central or peripheral sadness features. At this point, participants reported positive aspects of sadness (e.g., co-occurrence of positive emotion). To confirm the differences between central and peripheral features, in Part 3 we examined automatic responses toward these features from a third group of Japanese participants (n = 91) and demonstrated the relationship between the concept of sadness and its characteristic features. We presented these participants with a subset of the features of sadness and then asked them to complete a recall and recognition task. As expected, they recalled central features more often than peripheral features of sadness, and they generated false recognitions to central features. In conclusion, this three-part study indicated that there are positive features related to the function of sadness that laypeople can identify in their mental lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nagamine
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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13
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Ebner NC, Ellis DM, Lin T, Rocha HA, Yang H, Dommaraju S, Soliman A, Woodard DL, Turner GR, Spreng RN, Oliveira DS. Uncovering Susceptibility Risk to Online Deception in Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:522-533. [PMID: 29669133 PMCID: PMC8921760 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fraud in the aged is an emerging public health problem. An increasingly common form of deception is conducted online. However, identification of cognitive and socioemotional risk factors has not been undertaken yet. In this endeavor, this study extended previous work suggesting age effects on susceptibility to online deception. METHODS Susceptibility was operationalized as clicking on the link in simulated spear-phishing emails that young (18-37 years), young-old (62-74 years), and middle-old (75-89 years) Internet users received, without knowing that the emails were part of the study. Participants also indicated for a set of spear-phishing emails how likely they would click on the embedded link (susceptibility awareness) and completed cognitive and socioemotional measures to determine susceptibility risk profiles. RESULTS Higher susceptibility was associated with lower short-term episodic memory in middle-old users and with lower positive affect in young-old and middle-old users. Greater susceptibility awareness was associated with better verbal fluency in middle-old users and with greater positive affect in young and middle-old users. DISCUSSION Short-term memory, verbal fluency, and positive affect in middle-old age may contribute to resilience against online spear-phishing attacks. These results inform mechanisms of online fraud susceptibility and real-life decision-supportive interventions toward fraud risk reduction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Ebner
- Department of Psychology, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Donovan M Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Tian Lin
- Department of Psychology, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Harold A Rocha
- Department of Psychology, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Huizi Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Sandeep Dommaraju
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Adam Soliman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Damon L Woodard
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Daniela S Oliveira
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
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14
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Forgas JP. Happy Believers and Sad Skeptics? Affective Influences on Gullibility. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419834543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How does affect influence gullibility? After a brief consideration of the nature of gullibility, I describe a series of experiments that explored the prediction that in situations in which close attention to stimulus information is required, negative mood can reduce gullibility and positive mood can increase gullibility. The experiments examined mood effects on truth judgments, vulnerability to misleading information, the tendency to uncritically accept interpersonal messages, the detection of deception, and the tendency to see meaning in random or meaningless information. In all of these domains, positive mood promoted gullibility and negative mood reduced it. The practical and theoretical significance of these convergent findings are discussed, and the practical implications of affectively induced gullibility in real-life domains are considered.
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15
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Matovic D, Forgas JP. Mood effects on ingratiation: Affective influences on producing and responding to ingratiating messages. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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On emotion-cognition integration: The effect of happy and sad moods on language comprehension. Behav Brain Sci 2016; 38:e73. [PMID: 26786957 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
I comment on Pessoa's (2013) idea that the interaction between emotion and cognition cannot be reduced to mutual interference. As an example that bolsters Pessoa's position, I discuss the effects of happy and sad moods on discourse and sentence comprehension. I distinguish between the effects of moods elicited without participants' knowledge (incidental) and moods elicited with participants' contribution (constructed).
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