1
|
Axt J, To J. How Can Debiasing Research Aid Efforts to Reduce Discrimination? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024:10888683241244829. [PMID: 38647090 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241244829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PUBLIC ABSTRACT Scientists studying intergroup biases are often concerned with lessening discrimination (unequal treatment of one social group versus another), but many interventions for reducing such biased behavior have weak or limited evidence. In this review article, we argue one productive avenue for reducing discrimination comes from adapting interventions in a separate field-judgment and decision-making-that has historically studied "debiasing": the ways people can lessen the unwanted influence of irrelevant information on decision-making. While debiasing research shares several commonalities with research on reducing intergroup discrimination, many debiasing interventions have relied on methods that differ from those deployed in the intergroup bias literature. We review several instances where debiasing principles have been successfully applied toward reducing intergroup biases in behavior and introduce other debiasing techniques that may be well-suited for future efforts in lessening discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Axt
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey To
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prinyapol P, Chaiwutikornwanich A, Huansuriya T. Does personality categorization affect intergroup attitudes via moderation of personal values and social identity complexity mediation? CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 12:120-131. [PMID: 38807694 PMCID: PMC11129045 DOI: 10.5114/cipp/156824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicated that social categorization increased intergroup attitude. The current study extended research on social categorization by adopting the multiple personality categorization concept to explore whether it would alter intergroup attitudes toward Muslims and Buddhists. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE Study 1 examined multiple personality category perceptions among Buddhist and Muslim students living in the troubled southern provinces. Participants were 382 Thai Buddhist and Muslims students of mean age 20.15 years (SD = 1.01). They took the multiple personality categorization perception scale on outgroup perceived personality. Study 2 evaluated a mediated social identity complexity and a moderated personal value in association between multiple personality categorization and intergroup attitudes. Participants were 150 Thai Buddhists and Muslim students of mean age 20.31 years (SD = 0.94). They took the scales of multiple personality categorization: short version, intergroup attitudes, social identity complexity, and personal values. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests and SEM were used to test hypotheses. RESULTS STUDY 1 Ten shared traits were identified (creative, smart, objective, talented, generous, kind, curious, resourceful, serious, skeptical) by both groups. This brought up awareness of similarity in shared personalities. Study 2: Multiple personality categorization and personal values were linked positively with intergroup attitudes. Personal values affected the links between multiple personality categorization and intergroup attitudes. However, social identity complexity as a mediator was nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Muslim and Buddhist students were stimulated to explore their similarity in personality traits. Educators and policy makers may use the findings on personal values and multiple personality categorization to plan long-term sustainable cooperation between Buddhists and Muslims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penprapa Prinyapol
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Education, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paskuj B, Orosz G. The tendency to dehumanize, group malleability beliefs, and perceived threat from migrants in Hungary. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910848. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the humanness attributed to several groups in a comprehensive Hungarian sample (N = 505) at the height of the “European refugee crisis of 2015,” we found that Hungarians dehumanize Eastern ethnic groups more and Western ethnic groups less than they do to their own ethnic ingroup. Interestingly, we also found that a general tendency of dehumanization is expressed across all national groups. This general tendency of dehumanization was strongly associated with threat perceived from migrants, but the relationship was mediated by group malleability—the belief that human groups can change and are not set in their ways irreversibly. Malleability beliefs were negatively linked to dehumanization tendencies and threat perceived from migrants. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings that point to the critical role of fixed mindsets about groups in the mechanisms linked to prejudice in a highly xenophobic Hungarian context.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vezzali L, Visintin EP, Bisagno E, Bröker L, Cadamuro A, Crapolicchio E, De Amicis L, Di Bernardo GA, Huang F, Lou X, Stathi S, Valor-Segura I, Harwood J. Using sport media exposure to promote gender equality: Counter-stereotypical gender perceptions and the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221075691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By relying on literature on counter-stereotypes and media contact, we investigated whether media exposure is associated with counter-stereotypical gender perceptions. Focusing on the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup, we recruited samples ( N = 2,228) from eight competing countries (China, France, Germany, Italy, Scotland, Spain, England, US) across three continents. We hypothesized that exposure to media coverage of the competition’s counter-stereotypical female exemplars would be associated with increased counter-stereotypical perceptions of women. Results revealed that media exposure was associated with greater communion and agency attributed to women. In turn, communion and agency were associated (negatively and positively, respectively) with attribution of stereotypically male abilities (abilities to engage in stereotypically male academic disciplines and jobs) to women compared to men. No effects emerged for perceptions of stereotypically female characteristics. Gender moderated these effects, with associations being stronger among male than among female respondents. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Huang
- Central China Normal University, China
| | - Xi Lou
- Central China Normal University, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang F, Han Y, Li M. If You Believe, It May Come True: The Relationship and Mechanism Between Self-Occupation Stereotypes of Private Kindergarten Teachers and Their Turnover Intention in China-Mainland. Front Psychol 2021; 12:756099. [PMID: 34975647 PMCID: PMC8718805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In China-Mainland, the turnover rate of private kindergarten teachers remains high for a long time. With 692 Chinese private kindergarten teachers as subjects, we applied a questionnaire survey to examine the relationship between self-occupation stereotypes held by private kindergarten teachers and their turnover intention and the underlying mechanisms. The structured equation model (SCM) was conducted to analyze data and revealed a significantly positive correlation between self-occupation stereotypes and turnover intention. Further analyses showed that on the individual level, personal control sense mediated the relationship between self-occupation stereotypes and turnover intention, and on the organization level, professional identity mediated the relationship between them. Additionally, self-occupation stereotypes were also related to turnover intention via the chain-mediating role of personal control sense and professional identity. The current research firstly clarified the acting paths between self-occupation stereotypes of private kindergarten teachers and turnover intention on both the individual and the organization levels. In practice, the research provided a novel perspective for policy makers to alleviate the turnover tendency of private kindergarten teachers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Development of prejudice against immigrants and ethnic minorities in adolescence: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Prati F, Crisp RJ, Rubini M. 40 Years of Multiple Social Categorization: A Tool for Social Inclusivity. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1830612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prati
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Monica Rubini
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gabbott B, Tennent D, Snelgrove H. Effect of mental rehearsal on team performance and non-technical skills in surgical teams: systematic review. BJS Open 2020; 4:1062-1071. [PMID: 33128427 PMCID: PMC7709374 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation-based training in medical education has become a common method to develop both technical and non-technical skills in teams. Mental rehearsal (MR) is the cognitive act of simulating a task in our heads to pre-experience tasks imaginatively. It has been used widely to improve individual and collective performance in fields outside healthcare, and offers potential for more efficient training in time-pressured surgical and medical team contexts. This study aimed to review the available literature to determine the impact of MR on team performance and non-technical skills in healthcare. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, British Educational Index, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Cochrane databases were searched for the period 1994-2018. The primary outcome measure was improvement in team performance and non-technical skills. Study quality of RCTs was assessed using the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument. The reported impacts of MR in all included studies were mapped on to the Kirkpatrick framework for evaluation of educational interventions. RESULTS Eight studies with 268 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria, of which there were six randomized trials, one prospective pragmatic trial and one qualitative study. Three studies found MR to be effective in improving team non-technical skills. MR practices were varied and often poorly defined. MR benefited team non-technical skills when it was specifically designed to do so, but was not an automatic consequence of technical MR alone. The majority of studies demonstrated benefits of MR for technical performance, but only three showed positive impacts on teamwork. Overall the studies were of low quality and lacked sufficient discriminatory focus to examine impacts on teamwork dynamics. CONCLUSION MR can improve technical performance, but the benefits on non-technical skills are less clear. Future research should look at longitudinal mixed-method evaluation designs and focus on real clinical teams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H. Snelgrove
- St George's Advanced Patient Simulation and Skills Centre, Department of Education and DevelopmentSt George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu CS, Ji J, Huang J, Feng Z, Xie D, Li M, Liang Z, Wei Z. Wiser Reasoning and Less Disgust Have the Potential to Better Achieve Suicide Prevention. CRISIS 2020; 42:202-209. [PMID: 32781897 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: High school and university teachers need to advise students against attempting suicide, the second leading cause of death among 15-29-year-olds. Aims: To investigate the role of reasoning and emotion in advising against suicide. Method: We conducted a study with 130 students at a university that specializes in teachers' education. Participants sat in front of a camera, videotaping their advising against suicide. Three raters scored their transcribed advice on "wise reasoning" (i.e., expert forms of reasoning: considering a variety of conditions, awareness of the limitation of one's knowledge, taking others' perspectives). Four registered psychologists experienced in suicide prevention techniques rated the transcripts on the potential for suicide prevention. Finally, using the software Facereader 7.1, we analyzed participants' micro-facial expressions during advice-giving. Results: Wiser reasoning and less disgust predicted higher potential for suicide prevention. Moreover, higher potential for suicide prevention was associated with more surprise. Limitations: The actual efficacy of suicide prevention was not assessed. Conclusion: Wise reasoning and counter-stereotypic ideas that trigger surprise probably contribute to the potential for suicide prevention. This advising paradigm may help train teachers in advising students against suicide, measuring wise reasoning, and monitoring a harmful emotional reaction, that is, disgust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao S Hu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Mei Li
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Snelgrove H, Gabbott B. Critical analysis of evidence about the impacts on surgical teams of 'mental practice' in systematic reviews: a systematic rapid evidence assessment (SREA). BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:221. [PMID: 32664909 PMCID: PMC7362567 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental Rehearsal (MR) the cognitive act of simulating a task in our heads to pre-experience events imaginatively. It has been used widely to improve individual and collective performance in fields outside healthcare and offers potential for more efficient training in time pressured surgical and medical team contexts. The study aims to review the current systematic review literature to determine the impact of MP on surgical performance and learning. METHODS Medline, Embase, British Educational Index, CINAHL, Web of Science PsycINFO, Cochrane databased were searched in the period 1994-2018. The primary outcomes measure were performance improvements in surgical technical skills, stress reduction, confidence and team performance. Study quality of the Systematic Reviews was assessed using AMSTAR 2, a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews. The reported impacts of MP in all included studies were mapped onto Kirkpatrick's framework for the evaluation of educational interventions. RESULTS Six Systematic reviews were identified which met the inclusion criteria, of which all reported positive and varying benefits of MP on surgical performance, confidence, and coping strategies. However, reported impacts on a modified Kirkpatrick's framework did not exceed level 3. Mental practice was described in terms of mental imagery and mental rehearsal with most authors using each of the terms in their search strategies. The impacts on transfer to practice and the long- term acquisition of skills, but also personal uptake of mental practice routines were not reported. CONCLUSION The majority of studies demonstrate benefits of MP for technical performance. Overall the systematic reviews were of medium to high quality. However, studies lacked a sufficiently articulated evaluation methodology to examine impacts beyond the immediate experimentations. This is also due to the limitations found in the primary studies. Future research should look at longitudinal mixed method evaluation designs and focus on real clinical teams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huon Snelgrove
- Department of Education and Development - GAPS Simulation & Skills Centre, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ben Gabbott
- Ben Gabbott Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prati F, Moscatelli S, Hewstone M, Rubini M. The effects of recalling positive and negative contacts on linguistic discrimination towards migrant people. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
After obtaining a sample of published, peer-reviewed articles from journals with high and low impact factors in social, cognitive, neuro-, developmental, and clinical psychology, we used a priori equations recently derived by Trafimow (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77, 831-854, 2017; Trafimow & MacDonald in Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77, 204-219, 2017) to compute the articles' median levels of precision. Our findings indicate that developmental research performs best with respect to precision, whereas cognitive research performs the worst; however, none of the psychology subfields excelled. In addition, we found important differences in precision between journals in the upper versus lower echelons with respect to impact factors in cognitive, neuro-, and clinical psychology, whereas the difference was dramatically attenuated for social and developmental psychology. Implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Albarello F, Crocetti E, Rubini M. Prejudice and Inclusiveness in Adolescence: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation and Multiple Categorization. Child Dev 2019; 91:1183-1202. [PMID: 31368142 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relations of multiple categorization and social dominance orientation with adolescents' prejudice against migrants and identification with the human group over time. Participants were 304 Northern-Italian late adolescents (61.84% female, Mage = 17.49) involved in a three-wave longitudinal study (with 3 months interval between waves). Results showed that multiple categorization was negatively linked to prejudice at a later time, whereas social dominance orientation was positively associated with it; prejudice also negatively affected multiple categorization and positively affected social dominance orientation at a later time. Moreover, prejudice mediated the effects of multiple categorization and social dominance orientation on human identification. These findings have important implications suggesting the construens effect of multiple categorization for enhancing social inclusiveness.
Collapse
|
14
|
Broome BJ, Derk I, Razzante RJ, Steiner E, Taylor J, Zamora A. Building an Inclusive Climate for Intercultural Dialogue: A Participant‐Generated Framework. NEGOTIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ncmr.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Broome
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| | - Ian Derk
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| | - Robert J. Razzante
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| | - Elena Steiner
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| | - Jameien Taylor
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| | - Aaron Zamora
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication Arizona State University Tempe AZ U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zuo B, Wen F, Wang M, Wang Y. The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Influence of Counter-Stereotypes on Creativity. Front Psychol 2019; 10:105. [PMID: 30804831 PMCID: PMC6370898 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between counter-stereotypes and creativity, and further explore the mechanism underlying the impact of priming counter-stereotypic information on individual creativity. More importantly, here we have proposed cognitive and emotional dual processing pathways, which may mediate the influences of counter-stereotypes on creativity. Two experiments examined how counter-stereotypes impacted creativity through the dual processing pathways. A total of 152 university students were recruited to test their creativity performance. In Experiment 1, we replicated results of past studies. Participants were randomly allocated to different priming conditions (stereotype or counter-stereotype), in which descriptions of male governors and female nurses served as priming of stereotypes, whereas descriptions of male nurses and female governors served as priming of counter-stereotypes. Measurements of creativity were based on the poster paradigm. The poster paradigm required participants to design a poster for a college fellowship party. In Experiment 2, we recruited 104 participants to examine the mediating roles of emotions and cognitive flexibility. The procedure of Experiment 2 was similar to that of Experiment 1, except for the measurement of creativity, which was Chinese idiom riddle test. Participants who selected more creative answers were more creative, based on the criteria of our experimental design. Also, we included measurements of emotions (i.e., surprise and delight) and cognitive flexibility (using the Cognitive Flexibility Scale) after priming of stereotypes and counter-stereotypes in Experiment 2. We also verified the credibility of our counter-stereotype measurements. The results of Experiment 1—which replicated previous studies—demonstrated that priming of counter-stereotypes promoted creative performance compared with priming of stereotypes in the poster paradigm. However, our proposed dual processing pathways were not fully verified by Experiment 2. The results of this experiment showed that neither surprising nor delighted emotion mediated the influence of counter-stereotypes on creativity, whereas cognitive flexibility did. In conclusion, our current study reveals a mechanism of creative performance in terms of cognitive flexibility, and further inspires us to focus on the positive influence of counter-stereotypes on creativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zuo
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangfang Wen
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Damer E, Webb TL, Crisp RJ. Diversity may help the uninterested: Evidence that exposure to counter-stereotypes promotes cognitive reflection for people low (but not high) in need for cognition. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218811250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous theorizing and research has linked exposure to counter-stereotypical diversity (e.g., an Oxford-educated bricklayer) to enhanced cognitive performance and creativity. However, it is unclear whether people’s motivation to cognitively engage with the counter-stereotypical information (i.e., need for cognition [NFC]) influences this effect. Across three experiments ( N = 887) we found consistent support for the idea that exposure to counter-stereotypes (CSTs) promotes cognitive reflection for people low in NFC ( d+ = .34). In contrast, people high in NFC showed decreased cognitive reflection after being exposed to CSTs ( d+ = −.18), although the evidence for the latter effect was weak. These findings suggest that exposure to CSTs can promote cognitive reflection unless people have a strong desire to understand and predict outcomes and events, in which case exposure to CSTs may backfire. Taken together, we conclude that motivation to engage in cognitive activity may be an important consideration for research and interventions involving social and cultural diversity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Prati F, Moscatelli S, Van Lange PAM, Van Doesum NJ, Rubini M. The Central Role of Morality in Perceived Humanness and Unselfish Behaviors. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. There is ample evidence for the central role of morality in social judgments. However, research has not examined whether perceived morality of others also drives perceived humanness, nor has it extensively considered its behavioral consequences. These issues were addressed across two studies. Study 1 revealed that information about a target person’s morality increased his/her perceived humanness, which in turn explained positive behavioral intentions toward him/her. Study 2 pointed out that information about a target person’s morality increased unselfish behaviors toward him/her. This effect was explained by perceived humanness of the target. Implications of the relationship between morality, perceived humanness, and unselfish behaviors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prati
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Moscatelli
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Van Doesum
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Abstract. Personal and social identity have generally been considered as separate components of individual’s self-concept. In this review, after addressing classical models of personal and social identity, we focus on recent theoretical advancements. We propose possible interconnections, focusing on communalities between personal and social identity and outline how these processes, fed by social factors, can interact and influence one another. In addition, we advance the role of personal and social identity as a fundamental symbolic tool with which individuals can adapt to reality. Finally, we address the implications of identity for personal and social adjustment and inclusiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Prati
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
To deny others' humanity is one of the most heinous forms of intergroup prejudice. Given evidence that perceiving various forms of complexity in outgroup members reduces intergroup prejudice, we investigated across three experiments whether the novel dimension of emotional complexity, or outgroup members' joint experience of mixed-valence emotions, would also reduce their dehumanisation. Experiment 1 found that perceiving fictitious aliens' experience of the same primary emotions (e.g. sadness) presented in mixed vs. non-mixed valence pairs led to reduced prejudice via attenuated dehumanisation, i.e. attribution of uniquely human emotions. Experiment 2 confirmed these results, using an unfamiliar real-world group as an outgroup target. Experiment 3 used a familiar outgroup and found generally similar effects, reducing social distance through reduced dehumanisation. These processes suggest that an alternate route to reduced dehumanising of outgroups might involve presenting mixed valence emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prati
- a Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roger Giner-Sorolla
- b Centre for the Study of Group Processes , University of Kent , Canterbury , UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prati F, Loughnan S. Imagined intergroup contact promotes support for human rights through increased humanization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Gocłowska MA, Baas M, Elliot AJ, De Dreu CK. Why schema-violations are sometimes preferable to schema-consistencies: The role of interest and openness to experience. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Prati F, Crisp RJ, Meleady R, Rubini M. Humanizing Outgroups Through Multiple Categorization: The Roles of Individuation and Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:526-39. [PMID: 26984016 PMCID: PMC4795148 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216636624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In three studies, we examined the impact of multiple categorization on intergroup dehumanization. Study 1 showed that perceiving members of a rival university along multiple versus simple categorical dimensions enhanced the tendency to attribute human traits to this group. Study 2 showed that multiple versus simple categorization of immigrants increased the attribution of uniquely human emotions to them. This effect was explained by the sequential mediation of increased individuation of the outgroup and reduced outgroup threat. Study 3 replicated this sequential mediation model and introduced a novel way of measuring humanization in which participants generated attributes corresponding to the outgroup in a free response format. Participants generated more uniquely human traits in the multiple versus simple categorization conditions. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings and consider their role in informing and improving efforts to ameliorate contemporary forms of intergroup discrimination.
Collapse
|