1
|
Sarraf F, Churakov SV, Clemens F. Preceramic Polymers for Additive Manufacturing of Silicate Ceramics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4360. [PMID: 38006084 PMCID: PMC10674695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of preceramic polymers (PCPs) to produce both oxide and non-oxide ceramics has caught significant interest, owing to their exceptional characteristics. Diverse types of polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) synthesized by using various PCPs have demonstrated remarkable characteristics such as exceptional thermal stability, resistance to corrosion and oxidation at elevated temperatures, biocompatibility, and notable dielectric properties, among others. The application of additive manufacturing techniques to produce PDCs opens up new opportunities for manufacturing complex and unconventional ceramic structures with complex designs that might be challenging or impossible to achieve using traditional manufacturing methods. This is particularly advantageous in industries like aerospace, automotive, and electronics. In this review, various categories of preceramic polymers employed in the synthesis of polymer-derived ceramics are discussed, with a particular focus on the utilization of polysiloxane and polysilsesquioxanes to generate silicate ceramics. Further, diverse additive manufacturing techniques adopted for the fabrication of polymer-derived silicate ceramics are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Sarraf
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Sergey V. Churakov
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Frank Clemens
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ackley BJ, Martin KL, Key TS, Clarkson CM, Bowen JJ, Posey ND, Ponder JF, Apostolov ZD, Cinibulk MK, Pruyn TL, Dickerson MB. Advances in the Synthesis of Preceramic Polymers for the Formation of Silicon-Based and Ultrahigh-Temperature Non-Oxide Ceramics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4188-4236. [PMID: 37015056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Preceramic polymers (PCPs) are a group of specialty macromolecules that serve as precursors for generating inorganics, including ceramic carbides, nitrides, and borides. PCPs represent interesting synthetic challenges for chemists due to the elements incorporated into their structure. This group of polymers is also of interest to engineers as PCPs enable the processing of polymer-derived ceramic products including high-performance ceramic fibers and composites. These finished ceramic materials are of growing significance for applications that experience extreme operating environments (e.g., aerospace propulsion and high-speed atmospheric flight). This Review provides an overview of advances in the synthesis and postpolymerization modification of macromolecules forming nonoxide ceramics. These PCPs include polycarbosilanes, polysilanes, polysilazanes, and precursors for ultrahigh-temperature ceramics. Following our review of PCP synthetic chemistry, we provide examples of the application and processing of these polymers, including their use in fiber spinning, composite fabrication, and additive manufacturing. The principal objective of this Review is to provide a resource that bridges the disciplines of synthetic chemistry and ceramic engineering while providing both insights and inspiration for future collaborative work that will ultimately drive the PCP field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Ackley
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, 1270 N. Fairfield Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Kara L Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Thomas S Key
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- NRC Research Associateship Programs, The National Academies, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, United States
| | - John J Bowen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Nicholas D Posey
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Zlatomir D Apostolov
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael K Cinibulk
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy L Pruyn
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Matthew B Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mirkhalaf M, Men Y, Wang R, No Y, Zreiqat H. Personalized 3D printed bone scaffolds: A review. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:110-124. [PMID: 35429670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' biochemical, biological and biophysical properties. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in additive manufacturing techniques to 3D print bone grafts, but challenges remain in the lack of manufacturing techniques that can recapitulate both mechanical and biological functions of native bones. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent progress and challenges of engineering an ideal synthetic bone scaffold and to provide suggestions for overcoming these challenges through bioinspiration, high-resolution 3D printing, and advanced modeling techniques. The article provides a short overview of the progress in developing the 3D printed scaffolds for the repair and regeneration of critical size bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment of critical size bone defects is still a tremendous clinical challenge. To address this challenge, diverse sets of advanced manufacturing approaches and materials have been developed for bone tissue scaffolds. 3D printing has sparked much interest because it provides a close control over the scaffold's internal architecture and in turn its mechanical and biological properties. This article provides a critical overview of the relationships between material compositions, printing techniques, and properties of the scaffolds and discusses the current technical challenges facing their successful translation to the clinic. Bioinspiration, high-resolution printing, and advanced modeling techniques are discussed as future directions to address the current challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirkhalaf
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia.
| | - Yinghui Men
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Young No
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel Functional Glass–Ceramic Coatings on Titanium Substrates from Glass Powders and Reactive Silicone Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194016. [PMID: 36235964 PMCID: PMC9571111 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Silica-defective glasses’, combined with a silicone binder, have been already shown as a promising solution for the manufacturing of glass–ceramics with complex geometries. A fundamental advantage is the fact that, after holding glass powders together from room temperature up to the firing temperature, the binder does not completely disappear. More precisely, it converts into silica when heat-treated in air. A specified ‘target’ glass–ceramic formulation results from the interaction between glass powders and the binder-derived silica. The present paper is dedicated to the extension of the approach to the coating of titanium substrates (to be used for dental and orthopedic applications), with a bioactive wollastonite–diopside glass–ceramic layer, by the simple airbrushing of suspensions of glass powders in alcoholic silicone solutions. The interaction between glass and silica from the decomposition of the binder led to crack-free glass–ceramic coatings, upon firing in air; in argon, the glass/silicone mixtures yielded novel composite coatings, embedding pyrolytic carbon. The latter phase enabled the absorption of infrared radiation from the coating, which is useful for disinfection purposes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Interparticle photo-cross-linkable Pickering emulsions for rapid manufacturing of complex-structured porous ceramic materials. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
6
|
Zhu N, Hou Y, Yang W, Wen G, Zhong C, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhang L. Preparation of complex SiOC ceramics by a novel photocurable precursor with liquid crystal display ( LCD) 3D printing technology. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
7
|
Dasan A, Kraxner J, Grigolato L, Savio G, Elsayed H, Galusek D, Bernardo E. 3D Printing of Hierarchically Porous Lattice Structures Based on Åkermanite Glass Microspheres and Reactive Silicone Binder. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 35076529 PMCID: PMC8788511 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study illustrates the manufacturing method of hierarchically porous 3D scaffolds based on åkermanite as a promising bioceramic for stereolithography. The macroporosity was designed by implementing 3D models corresponding to different lattice structures (cubic, diamond, Kelvin, and Kagome). To obtain micro-scale porosity, flame synthesized glass microbeads with 10 wt% of silicone resins were utilized to fabricate green scaffolds, later converted into targeted bioceramic phase by firing at 1100 °C in air. No chemical reaction between the glass microspheres, crystallizing into åkermanite, and silica deriving from silicone oxidation was observed upon heat treatment. Silica acted as a binder between the adjacent microspheres, enhancing the creation of microporosity, as documented by XRD, and SEM coupled with EDX analysis. The formation of 'spongy' struts was confirmed by infiltration with Rhodamine B solution. The compressive strength of the sintered porous scaffolds was up to 0.7 MPa with the porosity of 68-84%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arish Dasan
- Centre for Functional and Surface-Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.G.); (H.E.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Jozef Kraxner
- Centre for Functional and Surface-Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Luca Grigolato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.G.); (H.E.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Gianpaolo Savio
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Hamada Elsayed
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.G.); (H.E.)
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Str., Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Dušan Galusek
- Centre for Functional and Surface-Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
- Joint Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnUAD, and FChFT STU, FunGlass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Enrico Bernardo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.G.); (H.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dogrul F, Bortolin S, Del Col D, Dengo N, Pedron D, Michalek M, Elsayed H, Galusek D, Bernardo E. Polymer-derived Biosilicate-C composite foams: Phase development and photothermal effect. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
9
|
Polymer-Derived Biosilicate ®-like Glass-Ceramics: Engineering of Formulations and Additive Manufacturing of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185170. [PMID: 34576394 PMCID: PMC8468046 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicone resins, filled with phosphates and other oxide fillers, yield upon firing in air at 1100 °C, a product resembling Biosilicate® glass-ceramics, one of the most promising systems for tissue engineering applications. The process requires no preliminary synthesis of parent glass, and the polymer route enables the application of direct ink writing (DIW) of silicone-based mixtures, for the manufacturing of reticulated scaffolds at room temperature. The thermal treatment is later applied for the conversion into ceramic scaffolds. The present paper further elucidates the flexibility of the approach. Changes in the reference silicone and firing atmosphere (from air to nitrogen) were studied to obtain functional composite biomaterials featuring a carbon phase embedded in a Biosilicate®-like matrix. The microstructure was further modified either through a controlled gas release at a low temperature, or by the revision of the adopted additive manufacturing technology (from DIW to digital light processing).
Collapse
|