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Filho HCM, Trindade KLG, Silva CJFL, Cruz RKS, Vilela CF, Coelho CS, Filho JDR, Manso HECCC. The Welfare of Horses Competing in Three-Barrel Race Events Is Shown to Be Not Inhibited by Short Intervals between Starts. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:583. [PMID: 38396551 PMCID: PMC10886278 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sports require precise animal welfare and health evaluations. To test the hypothesis that horses maintain their welfare when subjected to two three-barrel (3TB) races with 2 min intervals, an experiment was designed to evaluate their surface temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in regions of interest (barrel, flank, neck, jaw, corner of the mouth, and ocular caruncle) and also measure blood biomarkers (hemogram, total plasma protein, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, GGT, CK, cortisol, IL-6, and IL-1β). Ten Quarter Horses were monitored through thermography (pre-race, +1, +4, and +24 h post-race) and blood sampling (pre-race, +1, +4, and +24 h post-race). ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% were used. IRT in six regions of interest (Left/Right-barrel, flank, neck muscles) increased at +, with no differences between values recorded at +1 and +4 when compared to those measured pre-race (p > 0.05). Plasma protein, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC count, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (p < 0.05) increased immediately after the races, with recovery at +1 h. Other biomarkers did not change, including cortisol, IL-6, and IL-1β (p > 0.05). Results indicate that well-conditioned 3TB horses subjected to two races at short intervals do not show changes that could be related to impaired health or welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio C. Manso Filho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (K.L.G.T.); (C.J.F.L.S.); (H.E.C.C.C.M.)
| | - Keity L. G. Trindade
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (K.L.G.T.); (C.J.F.L.S.); (H.E.C.C.C.M.)
| | - Carolina J. F. L. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (K.L.G.T.); (C.J.F.L.S.); (H.E.C.C.C.M.)
| | - Raissa K. S. Cruz
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió 57051-160, AL, Brazil;
| | | | - Clarisse S. Coelho
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusofona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José D. Ribeiro Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Helena E. C. C. C. Manso
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (K.L.G.T.); (C.J.F.L.S.); (H.E.C.C.C.M.)
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Johnson MG, Adam E, Watt A, Page AE. Effects of High-Speed Training on Messenger RNA Expression in Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104892. [PMID: 37433342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating high-speed exercise has been identified as a significant risk factor for catastrophic injuries in racing Thoroughbreds. Injuries, regardless of severity, are a main cause of withdrawal from the racing industry, raising animal welfare concerns and resulting in significant economic losses. While most of the current literature focuses on injuries incurred during racing rather than training, the present study aims to help fill this gap. As such, peripheral blood was collected weekly, prior to exercise or administration of medication, from eighteen, two-year-old Thoroughbreds throughout their first season of race training. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated and used to analyze the expression of 34 genes via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis of the noninjured horses (n = 6) showed that 13 genes were significantly correlated with increasing average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Additionally, there was a negative correlation for CXCL1, IGFBP3, and MPO with both cumulative high-speed furlongs and week of training for all horses. Comparison of both groups showed opposing correlations between the anti-inflammatory index (IL1RN, IL-10, and PTGS1) and average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Furthermore, evaluation of training effects on mRNA expression during the weeks surrounding injury, showed differences between groups in IL-13 and MMP9 at -3 and -2 weeks prior to injury. While some previously reported relationships between exercise adaptation and mRNA expression were not noted in this study, this may have been due to the small sample size. Several novel correlations, however, were identified and warrant further investigation as markers of exercise adaptation or potential risk for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie G Johnson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Allen E Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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Partridge E, Adam E, Wood C, Parker J, Johnson M, Horohov D, Page A. Residual effects of intra-articular betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide in an equine acute synovitis model. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:905-915. [PMID: 36397207 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular (IA) corticosteroids are regularly used in equine athletes for the control of joint inflammation. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to use an acute synovitis inflammation model to determine the residual effects of IA betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide on various inflammatory parameters and lameness. STUDY DESIGN Crossover randomised trial. METHODS Five mixed-breed, 2-year-old horses were randomly allocated to an IA treatment of the radiocarpal joint with 9 mg of either betamethasone or triamcinolone acetonide. Two weeks following treatment, horses were injected with 1 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) diluted in 1 ml of saline. Following LPS injection, horses were crossed-over and both sets of injections were repeated after a washout period. Blood samples were collected at multiple time points for mRNA analysis, as well as serum amyloid A (SAA) and cortisol determination. At each time point, lameness was also subjectively scored. Additional injections with saline-only or LPS-only (twice) were conducted as negative and positive controls, respectively. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse all data. RESULTS Corticosteroid-only treatments result in significant mRNA expression differences, as well as significant and prolonged cortisol suppression. Following LPS injection, there was a residual treatment effect with triamcinolone evidenced by a significant treatment effect on IL-6 and PTGS1 (cyclooxygenase-1), lameness, SAA and cortisol concentrations, while only IL-6 expression was affected by betamethasone. MAIN LIMITATIONS The acute synovitis model used here results in significant inflammation and is not representative of the low-grade inflammation seen with typical joint disease and residual anti-inflammatory effects may be more profound in naturally occurring joint disease. CONCLUSIONS Current regulatory guidelines may be insufficient if the concern is residual anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, intra-articular corticosteroid administration is not without risk, as evidenced by a significant suppression of serum cortisol concentration and, as such, the benefits of their administration should be weighed against those risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partridge
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Courtney Wood
- Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordan Parker
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mackenzie Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Allen Page
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Steuer AE, Scoggin K, Stewart JC, Barker VD, Adams AA, Loynachan AT, Nielsen MK. Comparison of the host response to larvicidal and nonlarvicidal treatment of naturally acquired cyathostomin infections in horses. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12941. [PMID: 35842816 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to collect information on local and systemic inflammatory responses, and goblet cell-associated components, following anthelmintic treatment with moxidectin and ivermectin in horses naturally infected with cyathostomin parasites. METHODS AND RESULTS 36 horses aged 2-5 years of age were randomly allocated to three groups. Group 1 received ivermectin/praziquantel (0.2mg/kg), Group 2 received moxidectin/praziquantel (0.4mg/kg), and Group 3 were untreated controls. Tissue samples from the Cecum, Dorsal and Ventral Colons were used for histopathological evaluation and preserved for RNA isolation and gene expression analysis. Whole blood was collected weekly for gene expression analysis as well. The control group had significantly higher inflammation associated with higher larval scores. The treatment groups displayed no differences in larval counts and inflammatory cell populations (p>0.05). Mucosal larval counts were positively correlated with goblet cell hyperplasia scores (p=0.047). The moxidectin treated group had a significantly lower expression of IFN- γ (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The data suggest that removal of cyathostomins reduced the proinflammatory response associated with cyathostomin infections. Proinflammatory reactions associated with anthelmintic treatment were minimal, but lowest for moxidectin-treated horses. Results suggested that cecum, ventral and dorsal colons responded differently to cyathostomin larvae, which may have implications in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Steuer
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kirsten Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John C Stewart
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Virginia D Barker
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda A Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alan T Loynachan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Taylor SD, Serpa PBS, Santos AP, Hart KA, Vaughn SA, Moore GE, Mukhopadhyay A, Page AE. Effects of intravenous administration of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells after infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1491-1501. [PMID: 35698909 PMCID: PMC9308407 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic and dysregulated immune response to infection contributes to morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis. Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PB-MSC) mitigate inflammation in animal models of sepsis. Allogeneic PB-MSC administered IV to horses is well-tolerated but therapeutic benefits are unknown. HYPOTHESIS After IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion, horses treated with PB-MSC would have less severe clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress compared to controls administered a placebo. ANIMALS Sixteen horses were included in this study. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled experimental trial was performed. Sixteen healthy horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (1 × 109 PB-MSC or saline placebo). Treatments were administered 30 minutes after completion of LPS infusion of approximately 30 ng/kg. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at various time points over a 24-hour period. RESULTS A predictable response to IV LPS infusion was observed in all horses. At the dose administered, there was no significant effect of PB-MSC on clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, or inflammatory cytokine gene expression at any time point. Antioxidant potential was not different between treatment groups, but intracellular ROS increased over time in the placebo group. Other variables that changed over time were likely due to effects of IV LPS infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of allogeneic PB-MSC did not cause clinically detectable adverse effects in healthy horses. The dose of PB-MSC used here is unlikely to exert a beneficial effect in endotoxemic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Priscila B S Serpa
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea P Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Abhijit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Allen E Page
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Taylor SD, Ivester KM, Stewart C, Page AE, Horohov DW, Couetil LL. The effect of lower airway inflammation on inflammatory cytokine gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and whole blood in racing Thoroughbreds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110266. [PMID: 33991760 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of mild to moderate equine asthma (MEA) are not completely understood. There are limited data on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood inflammatory cytokine profiles in racehorses with MEA, and the effect of racing on inflammatory cytokines is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokine gene expression in BALF and resting blood would be higher in racehorses with lower airway inflammation compared to healthy controls, and that gene expression in blood collected immediately post-race would be increased compared to resting blood in racehorses with lower airway inflammation. ANIMALS 38 racing Thoroughbreds (samples: 30 resting blood, 22 post-race BALF, 41 post-race blood). METHODS Prospective observational study. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined in resting blood, post-race BALF and post-race blood from racehorses with lower airway inflammation and controls. RESULTS Lower airway inflammation was diagnosed in 79 % of racehorses (23 % neutrophilic, 67 % mastocytic, and 10 % mixed). There was no difference in gene expression in BALF or resting blood between racehorses with lower airway inflammation and controls. IL-8 gene expression was higher in post-race blood compared to resting peripheral blood, regardless of disease (p = 0052). BALF neutrophil proportions increased with increasing IL-1β gene expression in all sample types (p = 0.0025). BALF mast cell proportions increased with increasing TNF-α gene expression in post-race blood (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lower airway inflammation was common in a population of racehorses without respiratory signs or exercise intolerance. Exercise alone increased peripheral blood IL-8 gene expression. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was not increased in BALF or resting blood in horses with subclinical lower airway inflammation, precluding its diagnostic utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Craig Stewart
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Allen E Page
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Laurent L Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Page AE, Adam E, Arthur R, Barker V, Franklin F, Friedman R, Grande T, Hardy M, Howard B, Partridge E, Rutledge M, Scollay M, Stewart JC, Vale A, Horohov DW. Expression of select mRNA in Thoroughbreds with catastrophic racing injuries. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:63-73. [PMID: 33438228 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to identify horses at risk for catastrophic injuries continues to be a pressing issue for the racing industry, especially given recent events in North America. OBJECTIVES Since most catastrophic injuries occur in areas of existing pathology and this pathology is likely to elicit an inflammatory response, it was hypothesised that analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression would detect significant changes in select genes in horses at risk for a catastrophic injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Five racing jurisdictions across the United States participated in this study. A total of 686 Tempus® RNA Blood Tube samples were collected for mRNA analysis from 107 catastrophically injured horses, as well as from noninjured horses sampled either prerace (n = 374) or postrace (n = 205). A subset of horses (n = 37) were sampled both prerace and postrace for analysis of expression changes during the postrace period. RESULTS Of 21 genes analysed via RT-qPCR, the expression of 12 genes (ALOX5AP, CD14, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP1, PTGS2, TLR4, TNFα, TNFSF13B and VEGFA) changed significantly within 45 minutes after a race and were excluded. Of the remaining nine genes (BMP-2, IGF-1, IL1RN, MMP2, MMP9, Osteoprotegrin, RANKL, SAA1 and TGFβ), three genes (IGF-1, IL1RN and MMP2) were found to be significantly different between catastrophically injured and noninjured horses using multiple logistic regression modelling. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of models, which included mRNA expression, demonstrated sensitivities from 76%-82% (95% CI: 67%-93%) and specificities from 84%-88% (95% CI: 71%-94%) at the Youden Index. MAIN LIMITATIONS Samples were collected as soon as possible postinjury (within 30 minutes). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of mRNA expression of specific genes in the future may be considered as an economical, accessible and noninvasive means by which horses at risk for catastrophic injury can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Page
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rick Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Virginia Barker
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Ron Friedman
- Washington Horse Racing Commission, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael Hardy
- Indiana Grand Racing and Casino, Shelbyville, IN, USA
| | - Bruce Howard
- Kentucky Horse Racing Commission, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma Partridge
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew Rutledge
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Scollay
- Kentucky Horse Racing Commission, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alina Vale
- California Horse Racing Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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Anderson MJ, Ibrahim AS, Cooper BR, Woolcock AD, Moore GE, Taylor SD. Effects of administration of ascorbic acid and low-dose hydrocortisone after infusion of sublethal doses of lipopolysaccharide to horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2710-2718. [PMID: 33026127 PMCID: PMC7694830 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is associated with ascorbic acid (AA) depletion and critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in humans. Hypotheses Intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would (a) decrease endogneous AA concentrations, (b) induce CIRCI and (c) administration of a combination of AA and hydrocortisone (HC) would have decreased indices of inflammation compared to either drug alone. Animals Thirty‐two healthy horses. Methods Randomized placebo‐controlled experimental trial. Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (saline, AA and HC, AA only, or HC only). Treatments were administered 1 hour after completion of LPS infusion. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production, and plasma AA concentrations were assessed at various time points. Serum cortisol concentrations and ACTH stimulation tests were used to detect CIRCI. Results There was no effect of drug on clinical signs or pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression or production compared to controls at any time point. Administration of AA was associated with higher blood neutrophil counts 6 hours after LPS infusion (11.01 ± 1.02 K/μl) compared to other groups (8.99 ± 0.94 K/μL; P < .009). Adminstration of HC was associated with higher blood neutrophil counts 12 hours after LPS infusion (10.40 ± 0.75 K/μl) compared to other groups (6.88 ± 0.68 K/μl; P < .001). Serum cortisol increased from 5.11 ± 1.48 μg/dL before LPS administration to 9.59 ± 1.83 μg/dL 1 h after completion of LPS infusion (T1) without an effect of treatment (P = 0.59). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ascorbic acid and HC appeared to protect against LPS‐induced neutrophil depletion and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in horses with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Anderson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alina S Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew D Woolcock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker VD, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher BJ, Place NJ, Niedzwiedz A, Adams AA. Effects of advanced age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on components of the acute phase reaction in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106476. [PMID: 32380311 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Age, neurodegenerative disorders, and dysfunction of insulin secretion may be correlated with increased systemic concentrations of acute phase markers. Thus, the study aimed to determine the effect of age, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), and insulin dysregulation (ID) associated with PPID, on markers of the acute phase reaction. Twenty-nine mix-breed horses of both sexes were classified into groups: (1) healthy adult controls, (2) healthy non-PPID geriatric horses, (3) PPID ID+ horses, and (4) PPID ID- horses. Whole blood proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and serum concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins were measured. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlations between groups of data were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The tests were statistically significant if P < 0.05. No differences in the whole blood cytokine gene expression, serum cytokine concentrations, or acute phase proteins were noted between the groups. In the PPID ID group, there was a strong correlation between the ACTH concentration after the administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the expression of IL-8 (r = 0.941; P = 0.0321). In the PPID ID+ group, there was a strong correlation between basal insulin concentrations and serum amyloid A (SAA; r = 0.936; P = 0.0083) as well as between postprandial insulin concentrations and SAA (r = 0.965; P = 0.001). These data suggest that neurodegeneration in horses moderately affects circulating markers of inflammation and that ID in horses with PPID influences acute phase inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - N Siwinska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Elzinga
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - V D Barker
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - B J Schanbacher
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - N J Place
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker VD, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher BJ, Place NJ, Niedzwiedz A, Adams AA. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammation and acute-phase markers in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106448. [PMID: 32247989 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders are associated with systemic low-grade chronic inflammation, both in humans and animals. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of obesity and hyperinsulinemia on individual components of the acute-phase reaction in equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) horses. Eight mixed-breed EMS and six control, age-matched horses of both sexes were included in the study. Animals were classified as EMS or control based on the assessment of BCS, cresty neck score, and basal insulin >50 μU/mL and/or insulin responses to the oral sugar test (OST) >60 μU/mL. Peripheral venous blood was collected. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the concentration of circulating cytokines, and acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, activin A, and procalcitonin) were measured. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, whereas correlations were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The tests were statistically significant if P ≤ 0.05. There were no differences in cytokine gene expression, circulating cytokine concentrations, or concentrations of acute-phase proteins between the EMS and the control groups. There was a strong correlation between the basal concentration of insulin and the serum concentrations of IL-6 (r = 0.71, P < 0.05). Activin A was positively correlated with post-OST insulin concentrations (r = 0.707, P = 0.05), indicating that this marker of inflammation could warrant further investigation in horses with EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - N Siwinska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Elzinga
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - V D Barker
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - B J Schanbacher
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - N J Place
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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11
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Page AE, Adam E, Stewart JC, Gonzales C, Barker V, Horohov DW. Alterations of peripheral gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis as a model for inflammation in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 225:110058. [PMID: 32442811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation has been well described in the horse, the object of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated intra-articular LPS injections and determine whether this method may be of use to assess changes in gene expression related to inflammation. Six mixed breed horses were utilized for this study, with three horses aged 10-17 years (older group) and three horses aged 3 years (younger group). One milliliter of phosphate-buffered saline containing 3 μg of LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4 was aseptically injected into either the radiocarpal or front fetlock joint a total of four times, with at least two weeks between each injection and a different joint injected each time. Serum for protein concentration quantification and whole blood for expression analysis of 20 different genes were collected before each injection, as well as at multiple times post-injection. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (one-way and two-way) (P < 0.05). All horses experienced minimal or non-weight bearing lameness at 4-6 hours post-LPS injection, which generally improved by 24 h and resolved by 48 h. Multiple genes exhibited significantly differential expression when compared to both the pre-injection and sham injection time points, including CD14, TLR4, MMP1, MMP9, IL-1β, IL1RN, IL-10, ALOX5AP, IL-8, TNFα, CCL8, IGF1, and PTGS2. Additionally, multiple genes exhibited increased expression in horses where the radiocarpal joint was injected when compared to the fetlock joint, as well as in younger horses compared to older horses. Serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA) were negative prior to injection while all horses demonstrated an increase by 9 h post-injection, which often remained until at least 144 h. Attempts to measure in vivo serum cytokine levels using a multiplex assay were not successful and believed to be due to the lower limits of detection for the assays. The measurement of mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes provide sensitive and rapid information regarding the inflammatory response to an acute, localized stimulus, although care must be taken when selecting target joints or age groups of horses as the transcriptional response may vary based on these choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Page
- University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546, United States.
| | - Emma Adam
- University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - John C Stewart
- University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | | | - Virginia Barker
- University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - David W Horohov
- University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
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12
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Fagan MM, Harris P, Adams A, Pazdro R, Krotky A, Call J, Duberstein KJ. Form of Vitamin E Supplementation Affects Oxidative and Inflammatory Response in Exercising Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103103. [PMID: 32684249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant that may benefit athletes by reducing oxidative stress and influencing cytokine expression. Supplements can be derived from natural or manufactured synthetic sources. This study aimed to determine (1) if supplemental vitamin E is beneficial to exercising horses and (2) if there is a benefit of natural versus synthetic vitamin E. After 2 weeks on the control diet (vitamin E-deficient grain and hay), 18 horses were divided into three groups and fed the control diet plus (1) 1000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-L), (2) 4000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-H), or (3) 4000 IU/d RRR-α-tocopherol (natural source [NAT]). On day 7, horses began a 6-week training protocol, with standard exercise tests (SETs) performed before and after the 6-week protocol. Venous blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 29, and 49. Horses fed NAT had higher α-tocopherol (P < .05) at post-SET1 through post-SET2. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels were lower in NAT versus SYN-L horses after SET2 (P = .02). Serum aspartate aminotransferase was lower after exercise in NAT horses versus SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02), and less reduction in stride duration was seen after exercise in NAT as compared with SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α was lower in NAT compared with SYN-H (P = .01) but not SYN-L. In conclusion, feeding higher levels of natural vitamin E source resulted in higher serum α-tocopherol levels as well as some improvement in oxidative and inflammatory response and improved functional outcomes in response to an exercise test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Fagan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Center for Pet Nutrition, Slough, Berkshire
| | - Amanda Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Jarrod Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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13
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Steuer AE, Stewart JC, Barker VD, Adams AA, Nielsen MK. Cytokine and goblet cell gene expression in equine cyathostomin infection and larvicidal anthelmintic therapy. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12709. [PMID: 32145074 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of the immune response to cyathostomin infections in horses remains unknown. Intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia has previously been noted as a component in cyathostomin infection; however, the function is unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the local and systemic gene expression to cyathostomin infections following larvicidal treatment and explore their relation to goblet cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six ponies with naturally acquired cyathostomin infections were randomly allocated into three groups: fenbendazole-treated (10 mg/kg PO 5 days), moxidectin-treated (0.4 mg/kg PO once) and untreated control. Whole blood from all horses was collected weekly, and tissue samples from the large intestine collected during necropsy at 2 and 5 weeks post-treatment (WPT). Gene expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ, resistin-like molecule beta (RELM-β), Mucin 2 (MUC2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α was measured using qRT-PCR. There were statistically significant linear correlations between luminal worm burdens and MUC2 (r = -.2358) and RELM-β (r = -.2261). CONCLUSION This suggests an active role of immune system post-treatment in parasite expulsion, specifically in goblet cells, and that the organs respond differently to treatment and the larvae themselves. This may have implications in the disease process and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Steuer
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Virginia D Barker
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda A Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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14
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Page AE, Stewart JC, Fielding CL, Horohov DW. The Effect of a 160-Kilometer Competitive Endurance Ride on Inflammatory Marker mRNA Expression in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:45-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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