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Kaeswurm JAH, Sempio R, Manca F, Burandt MR, Buchweitz M. Analyzing Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols in Six Commercial and Six Traditional Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during In Vitro and Ex Vivo Oral Digestion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300055. [PMID: 37726237 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Apples are an important polyphenol (PP) source. To compare the health benefits of traditional and commercial varieties, the phenolic contents and profiles as well as their release from the matrix (bioaccessibility) during oral digestion are determined. Furthermore, based on these data the proposed beneficial effect of PP on the variety specific allergenicity is discussed. METHODS AND RESULTS Phenolics are quantified by HPLC-DAD. Total phenolic contents (TPC) are in the range of 111-645 and 343-1950 mg 100 g-1 dry weight for flesh and peel, respectively. Matrix release during oral digestion is investigated ex vivo, with centrifuged and non-centrifuged human saliva and in vitro with simulated saliva fluid (SSF). The overall bioaccessibility is similar in all digestion media, ranging between 40-80% and 39-65% of the TPC in flesh and peel, respectively. Analyzing the correlation among Mal-d 1-allergen-content, unoxidized PP, and the allergenic potential for the samples reveals a negligible effect of phenolics. CONCLUSION Due to higher phenolic contents in combination with a similar release, increased PP concentrations in the oral phase and an improved uptake of PP from traditional varieties are assumed. However, the proposed beneficial effect of phenolics on allergenicity cannot be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anna Helene Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sempio
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Federica Manca
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Melanie Regina Burandt
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Li Q, Chen F, Luo Z, Wang M, Han X, Zhu J, Li JE, Liu J, Li K, Gong P. Determination of nine bioactive phenolic components usually found in apple juice by simultaneous UPLC-MS/MS. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4093-4099. [PMID: 37457181 PMCID: PMC10345717 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional food ingredients of apple juice can significantly change during processing, transportation, and storage, thus affecting the quality of the product. A simple and derivation-free analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of functional food ingredients in apple juice bought in the market. Cleanup steps and chromatographic conditions were optimized to remove interference and decrease the matrix effect. The nine target analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC system equipped with a BEH C18 column and detected by electrospray ionization source (ESI) operating in positive subsection acquisition mode under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions. The results showed that p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuate, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, phloridzin, hyperoside, procyanidin B2, and rutin could be sufficiently separated for content determination within 6 min. In the concentration range of 20 μg/L-50 mg/L, nine standard samples exhibited a good linear fit with correlation coefficients above .985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu‐lin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Fu‐xin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Zi‐teng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Meng‐rang Wang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Xiang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Jun‐feng Zhu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Juan E. Li
- Shaanxi Provincial People's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Kan‐she Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina
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3
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Millán-Laleona A, Bielsa FJ, Aranda-Cañada E, Gómez-Rincón C, Errea P, López V. Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anti-Obesity Properties of Apple Pulp Extracts ( Malus domestica Bork): A Comparative Study of 15 Local and Commercial Cultivars from Spain. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 37508324 PMCID: PMC10376420 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) have a great agricultural and economic impact worldwide; they also present an interesting nutritional value, and their consumption has been associated with beneficial health effects. In this study, 15 apple varieties (three commercial, 12 autochthonous genotypes) were collected from mountainous areas in Spain and were evaluated for their phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-obesity and antidiabetic activities. Quercetin was tested as the reference substance in bioassays due to its role as one of the most common flavonoids in apples and other vegetables. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of apple pulp extracts was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) scavenging assays. Antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential were evaluated by inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (α-GLU), advance glycation end products (AGEs) formation and pancreatic lipase. The results showed in general higher phenol content in autochthonous varieties than in commercial apple pulp extracts. Phenolic-rich extracts showed better antioxidant profiles and significantly inhibited AGEs production and the α-glucosidase enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. None of them showed pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects but in general, the genotype known as "Amarilla de Octubre" was the best in terms of TPC and bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Millán-Laleona
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Bielsa
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Aranda-Cañada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlota Gómez-Rincón
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Salazar-Orbea G, García-Villalba R, Bernal MJ, Hernández-Jiménez A, Egea JA, Tomás-Barberán FA, Sánchez-Siles LM. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Polyphenols of Apple and Strawberry Purees Produced at Industrial Scale by Different Processing Techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2541-2553. [PMID: 36706308 PMCID: PMC9912326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During a food product's life, storage conditions affect its composition of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes. In this research, strawberry and apple purees were selected as a model to examine how the storage of various purees industrially produced with different technologies affect the bioactive phenolic compounds, color, and sensory attributes. Specifically, fruit products processed on an industrial scale by different technologies including freezing, thermal treatment (mild and standard), and high-pressure processing were studied, as well as storage for up to 12 months at -20, 4, and 24 °C. In strawberry puree, storage conditions had a stronger impact on phenolic compound levels, particularly on anthocyanins, whereas in apple puree, the initial processing techniques exerted a greater influence than storage conditions, mainly caused by the hot or cold crushing processes. In general, proanthocyanidins were the major phenolic group and the most stable during storage, while anthocyanins were the group most affected by both processing and storage. Apple flavonols and dihydrochalcones were quite stable, while strawberry ellagitannins suffered higher degradations during storage. Through our analysis, it is found that during storage, the stability of polyphenols in each fruit is different, and processing and storage can be either detrimental or even beneficial. The selection of the ideal storage conditions (time and temperature) is a key factor to maintaining the polyphenol content in sensitive fruits such as strawberries. However, storage conditions are in some cases more important to minimizing the polyphenol losses than how the product is processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela
L. Salazar-Orbea
- Quality,
Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Quality,
Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María J. Bernal
- Research
and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Spain
- Institute
for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | | | - Jose A. Egea
- Quality,
Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Quality,
Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis M. Sánchez-Siles
- Research
and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Spain
- Institute
for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
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5
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Salazar-Orbea GL, García-Villalba R, Bernal MJ, Hernández A, Tomás-Barberán FA, Sánchez-Siles LM. Stability of phenolic compounds in apple and strawberry: Effect of different processing techniques in industrial set up. Food Chem 2023; 401:134099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Distribution and Stability of Polyphenols in Juices Made from Traditional Apple Cultivars Grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010230. [PMID: 36615424 PMCID: PMC9821871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present research was undertaken to investigate polyphenolic profiles of peel, pulp and juices made from two standard commercial and five traditional apple cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main goal of the study was to monitor the distribution and changes of polyphenolic profiles through different phases of apples' processing into cloudy and clear juices, with regard to L-ascorbic acid pretreatment. Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The obtained results showed that traditional cultivars, namely 'Paradija' and 'Prijedorska zelenika', displayed significantly higher content of these compounds compared to commercial ones. Flavan 3-ols and flavonol glycosides were mostly found in peels of all cultivars (21.2-44.1 and 5.40-33.3%, respectively), while phenolic acids along with flavan 3-ols were predominant in the pulp (8.20-30.8 and 5.10-13.9%, respectively). Apples' processing into juices caused decrease (more than 90%) in the content of all polyphenols and the distribution of these compounds from fruits to final products had a negative trend, particularly evident in clear juices. The most drastic loss occurred in the flavonol glycosides and dihydrochalcones content, while chlorogenic acid displayed quite stable distribution from apples to final products due to its good solubility. Apple mash pretreatment with L-ascorbic acid had a positive impact on the preservation and retention of polyphenols.
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Skoko AMG, Šarkanj B, Lores M, Celeiro M, Babojelić MS, Kamenjak D, Flanjak I, Jozinović A, Kovač T, Lončarić A. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols in Croatian Traditional Apple Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3540. [PMID: 36559658 PMCID: PMC9785508 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are particularly interesting due to being a good source of polyphenols in an everyday diet. Recently there has been increased interest in the preservation of traditional apple varieties due to studies that suggest that traditional apple varieties have a higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity compared to commercial varieties. This study shows that traditional apple varieties contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds than conventional ones, such as chlorogenic acid (1.29-456 mg/kg dw), catechin (0.70-312 mg/kg dw), epicatechin (1.75-244 mg/kg dw), procyanidin B1 + B2 (4.08-358 mg/kg dw) and quercetin-3-glucoside (0.96-231 mg/kg dw). This research underlies the great potential of traditional apple varieties as a source of natural antioxidants and polyphenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Gotal Skoko
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Marta Lores
- LIDSA-CRETUS Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- LIDSA-CRETUS Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Dragutin Kamenjak
- Križevci College of Agriculture, M. Demerca 1, 48260 Križevci, Croatia
| | - Ivana Flanjak
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tihomir Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ante Lončarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Horvacki N, Andrić F, Gašić U, Đurović D, Tešić Ž, Fotirić Akšić M, Milojković-Opsenica D. Phenolic Compounds as Phytochemical Tracers of Varietal Origin of Some Autochthonous Apple Cultivars Grown in Serbia. Molecules 2022; 27:7651. [PMID: 36364475 PMCID: PMC9653822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Domesticated international (standard) apple cultivars, together with resistant apple cultivars are the core of the Serbian apple production. Furthermore, autochthonous cultivars are characterized by a good adaptability to the local environmental conditions and represent a valuable source of genetic variability, as well as an important source of the gene pool for further breeding programs. Additionally, they show a higher phenolic content and a stronger antioxidant activity, in comparison to commercial cultivars. Therefore, they are more likely to be used as a functional food. The subjects of this study were seventeen samples of fruits and leaves from autochthonous apple cultivars, five international standard cultivars, and six resistant apple cultivars. The phenolic profile was determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with a diode array detector and a TSQ Quantum Access Max triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. A total of twenty compounds were quantified in the samples. Most of the analyzed phenolics were detected in higher amounts in the peel, compared to the mesocarp. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicate that 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid is present in the highest amount in the mesocarp, while in the peel and leaves, quercetin-glycosides were detected in the highest amount. According to the MANOVA: phloretin, phlorizin, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol, and p-coumaric acid are present in significantly higher levels in the autochthonous cultivars, compared to the standard and resistant ones (in both fruits and leaves). Therefore, these compounds can be used as chemical tracers of the apple varietal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Horvacki
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Andrić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Đurović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Fotirić Akšić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals New Markers of Food Processing for Strawberry and Apple Purees. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217275. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, food processing and its conditions affect nutrients, bioactive compounds, and sensory characteristics of food products. This research aims to use a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS to determine how fruit processing can affect the metabolic profile of fruits and, through a comprehensive metabolic analysis, identify possible markers to assess their degree of processing. The present study uses a real case from the food industry to evaluate markers of the processing of strawberry and apple purees industrially elaborated with different processing techniques and conditions. The results from the multivariate analysis revealed that samples were grouped according to the type of processing, evidencing changes in their metabolic profiles and an apparent temperature-dependent effect. These metabolic profiles showed changes according to the relevance of thermal conditions but also according to the exclusively cold treatment, in the case of strawberry puree, and the pressure treatment, in the case of apple puree. After data analysis, seven metabolites were identified and proposed as processing markers: pyroglutamic acid, pteroyl-D-glutamic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzoic acid, and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid β-d-glucoside in strawberry and di-hydroxycinnamic acid glucuronide, caffeic acid and lysoPE(18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/0:0) in apple purees. The use of these markers may potentially help to objectively measure the degree of food processing and help to clarify the controversial narrative on ultra-processed foods.
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Dufour C, Villa-Rodriguez JA, Furger C, Lessard-Lord J, Gironde C, Rigal M, Badr A, Desjardins Y, Guyonnet D. Cellular Antioxidant Effect of an Aronia Extract and Its Polyphenolic Fractions Enriched in Proanthocyanidins, Phenolic Acids, and Anthocyanins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081561. [PMID: 36009281 PMCID: PMC9405024 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation contribute to some chronic diseases. Aronia berries are rich in polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular antioxidant effect of an aronia extract to reflect the potential physiological in vivo effect. Cellular in vitro assays in three cell lines (Caco-2, HepG2, and SH-SY5Y) were used to measure the antioxidant effect of AE, in three enriched polyphenolic fractions (A1: anthocyanins and phenolic acids; A2: oligomeric proanthocyanidins; A3: polymeric proanthocyanidins), pure polyphenols and microbial metabolites. Both direct (intracellular and membrane radical scavenging, catalase-like effect) and indirect (NRF2/ARE) antioxidant effects were assessed. AE exerted an intracellular free radical scavenging activity in the three cell lines, and A2 and A3 fractions showed a higher effect in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. AE also exhibited a catalase-like activity, with the A3 fraction having a significant higher activity. Only A1 fraction activated the NRF2/ARE pathway. Quercetin and caffeic acid are the most potent antioxidant polyphenols, whereas cyanidin and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone showed the highest antioxidant effect among polyphenol metabolites. AE rich in polyphenols possesses broad cellular antioxidant effects, and proanthocyanidins are major contributors. Polyphenol metabolites may contribute to the overall antioxidant effect of such extract in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Dufour
- Anti Oxidant Power AOP/MH2F-LAAS/CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - Jose A. Villa-Rodriguez
- Business Incubation Group, Symrise Taste, Nutrition & Health, 1E Allée Ermengarde d’Anjou, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-02-56-01-64-60
| | - Christophe Furger
- Anti Oxidant Power AOP/MH2F-LAAS/CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacob Lessard-Lord
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Gironde
- Anti Oxidant Power AOP/MH2F-LAAS/CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - Mylène Rigal
- Anti Oxidant Power AOP/MH2F-LAAS/CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - Ashraf Badr
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Guyonnet
- Business Incubation Group, Symrise Taste, Nutrition & Health, 1E Allée Ermengarde d’Anjou, 35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Occurrence of Patulin and Polyphenol Profile of Croatian Traditional and Conventional Apple Cultivars during Storage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131912. [PMID: 35804728 PMCID: PMC9266231 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are among the most consumed fruits around the world. However, they are susceptible to infection with the fungi Penicilium expansum. In addition to the reduction of apple quality, secondary metabolism of this fungus produces a mycotoxin patulin that has a negative effect on human health. Currently, there is no available research in the literature on the resistance of Croatian traditional apple cultivars to contamination with P. expansum, and consequently, on the patulin content in apples and apple juice produced from those apples. Although the mechanism of apple resistance to fungal diseases has not yet been sufficiently investigated, some studies have shown that polyphenolic compounds have some impact on fungi growth. In order to contribute with new knowledge, this research deals with monitoring the growth of P. expansum on apples, patulin detection by LC/MS-MS, determination of polyphenol profile by validated HPLC method, and determining the effect of polyphenolic compounds on fungi growth and patulin production during apple storage. The results of this study have shown that Croatian traditional apple cultivars harvested from family farm Horvatić contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity. At the same time, they showed more resistance to infection by P. expansum than conventional ones. The higher content of dihydrochalcones and flavanols encouraged the biosynthesis of patulin in examined cultivars. However, the higher content of non-flavonoids such as 2-6 dimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid leads to decrease in content of patulin. In conclusion, it seems that content of polyphenols and patulin production are correlated.
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Kandemir K, Piskin E, Xiao J, Tomas M, Capanoglu E. Fruit Juice Industry Wastes as a Source of Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6805-6832. [PMID: 35544590 PMCID: PMC9204825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food processing sustainability, as well as waste minimization, are key concerns for the modern food industry. A significant amount of waste is generated by the fruit juice industry each year. In addition to the economic losses caused by the removal of these wastes, its impact on the environment is undeniable. Therefore, researchers have focused on recovering the bioactive components from fruit juice processing, in which a great number of phytochemicals still exist in the agro-industrial wastes, to help minimize the waste burden as well as provide new sources of bioactive compounds, which are believed to be protective agents against certain diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Although these wastes contain non-negligible amounts of bioactive compounds, information on the utilization of these byproducts in functional ingredient/food production and their impact on the sensory quality of food products is still scarce. In this regard, this review summarizes the most recent literature on bioactive compounds present in the wastes of apple, citrus fruits, berries, stoned fruits, melons, and tropical fruit juices, together with their extraction techniques and valorization approaches. Besides, on the one hand, examples of different current food applications with the use of these wastes are provided. On the other hand, the challenges with respect to economic, sensory, and safety issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Kandemir
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Piskin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science
and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense
Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- International
Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Merve Tomas
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Cambeiro-Pérez N, Figueiredo-González M, Pérez-Gregorio MR, Bessa-Pereira C, De Freitas V, Sánchez B, Martínez-Carballo E. Unravelling the immunomodulatory role of apple phenolic rich extracts on human THP-1- derived macrophages using multiplatform metabolomics. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Kaeswurm J, Burandt MR, Mayer PS, Straub LV, Buchweitz M. Bioaccessibility of Apple Polyphenols from Peel and Flesh during Oral Digestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4407-4417. [PMID: 35357186 PMCID: PMC9012181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health benefits of apple polyphenols for different chronic diseases are postulated. To exert bioactive properties, absorption into the body is required (bioavailability), which is strongly influenced by matrix release (bioaccessibility). For seven apple varieties, in vitro experiments with simulated saliva fluid (SSF) and ex vivo digestion with centrifuged human saliva were conducted. Polyphenol characterization (high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) and quantification (high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection) was related to an aqueous methanolic extraction. A polyphenol release of 63-82% from flesh and 42-58% from peel was estimated. While hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were released in total, a significant retention was observed for flavanes and flavones. In particular, procyanidins were retained with increasing molecular weight. The data reveal a considerable polyphenol release during the oral digestion; however, differences among the varieties as well as flesh and peel were obvious. Due to negligible differences between both digestion media, the data supported the use of SSF instead of human saliva in further experiments.
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15
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Fang T, Chen J, Lin Q, Zhong Y, Duan Y, Bi J. Phenolic profiling reveals the metabolite basis of flesh color and fresh‐cut browning in apple fruit. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoguang Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Salazar-Orbea GL, García-Villalba R, Tomás-Barberán FA, Sánchez-Siles LM. High-Pressure Processing vs. Thermal Treatment: Effect on the Stability of Polyphenols in Strawberry and Apple Products. Foods 2021; 10:2919. [PMID: 34945472 PMCID: PMC8700600 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are important bioactive compounds that are affected by processing. The consumer's demand for minimally processed products contributes to the increase in non-thermal technologies such as high-pressure processing (HPP) in the food industry. This review is aimed at critically discussing the positive and negative effects of thermal treatment (TT) and HPP on the stability of different polyphenol families in agro-food products obtained from strawberry and apple, two of the most used fruits in food processing. Our findings show that the phenolic content was affected by processing, fruit type, polyphenol family, and storage conditions (time and temperature) of the final product. To increase shelf life, manufacturers aiming to preserve the natural content of polyphenols need to find the sweet spot between polyphenol stability and product shelf-life since the residual enzyme activity from HPP can affect polyphenols negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lorena Salazar-Orbea
- Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.L.S.-O.); (R.G.-V.)
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.L.S.-O.); (R.G.-V.)
| | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.L.S.-O.); (R.G.-V.)
| | - Luis Manuel Sánchez-Siles
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Spain;
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
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17
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Chebib S, Schwab W. Microscale Thermophoresis Reveals Oxidized Glutathione as High-Affinity Ligand of Mal d 1. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112771. [PMID: 34829051 PMCID: PMC8618550 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR)-10 proteins, due to their particular secondary structure, can bind various ligands which could be important for their biological function. Accordingly, the PR-10 protein Mal d 1, the major apple allergen, probably also binds molecules in the hydrophobic cavity of its secondary structure, but it has not yet been investigated in this respect. In this study, various natural products found in apples such as flavonoids, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were investigated as possible ligands of Mal d 1 using microscale thermophoresis. Dissociation constants of 16.39 µM, 29.51 µM, 35.79 µM, and 0.157 µM were determined for catechin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, GSH, and GSSG, respectively. Molecular docking was performed to better understand the underlying binding mechanism and revealed hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the ligands within the pocket while hydrophilic interactions determine the binding of both GSH derivatives. The binding of these ligands could be important for the allergenicity of the PR-10 protein and provide further insights into its physiological role.
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Bambace MF, Del Rosario Moreira M, Sánchez-Moreno C, De Ancos B. Effects of combined application of high-pressure processing and active coatings on phenolic compounds and microbiological and physicochemical quality of apple cubes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4256-4265. [PMID: 33421116 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years the use of high-pressure processing (HPP) of fruit products has steadily increased due to its antimicrobial effectiveness and the retention of nutritional and quality attributes compared to conventional thermal technologies. Edible coatings are already being used to enhance the quality of minimally processed fruits. Thus, apple cubes (AC) and alginate-vanillin-coated apple cubes (AVAC) were subjected to HPP (400 MPa/5 min/35 °C). The microbiological and physicochemical parameters were evaluated and the bioactive compounds were monitored before and after HPP of apple cubes. Also, an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) was conducted. RESULTS HPP left L. monocytogenes counts below the detection limit (2 log UFC g-1 ), regardless of the presence of coating. For E. coli, HPP + active coating showed a synergism affording the greatest reduction (>5 log) for AVAC-HPP. Firmness was maintained in AVAC-HPP samples, while AC-HPP samples suffered reductions of 35%. Colour attributes were also better retained in AVAC-HPP samples. In general, HPP led to a decrease in phenolic compounds. Regarding the effects of GID, vanillin-based active coating exerted a protective effect on some phenolics. Thus, p-coumaroylquinic acid concentration was maintained for AVAC and AVAC-HPP during GID. Epigallocatechin, the compound with the highest concentration in apple cubes, increased for AVAC (106%) and AVAC-HPP (57%). Also, phloridzin concentration increased for AVAC-HPP (17%). At the end of GID, procyanidin B1 and epigallocatechin were the main phenolic compounds for all samples, AVAC showing the highest concentration. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that the combined application of HPP and active coatings on apple cubes could be used to obtain a safe and good-quality product. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Bambace
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos (GIIA), Facultad Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Del Rosario Moreira
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos (GIIA), Facultad Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña De Ancos
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Kaeswurm JAH, Scharinger A, Teipel J, Buchweitz M. Absorption Coefficients of Phenolic Structures in Different Solvents Routinely Used for Experiments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154656. [PMID: 34361808 PMCID: PMC8348453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic structures are of great interest due to their antioxidant properties and various postulated benefits on human health. However, the quantification of these structures in fruits and vegetables, as well as in vivo or in vitro experiments, is demanding, as relevant concentrations are often low, causing problems in exactly weighing the respective amounts. Nevertheless, the determination of used concentrations is often a prerequisite for accurate results. A possibility to quantify polyphenol is the use of UV/vis spectroscopy. Therefore, the absorption coefficients of selected phenolic structures were determined in three different solvents relevant for polyphenol research (water/methanol (50/50, v/v), water, and phosphate buffer at pH 7.5). To confirm the values based on weight and to avoid errors due to impurities, hygroscopic effects, and inadequate balance care, the mass concentrations were additionally determined by quantitative NMR (q-NMR). The coefficients presented in this article can help to quickly and easily determine accurate concentrations in a laboratory routine without wasting the often-precious standard compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. H. Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Andreas Scharinger
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jan Teipel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-71168569231
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20
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Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (Malus domestica) Fruits: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of Malus domestica fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported.
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21
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Taiti C, Costa C, Petrucci WA, Luzzietti L, Giordani E, Mancuso S, Nencetti V. Are Peach Cultivars Used in Conventional Long Food Supply Chains Suitable for the High-Quality Short Markets? Foods 2021; 10:foods10061253. [PMID: 34073037 PMCID: PMC8228427 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peaches are climacteric and highly perishable fruits, with a short shelf life, and are prone to rapid deterioration after harvest. In this study, the chemical proprieties, aroma profile and a sensory evaluation were conducted to: (1) characterize and compare fruits of 13 different peach and nectarine cultivars, harvested at physiological maturation; and (2) assess the suitability of these cultivars, that are successfully used in long food supply chains (LFSCs), for their use in short food supply chains (SFSCs). Through statistical analysis clear differences were found among the studied cultivars, and in particular between cultivars suited to SFSCs compared to those suited for LFSCs. Results indicate that, despite all cultivars being planted in the same orchards and with the same pre-harvest management and practices, their post-harvest performances were mainly influenced by the cultivar genetic makeup. Therefore, cultivars conventionally used in SFSCs, such as “Guglielmina” and “Regina di Londa”, had the best aroma, sweetness and juiciness compared to LSCPs ones. In contrast, the LSCPs varieties showed interesting values for firmness and crunchiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; (W.A.P.); (E.G.); (S.M.); (V.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-457-4088
| | - Corrado Costa
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - William Antonio Petrucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; (W.A.P.); (E.G.); (S.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Laura Luzzietti
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Edgardo Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; (W.A.P.); (E.G.); (S.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; (W.A.P.); (E.G.); (S.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Valter Nencetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; (W.A.P.); (E.G.); (S.M.); (V.N.)
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22
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Commisso M, Bianconi M, Poletti S, Negri S, Munari F, Ceoldo S, Guzzo F. Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits Representing Diverse Apple and Pear Cultivars. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:380. [PMID: 33924913 PMCID: PMC8145694 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The false fruits of apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) are consumed all over the world, contributing to the dietary intake of health-promoting antioxidant phytochemicals. For example, polyphenols confer many beneficial effects (according to their chemical structure, bioavailability, and absorption efficiency in the gut) and the consumption of polyphenol-rich apple and pear fruits may therefore reduce the risk of some diseases. However, the content of such molecules is highly dependent on the specific fruit cultivar. To examine this metabolic diversity in detail, we used metabolomic analysis (NMR and HPLC-DAD/MS) to profile the metabolome of six apple and five pear cultivars. We also determined the antioxidant capacity of the extracts (FRAP assay) and correlated this with the metabolomic composition and abundance of specific metabolites. We observed the cultivar-specific accumulation of sugars, amino acids, malic acid, and various polyphenols, which was also related to the growing season for some cultivars. We found that the ancient Italian apple Pom Prussian was enriched for chlorogenic acid as well as more characteristic polyphenols (phloretin derivatives), the pear cultivar Abate Fetel was low in sucrose, and both cultivars displayed high in vitro antioxidant activity. These cultivars may, therefore, be particularly attractive to health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Commisso
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Martino Bianconi
- Demethra Biotech Srl, Via dell’Innovazione, 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Stefania Poletti
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefano Negri
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Munari
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Ceoldo
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (F.M.); (S.C.)
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The Perspective of Croatian Old Apple Cultivars in Extensive Farming for the Production of Functional Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040708. [PMID: 33810442 PMCID: PMC8065821 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Croatia has a long tradition of fruit growing due to its geographical location, climatic conditions, and high quality of fruit crops, especially apple fruits. Apples can be used for the formulation of functional foods either in processed form (e.g., juice), or as a by-product (e.g., apple pomace). However, there is a growing demand for functional foods derived from ancient and traditional plant sources as they are recognized as a very valuable source of health-promoting bioactive ingredients. Similarly, old apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) are characterized by good morphological and pomological properties, less need for chemicals during cultivation and the higher share of biologically active compounds (BACs) with better sensory acceptability compared to commercial cultivars. However, their nutritional and biological potential is underestimated, as is their ability to be processed into functional food. The importance in preserving old apple cultivars can also be seen in their significance for improving the nutritional composition of other apple cultivars through innovative cultivation strategies, and therefore old local apple cultivars could be of great importance in future breeding programs.
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Varietal influence on phenolic constituents and nutritive characteristics of pomace obtained from apples grown in western Himalayas. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:166-174. [PMID: 33505061 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apple fruit processing is not variety specific in India, which affect the overall quality of the final processed product. The present study was aimed at elucidation of the nutritive value, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and bioactive phenolic constituents of five widely used apple varieties (Royal Delicious, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Red Chief and Red Gold) of western Himalayas. The pomace obtained from different varieties was evaluated to assess the fruit quality. Royal Delicious pomace had significantly high (p < 0.05) total dietary fibre content (42.63 ± 1.26%) together with soluble (8.25 ± 0.95%) and insoluble fibre (32.90 ± 0.89%), as compared to other apple varieties. The pomace samples were extracted with 70% aqueous methanol to obtain polyphenol enriched extracts. The results of Folin-Ciocalteau assay showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Royal Delicious pomace exhibit higher phenolic content as compared to other varieties and ranged between 2.19 ± 0.09 and 4.59 ± 0.47 mg GAE/g. Royal Delicious pomace also possess higher antioxidant capacity i.e. 3.35 ± 0.10 mg/g, 2.71 ± 0.10 mg/g and 4.67 ± 0.03 mg/g as measured by DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging assay and FRAP reducing assay, respectively. The higher phenolic content in Royal Delicious pomace was also confirmed by RP-HPLC-DAD analysis. Results of HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phloridzin (487.07 ± 0.04 µg/g), quercetin (241.18 ± 0.03 µg/g), quercitrin (178.34 ± 0.02 µg/g) and quercetin-3-glucoside (195.21 ± 0.05 µg/g) as major constituents. Present results indicate that Royal Delicious variety is rich in dietary fibre and phenolic compounds that might be used by the food sector as a source of bioactive health promoting constituents/dietary supplements.
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25
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Geană EI, Ciucure CT, Ionete RE, Ciocârlan A, Aricu A, Ficai A, Andronescu E. Profiling of Phenolic Compounds and Triterpene Acids of Twelve Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) Cultivars. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020267. [PMID: 33525694 PMCID: PMC7911497 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), a popular and widely cultivated fruit world-wide, contains bioactive compounds responsible for their health benefits. Here we report the amounts of some bioactive compounds: two major triterpenes (oleanolic and ursolic acids) and polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids and t-resveratrol), together with bioactive properties of twelve apple cultivars measured by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Significant variations were found comparing the bioactive potential of the investigated cultivars. High contents of phenolic acids were identified in the Montuan, Golden Delicious and Cretesc cultivars, while the most flavonoid dominant was the Richard cultivar. Starkrimson, Jonatan, Beliy Naliv and Richard cultivars present higher antioxidant capacity. Oleanolic acid ranged from 11 to 83 mg/g apple extract, while ursolic acid ranged from 55 to 436 mg/g apple extract, with higher amounts in Richard and Montuan cultivars. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allowed the discrimination of apple cultivars depending on polyphenolic and triterpene acids composition. Caffeic acid, gallic acid and epicatechin were identified as the main bioactive compounds in Starkrimson, Jonathan, Beliy Naliv and Richard cultivars, while ursolic and oleanolic acids were identified in high amounts in Richard, Montuan, Golden Delicious, Idared and Beliy Naliv apple cultivars. The results obtained in this study will contribute to the understanding of the bioactive composition of apples as well as the importance of their capitalization to obtain value-added products that promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeta-Irina Geană
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Rm. Valcea, 4th Uzinei Street, PO Raureni, Box 7, 240050 Rm Valcea, Romania; (E.-I.G.); (C.T.C.); (R.E.I.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Corina Teodora Ciucure
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Rm. Valcea, 4th Uzinei Street, PO Raureni, Box 7, 240050 Rm Valcea, Romania; (E.-I.G.); (C.T.C.); (R.E.I.)
| | - Roxana Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Rm. Valcea, 4th Uzinei Street, PO Raureni, Box 7, 240050 Rm Valcea, Romania; (E.-I.G.); (C.T.C.); (R.E.I.)
| | - Alexandru Ciocârlan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academiei Str. 3, MD-2028 Chisinau, Moldova; (A.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Aculina Aricu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academiei Str. 3, MD-2028 Chisinau, Moldova; (A.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Anton Ficai
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov St. 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov St. 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Feng S, Yi J, Li X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Bi J. Systematic Review of Phenolic Compounds in Apple Fruits: Compositions, Distribution, Absorption, Metabolism, and Processing Stability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7-27. [PMID: 33397106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely consumed fruit in the world, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits provide a high level of phenolics and have many beneficial effects on human health. The composition and content of phenolic compounds in natural apples differs according to the tissue types and cultivar varieties. The bioavailability of apple-derived phenolics, depending on the absorption and metabolism of phenolics during digestion, is the key determinant of their positive biological effects. Meanwhile, various processing technologies affect the composition and content of phenolic compounds in apple products, further affecting the bioavailability of apple phenolics. This review summarizes current understanding on the compositions, distribution, absorption, and metabolism of phenolic compounds in apple and their stability when subjected to common technologies during processing. We intend to provide an updated overview on apple phenolics and also suggest some perspectives for future research of apple phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Feng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyong Yi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinye Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youchuan Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
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Fernández-Jalao I, Balderas C, Sánchez-Moreno C, De Ancos B. Impact of an in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal digestion on phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of apple treated by high-pressure processing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tarko T, Duda-Chodak A, Soszka A. Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Musts and Fruit Wines during Simulated Digestion. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235574. [PMID: 33260996 PMCID: PMC7730555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of polyphenols (total phenolic content (TPC)) and the antioxidant activity (AOX) of food products depend on the raw materials used and the technological processes in operation, but transformations of these compounds in the digestive tract are very important. The aim of this study was to determine the TPC, profile of polyphenols, and AOX of apple and blackcurrant musts and wines in order to evaluate the changes occurring in a simulated human digestive system. The research material consisted of apples and blackcurrant, from which musts and fruit wines were obtained. All samples were subjected to three-stage digestion in a simulated human digestive system and then analyzed for the following: TPC (Folin–Ciocalteu method) and profile (HPLC), AOX (method with 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) radical), and for the wines also total extract, volatile acidity (International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) method), and sugar profile (HPLC). The antioxidant activity of fruit wines is directly related to the total polyphenol content. Phenolic compounds were transformed during all digestive stages, which led to the formation of compounds with higher antioxidant capacity. The largest increase in polyphenols was observed after the digestive stage in the small intestine. Transformations of phenolic compounds at each digestive stage resulted in the formation of derivatives with higher antioxidant potential.
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Starowicz M, Piskuła M, Achrem–Achremowicz B, Zieliński H. Phenolic Compounds from Apples: Reviewing their Occurrence, Absorption, Bioavailability, Processing, and Antioxidant Activity – a Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/127635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Preti R, Tarola AM. Study of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and minerals for the valorisation of ancient apple cultivars from Northeast Italy. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNutritional properties and quality of apple fruits can be related to presence of secondary metabolite contents such as phytochemicals and mineral elements. In this paper, eight polyphenols, four major minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca), total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined in fourteen ancient apple cultivars grown in Friuli Venezia Giulia (Northeast Italy) to highlight their nutraceutical properties. Both apple peel and pulp were examined separately and results were compared to those of six widespread commercial cultivars using principal component analysis. Ancient apples had much higher content in healthful compounds with respect to commercial varieties, particularly in the peel. Ancient cultivars showed a superior antioxidant capacity in peel (3- to 9- fold) and in pulp (2- to 5-fold) compared to commercial cultivars, with a good correlation with total phenolic content (R = 0.83 in peel and 0.69 in pulp). The polyphenols that mostly characterized the ancient apples pulp were catechins and flavonols. Regarding macro elements, K and Mg content were higher in ancient cultivars, while Na and Ca showed no significant differences. In the perspective of a sustainable economic and social development of local agricultural realities, these results contribute to the valorisation of ancient local apple cultivars as invaluable reservoir of genetic biodiversity to be promoted as functional food or exploited in breeding novel apple hybrids with high nutraceutical properties and better resistance to parasites.
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Simonato B, Marangon M, Vincenzi S, Vegro M, Pasini G. Evaluation of the phenolic profile and immunoreactivity of Mal d 3 allergen in ancient apple cultivars from Italy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4978-4986. [PMID: 32500544 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the second half of the 20th century, the cultivation of ancient and local apple cultivars has almost disappeared from orchards in Italy. Some of these ancient apple cultivars often possess high nutraceutical values and display lower allergenicity than the modern ones, supporting the so-called 'green revolution' theory. RESULTS In this study, the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of five ancient apple cultivars ('Belfiore', 'Pomella Genovese', 'Gravenstein', 'Bella del Bosco', and 'Piatlin') were compared with a 'Golden Delicious' commercial cultivar. Additionally, apples were tested for their potential allergenicity by detecting the presence of Mal d 3, a non-specific lipid transfer protein that represents the main apples' allergen. All apples came from northern Italy (Trentino Region) and were organically produced. Results showed that, for all cultivars, the skins contained more polyphenols than the pulps. 'Bella del Bosco' had the highest amount of polyphenols and antioxidant activity, whereas 'Piatlin' had the lowest phenolic content. All ancient cultivars presented a higher amount of pulp phenolic compounds than 'Golden Delicious'. Immunoblotting techniques showed that 'Bella del Bosco' and 'Piatlin' had very low quantities of Mal d 3 allergen; hence, they can be considered hypoallergenic cultivars. CONCLUSIONS The preservation of ancient apple cultivars would be of great importance, not only to maintain the biodiversity but also for their nutritional properties. The hypoallergenic activity of some of these cultivars could be of interest also for the preparation of different apple-based products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Simonato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Marangon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Mara Vegro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Vondráková Z, Trávníčková A, Malbeck J, Haisel D, Černý R, Cvikrová M. The effect of storage conditions on the carotenoid and phenolic acid contents of selected apple cultivars. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lončarić A, Matanović K, Ferrer P, Kovač T, Šarkanj B, Skendrović Babojelić M, Lores M. Peel of Traditional Apple Varieties as a Great Source of Bioactive Compounds: Extraction by Micro-Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion. Foods 2020; 9:E80. [PMID: 31940769 PMCID: PMC7022635 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro matrix solid phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) was optimized by response surface methodology for the extraction of polyphenols from the peel of twelve traditional and eight commercial apple varieties grown in Croatia. The optimized micro-MSPD procedure includes the use of 0.2 g of sample, 0.8 g of dispersant, a 57% solution of methanol in water as the solvent and 5 mL of extract volume. The total polyphenolic index (TPI) and antioxidant activity (AA) were measured by spectrophotometric assays. Eighteen polyphenolic compounds were identified in all investigated apples by HPLC-DAD and LC-(ESI)-MS. The peel of traditional apple varieties had higher contents of all investigated polyphenols. Calculated relative contribution of polyphenol groups indicated non-flavonoids (28.6%) and flavanols (46.2%) as the major contributors to the total polyphenolic content in traditional and commercial apple varieties, respectively. The most abundant polyphenol in traditional apple peel was chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2 and epicatechin (1143 ± 755 µg/g dw, 954 ± 343 µg/g dw and 560 ± 362 µg/g dw, respectively). The peel of varieties 'Apistar', 'Bobovac' and 'Božićnica' could be highlighted as an important source of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Lončarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Katarina Matanović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Perla Ferrer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Tihomir Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | | | - Marta Lores
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.F.); (M.L.)
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Jakobek L, Ištuk J, Buljeta I, Voća S, Žlabur JŠ, Babojelić MS. Traditional, Indigenous Apple Varieties, a Fruit with Potential for Beneficial Effects: Their Quality Traits and Bioactive Polyphenol Contents. Foods 2020; 9:foods9010052. [PMID: 31948050 PMCID: PMC7022233 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies suggested that traditional apple varieties have quality traits well accepted by consumers and beneficial effects on human health. The aim was to collect 25 traditional apple varieties grown in Croatia and to determine, for the first time in so many details, their external (weight, height, width, shape, color), internal quality traits (firmness, starch decomposition index, maturity index, soluble solid concentration, total acids, soluble solid/total acids ratio, pH), and seed characteristics. In addition, individual polyphenols were determined in the flesh and peel, by using RP-HPLC. All was compared to the commercial variety ‘Idared’. Quality parameters of these varieties were similar to those of the commercial variety. The flesh and peel contained flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids, and flavonols, while anthocyanins were additionally found in the peel. Total polyphenols in the peel (536–3801 mg kg−1 fresh weight (FW)) and in the flesh (79–1294 mg kg−1 FW) of the majority of varieties were higher than in the commercial variety. Principal component analysis showed possible clustering according to polyphenol amounts. According to the observed diversity of quality traits and bioactive polyphenol contents, the traditional varieties have potential for consumer acceptance and increased cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Jakobek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-31-224-325; Fax: +385-31-207-115
| | - Jozo Ištuk
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia (I.B.)
| | - Ivana Buljeta
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia (I.B.)
| | - Sandra Voća
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.V.); (J.Š.Ž.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Jana Šic Žlabur
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.V.); (J.Š.Ž.); (M.S.B.)
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Oszmiański J, Lachowicz S, Gamsjäger H. Phytochemical analysis by liquid chromatography of ten old apple varieties grown in Austria and their antioxidative activity. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Stefova M, Petkovska A, Ugarkovic S, Stanoeva JP. Strategy for optimized use of LC-MS for determination of the polyphenolic profiles of apple peel, flesh and leaves. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Díaz-Mula HM, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Villalba R. Pomegranate Fruit and Juice (cv. Mollar), Rich in Ellagitannins and Anthocyanins, Also Provide a Significant Content of a Wide Range of Proanthocyanidins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9160-9167. [PMID: 30768267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) were characterized in husk, membranes, arils, and seeds of 'Mollar de Elche' pomegranate cultivar using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry after acid catalysis in the presence of phloroglucinol (phloroglucinolysis). PAs were also evaluated in commercial juice and in the juice made in the laboratory by pressing fresh arils. Pomegranate PAs were composed of a very rich mixture of flavan-3-ols: catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate. Catechins and gallocatechins were the most abundant units, while galloylated flavanols were detected at lower concentrations. The highest PA content was found in husk (1840.5 μg/g), followed by seeds (316.2 μg/g) and membranes (51.4 μg/g). With regard to the pomegranate edible parts, arils showed concentrations of 34.4 μg/g and pressed aril juice of 21.3 mg/L, lower than those found in other traditional PA-containing food and beverages, such as apple, grapes, chocolate, red wine, or tea. Higher concentrations similar to those found in red wine were observed in commercial whole fruit pressed pomegranate juice (146.9 mg/L). These PA concentrations represented between 0.1 and 7% of the total polyphenol content in the different pomegranate samples, which were richer in ellagitannins and anthocyanins. The mean degree of polymerization (1.2-2.1) revealed that PAs in Mollar pomegranate samples are constituted mainly of monomers and dimers, which may influence in better absorption and bioavailability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huertas M Díaz-Mula
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
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Kim I, Ku KH, Jeong MC, Kim SS, Mitchell AE, Lee J. A comparison of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of several new early- to mid-season apple cultivars for a warmer climate with traditional cultivars. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4712-4724. [PMID: 30919973 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New early- to mid-season apple cultivars are being developed to help address warmer growing seasons due to climate change. Free sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and phenolic composition were determined in the pulp and peel of six new and six traditional apple cultivars. In addition, the phenolic profiles of apple peels were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forty-eight polyphenol compounds were identified, by accurate mass, in apple peel. RESULTS Compared to Fuji apples, a new apple cultivar, Decobell, contained 2.6- and 1.4-fold higher levels of the sum of individual polyphenol levels in the peel and the pulp, respectively. Decobell apples showed similar sugar-to-acid ratio (0.27) to Fuji apples (0.25). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the Decobell cultivar could have the best quality characteristics in terms of sugar-to-acid ratios and health-promoting activities due to the phenolic profiles. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyung Ku
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Cheol Jeong
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seop Kim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
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Ribas-Agustí A, Martín-Belloso O, Soliva-Fortuny R, Elez-Martínez P. Enhancing hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan-3-ol contents by pulsed electric fields without affecting quality attributes of apple. Food Res Int 2019; 121:433-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lo Piccolo E, Landi M, Massai R, Remorini D, Conte G, Guidi L. Ancient apple cultivars from Garfagnana (Tuscany, Italy): A potential source for 'nutrafruit' production. Food Chem 2019; 294:518-525. [PMID: 31126494 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ancient apple cultivars are known for their organoleptic properties over a small geographic area, but little is known of their nutraceutical properties, which might be useful in large-scale breeding programmes. Nine ancient apple cultivars from Tuscany (Italy) were characterized for their organoleptic properties, phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activity. These cultivars had high polyphenol concentrations (principally flavanols and phenolic acids) and high total antioxidant capacity compared with most commercial apple cultivars. Fruits from the cultivars 'San Michele' and 'Del Debbio' showed a good compromise between fruit size and solid soluble content, and might be suitable for fresh consumption, while fruit from 'Benito', 'Della Piastra', 'Lugliese Grisanti', 'Del Sangue' and 'Ruggine' had high polyphenol contents and excellent antioxidant capacity, and may be suitable for breeding programmes. 'Ruggine' fruit could also be used for sweet juices with good nutraceutical properties due to their high soluble solid content and high flavanol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermes Lo Piccolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Chinese Wild Rice ( Zizania latifolia) and Analyses of Structural Composition and Potential Bioactivities of Different Fractions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091681. [PMID: 31052148 PMCID: PMC6539017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of proanthocyanidin bioactivity and its relationship with chemical structure, ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification schemes were proposed to evaluate the proanthocyanidin content and analyze the structural composition and potential bioactivities of different proanthocyanidin fractions from Chinese wild rice (Zizanialatifolia). Following an optimized extraction procedure, the crude wild rice proanthocyanidins (WRPs) were purified using n-butanol extraction, chromatography on macroporous resins, and further fractionation on Sephadex LH-20 to yield six specific fractions (WRPs-1–WRPs-6) containing proanthocyanidin levels exceeding 524.19 ± 3.56 mg/g extract. Structurally, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and (−)-epigallocatechin were present as both terminal and extension units, and (−)-epicatechin was the major extension unit, in each fraction. This is the first preparation of WRP fractions with a different mean degree of polymerization (mDP), ranging from 2.66 ± 0.04 to 10.30 ± 0.46. A comparison of the bioactivities of these fractions revealed that fractions WRPs-1−WRPs-5 had significant DPPH radical scavenging activities, whereas fraction WRPs-6 with a high mDP showed better α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects. These findings should help define possible applications of WRPs to functional foods or nutraceuticals.
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Fernández-Jalao I, Sánchez-Moreno C, De Ancos B. Effect of high-pressure processing on flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones and antioxidant activity of apple ‘Golden Delicious’ from different geographical origin. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fogarasi M, Socaci SA, Dulf FV, Diaconeasa ZM, Fărcaș AC, Tofană M, Semeniuc CA. Bioactive Compounds and Volatile Profiles of Five Transylvanian Wild Edible Mushrooms. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123272. [PMID: 30544917 PMCID: PMC6321188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, fatty acids, volatile profile and phenolic compounds profiles from five wild edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Boletus edulis, Lactarius piperatus) from Romania. The results indicated that the dried fruiting bodies of selected mushrooms were rich in proteins (36.24 g/100 g dw-Boletus edulis) and carbohydrates (62.45 g/100 g dw-Lactarius piperatus). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid, were the main phenolic compound present in all selected species. Additionally, the fatty acid pattern included polyunsaturated acids in more than 60% of all fatty acids followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (30%). For the studied mushroom samples, the main volatile compounds identified by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were hexanal, benzaldehyde and dodecanoic acid. According to the obtained results, the fruiting bodies of selected Romanian mushrooms are a rich source of bioactive molecules indicating that they may be further exploited as functional ingredients in the composition of innovative food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Fogarasi
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sonia Ancuţa Socaci
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Francisc Vasile Dulf
- Department of Environmental and Plant Protection, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary, Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Zorița Maria Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Maria Tofană
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Anamaria Semeniuc
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Espín JC, García-Villalba R. The Human Metabolism of Nuts Proanthocyanidins does not Reveal Urinary Metabolites Consistent with Distinctive Gut Microbiota Metabotypes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800819. [PMID: 30444059 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The stratification of individuals according to their gut microbiota metabotypes is crucial to understand the polyphenols health effects as reported for isoflavones and ellagitannins. To date, the existence of human gut microbiota metabotypes associated with proanthocyanidins (PAs) catabolism remains unclear. METHODS & RESULTS Sixty-eight healthy volunteers (40 adolescents and 28 adults) consumed a mixture of walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts for 3 days, providing 163.65 ± 11.74 mg of PAs. Urine samples were analyzed by ultra-performance LC-ESI-quadrupole time-of-flight. Twenty-one isomers of conjugated valerolactones and valeric acids were identified, which derived from six valerolactone and valeric acid precursors after analysis of hydrolyzed urine. This combined approach allowed discrimination between the inter-individual variability related to phase-II enzymes polymorphisms and the metabolism of PAs by the gut microbiota. No associations of PAs metabolism with gender, age, BMI, or ellagitannin metabotypes were found. Different quantitative excretion was observed after multivariate analysis but not true gut microbiota metabotypes associated with PAs catabolism. CONCLUSIONS The metabolism of PAs does not reveal urinary metabolites consistent with distinctive gut microbiota metabotypes. The quantitative excretion of metabolites is inadequate to stratify individuals due to the strong influence of external factors (source, quantity, and time of the last intake of PAs, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Stanger MC, Steffens CA, Soethe C, Moreira MA, do Amarante CVT. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity during the Development of 'Brookfield' and 'Mishima' Apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3453-3459. [PMID: 28414437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in the contents of total (TPC) and individual (IPC) phenolic compounds, the total antioxidant activity (TAA) in the peel and pulp, and total anthocyanins (TAN) in the peel during the development of the fruits of 'Brookfield' and 'Mishima' apple trees. 'Brookfield' apples were harvested from the 49th to the 138th days after full bloom (DAFB) and 'Mishima' apples from the 45th to the 172th DAFB. In the pulp, the IPC, TPC, and TAA rapidly reduced at 75 and 79 DAFB for the 'Brookfield' and 'Mishima' apples, respectively, and then remained constant until commercial maturity. In the peel of 'Brookfield' apples there was a reduction in the TPC and TAA at 79 DAFB. The quercetin 3-galactoside, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 contents reduced up to 107 DAFB with a subsequent increase in the values at commercial maturity. In the peel of 'Mishima' apples there was a reduction in the TPC, TAA, epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 and B2 contents at 130 DAFB, with a subsequent increase until commercial maturity. The TAN content in the peel increased during the 2 and 4 weeks prior to commercial maturity for 'Brookfield' and 'Mishima' apples, respectively. In the pulp and peel of both cultivars there was a reduction in the IPC, TPC, and TAA as the development proceeded. On nearing commercial maturity, there was an increase in the contents of quercetin 3-galactoside, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and TAN in the peel for both cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara C Stanger
- Centre for Agrooveterinary Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State , Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Conta dinheiro, Lages 88520-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cristiano A Steffens
- Centre for Agrooveterinary Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State , Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Conta dinheiro, Lages 88520-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cristina Soethe
- Centre for Agrooveterinary Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State , Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Conta dinheiro, Lages 88520-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Moreira
- Centre for Agrooveterinary Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State , Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Conta dinheiro, Lages 88520-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cassandro V T do Amarante
- Centre for Agrooveterinary Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State , Luiz de Camões Avenue 2090, Conta dinheiro, Lages 88520-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Redondo D, Arias E, Oria R, Venturini ME. Thinned stone fruits are a source of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:902-910. [PMID: 27219821 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thinned fruits are agricultural by-products that contain large quantities of interesting compounds due to their early maturity stage. In this work, the phenolic profile and the antioxidant activity of six thinned stone fruits (apricot, cherry, flat peach, peach, plum and nectarine) have been investigated, focussing on proanthocyanidins. RESULTS Thinned nectarine had the highest content of total phenols [67.43 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 dry weight (DW)] and total flavonoids (56.97 mg CE g-1 DW) as well as the highest antioxidant activity measured by DPPH scavenging (133.30 mg [Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1 DW] and FRAP assay (30.42 mg TE g-1 DW). Proanthocyanidins were very abundant in these by-products, and the main phenolic group quantified in cherry (10.54 mg g-1 DW), flat peach (33.47 mg g-1 DW) and nectarine (59.89 mg g-1 DW), while hydroxycinnamic acids predominate in apricot, peach and plum (6.67, 22.04 and 23.75 mg g-1 DW, respectively). The low, mean degree of polymerisation of proanthocyanidins suggests that their bioavailability could be very high. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that thinned stone fruit extracts might be used as antioxidants in foods or as a source of compounds with health-related benefits that can be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Redondo
- Grupo de Investigación de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Arias
- Parque Científico Tecnológico Aula Dei, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Oria
- Grupo de Investigación de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María E Venturini
- Grupo de Investigación de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Jiang Y, Liu C, Yan D, Wen X, Liu Y, Wang H, Dai J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou B, Ren X. MdHB1 down-regulation activates anthocyanin biosynthesis in the white-fleshed apple cultivar 'Granny Smith'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1055-1069. [PMID: 28338881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coloration in apple (Malus×domestica) flesh is mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is biosynthesized through the flavonoid pathway and regulated by MYB, bHLH, and WD40 transcription factors (TFs). Here, we report that the HD-Zip I TF MdHB1 was also involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. MdHB1 silencing caused the accumulation of anthocyanin in 'Granny Smith' flesh, whereas its overexpression reduced the flesh content of anthocyanin in 'Ballerina' (red-fleshed apple). Moreover, flowers of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'NC89') overexpressing MdHB1 showed a remarkable reduction in pigmentation. Transient promoter activation assays and yeast one-hybrid results indicated that MdHB1 indirectly inhibited expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT). Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation determined that MdHB1 acted as a homodimer and could interact with MYB, bHLH, and WD40 in the cytoplasm, consistent with its cytoplasmic localization by green fluorescent protein fluorescence observations. Together, these results suggest that MdHB1 constrains MdMYB10, MdbHLH3, and MdTTG1 to the cytoplasm, and then represses the transcription of MdDFR and MdUFGT indirectly. When MdHB1 is silenced, these TFs are released to activate the expression of MdDFR and MdUFGT and also anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in red flesh in 'Granny Smith'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jieyu Dai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Evaluation of the distribution and metabolism of polyphenols derived from cupuassu ( Theobroma grandiflorum ) in mice gastrointestinal tract by UPLC-ESI-QTOF. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Mendoza-Wilson AM, Castro-Arredondo SI, Espinosa-Plascencia A, Robles-Burgueño MDR, Balandrán-Quintana RR, Bermúdez-Almada MDC. Chemical composition and antioxidant-prooxidant potential of a polyphenolic extract and a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction of apple skin. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00073. [PMID: 27441252 PMCID: PMC4945893 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple is a food rich in diverse classes of polyphenols (PP), among which the proanthocyanidins (PCs), which are primarily concentrated in the skin, are one of the most abundant. These compounds are of considerable interest for their possible positive health effects because of their antioxidant properties. However, depending on the classes of PP present (chemical composition) and their relative concentrations in the apple skin, their antioxidant effects vary and some of their components can even generate prooxidant effects. This work determined the chemical composition and antioxidant-prooxidant potential of a polyphenolic extract (PPE) and a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) of apple skin, along with the contribution of their most abundant individual compounds, based on their copper chelating ability, ease in reducing peroxidase-generated free radicals and TEAC (Trolox-Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assay. For this purpose, chromatographic and colorimetric methods were used. The majority compounds identified in PPE were flavan-3-ols (44.58%), flavonols (42.89%) and dihydrochalcones (11.60%). In PRF, we detected monomers and oligomers from dimers to heptamers, which were composed of 97% (−)-epicatechin and 3% (+)-catechin. The antioxidant potential was notably higher in PRF than in PPE. The (−)-epicatechin monomer and the procyanidin B2 dimer showed more ease in reducing peroxidase-generated free radicals compared to other compounds of the apple skin, whereas phloridzin dihydrochalcone produced prooxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Mendoza-Wilson
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México
- Corresponding author at: Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, C.P. 83304, PO Box 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
| | - Sergio Ivan Castro-Arredondo
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México
| | - Angélica Espinosa-Plascencia
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México
| | | | - René Renato Balandrán-Quintana
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México
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Jakobek L, Barron AR. Ancient apple varieties from Croatia as a source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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