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Alejandro-Vega S, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Jaudenes-Marrero JR, Paz-Montelongo S. Soft Drinks as a Dietary Source of Fluoride Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3816-3828. [PMID: 37922070 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
High fluoride exposures can lead to adverse effects such as dental and bone fluorosis, as well as endocrine and cognitive developmental problems. Water is the main dietary source of this ion, although significant concentrations have also been detected in other beverages widely consumed by the population such as soft drinks. A total of 200 soft drink samples (60 flavoured, 70 extracts, 60 fruit juice and 10 soft drinks) were analysed by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. A consumption of 330 mL was estimated for exposure assessment and subsequent F-risk assessment by soft drink consumption. The highest average concentration was found in extract soft drinks (2.45 ± 1.15 mg/L), followed by flavoured (1.71 ± 2.29 mg/L) and carbonated soft drinks (1.38 ± 0.40 mg/L), while the lowest was found in fruit juice soft drinks (1.09 ± 0.62 mg/L). The flavours with the highest concentration were tea-melon and tea-passion fruit with 3.66 ± 0.40 and 3.17 ± 0.56 mg/L respectively and the lowest was lemon flavour with 0.69 mg/L. The contribution of these beverages, considering the UL (Upper level) reference values set by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) are between 3.28-41.78%, depending on age group and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Alejandro-Vega
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan R Jaudenes-Marrero
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz-Montelongo
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Fluoride Exposure from Soybean Beverage Consumption: A Toxic Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142121. [PMID: 35885364 PMCID: PMC9324846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of vegetable milk as a substitute for cow's milk has increased in recent years. Of all the vegetable beverages on the market, soy is the most widely consumed. Soy is exposed to contamination by different chemical elements during harvesting. In this study, the concentration of fluoride in soy beverages was analyzed. Fluoride is an element that in high concentrations can be toxic, causing dental and bone fluorosis. The aims of the study were (i) to analyze the fluoride concentration in 30 samples in the most popular brands (A-Brand, B-Brand, C-Brand) of soybean beverages by a fluoride ion selective potentiometer and (ii) to evaluate the toxicological risk derived from its consumption. The fluoride concentrations were 15.5 mg/L (A-Brand), 11.3 mg/L (B-Brand) and 8.5 mg/L (C-Brand). A consumption of 1 to 3 servings/day was established. One serving (200 mL) of soybean beverage offered a contribution percentage over the ADI (acceptable daily intake) for infants and children. Teenagers and adults did not exceed the ADI (10 mg/day). The consumption of soy beverages contributes significantly to the daily intake of fluoride, which could exceed the ADI with a consequent health risk. It is recommended to control the fluoride levels in the raw material and in the final product to assure the safety of these products.
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Revelo-Mejía IA, Gutiérrez-Idrobo R, López-Fernández VA, López-Rosales A, Astaiza-Montenegro FC, Garcés-Rengifo L, López-Ordoñez PA, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Paz S. Fluoride levels in river water from the volcanic regions of Cauca (Colombia). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:327. [PMID: 35381961 PMCID: PMC8983550 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride concentrations of 0.5 mg/L in drinking water are considered useful for dental caries prevention. However, fluoride concentrations higher than 1.2 mg/L in water can pose a risk of dental fluorosis due to high exposure to fluoride. The objective is to determine the fluoride concentration in water from aqueducts of different Colombian municipalities of Cauca (Popayán, Coconuco, and Puracé) to assess the fluoride dietary intake from the consumption of this water. A total of 66 water samples have been taken from Popayán, Coconuco, and Puracé. Fluoride content was determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry. The fluoride concentrations recorded in Coconuco and Puracé water were ≤ 0.002 mg/L. The mean fluoride content recorded in the Popayán water was 0.42 mg/L, with its highest concentration in Cauca River water (0.83 mg/L). Considering the admissible intake values, the water from Popayán confers remarkable fluoride intakes, especially in children with high percentages of contribution to the admissible daily intake (46.7% to 7- to 12-month children and 41.5% to 1- to 3-year children). The fluoride content in the water of Coconuco and Puracé does not reach an optimal value (< 0.5 mg/L) for the protective effect against dental caries, while the water of the main Cauca River basin does reach the optimal value. Likewise, the intake of fluoride from the consumption of the analyzed water does not confer any health risk. However, the implementation of monitoring systems for fluoride levels is recommended in order to safeguard the consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés A Revelo-Mejía
- Faculty of Odontology, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Robinson Gutiérrez-Idrobo
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Vilma A López-Fernández
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Alejandra López-Rosales
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Francy C Astaiza-Montenegro
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Leomary Garcés-Rengifo
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Paola A López-Ordoñez
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain.
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Shao L, Xu S, Wang G, Yang L, Li R, Zhu J, Chen J, Jiang D. Fluoride in tea from Shandong Province, China and exposure assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:77-81. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1710267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiming Xu
- The Center of Food Testing, Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoling Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luping Yang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renpeng Li
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dafeng Jiang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214261. [PMID: 31684036 PMCID: PMC6862652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21-72 years) and children (0-11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21-72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.
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Crystal YO, Rabieh S, Janal MN, Rasamimari S, Bromage TG. Silver and fluoride content and short-term stability of 38% silver diamine fluoride. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:140-146. [PMID: 30691572 PMCID: PMC6500427 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As silver diamine fluoride (SDF) gains popularity for caries arrest, the authors aimed to investigate the content of fluoride and silver in 38% SDF produced for the US market and its short-term stability. METHODS Five samples of 38% SDF were evaluated when the bottle was first opened, and at 7 and 28 days. Fluoride concentrations were determined with a fluoride ion-selective electrode, and silver concentrations were determined with a simultaneous inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. pH was measured with a pH probe. Weight and volume of individual drops were measured. RESULTS At day 0, 40% of individual measured values were above the expected fluoride concentration, and at day 28, 93% were above the expected fluoride concentration (P = .005). At day 0, 19% of individual measured values were below the lowest expected silver concentration, and at day 28, 93% were below (P < .001). Acidity (pH 10) was consistent over the 3 periods. Mean (standard deviation) weight of a drop was 40 (4.0) milligrams, and mean (standard deviation) volume was 32.55 (1.89) microliters, 30% more than the reported value of 25 μL. CONCLUSION Over 28 days, the product pH is stable, whereas the fluoride content tends to increase and the silver content tends to decrease. Drops were larger than expected when dispensed from the bottle. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Drops are larger than expected, so each delivers higher than expected quantities of silver and fluoride. Clinicians should exercise caution when using this product on young children, replace the cap immediately, and use as soon as dispensed.
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Huang S, Gan N, Zhang X, Wu Y, Shao Y, Jiang Z, Wang Q. Portable fluoride-selective electrode as signal transducer for sensitive and selective detection of trace antibiotics in complex samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 128:113-121. [PMID: 30641453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) can rapidly, sensitively detect their corresponding ions and are suitable for field testing. However, most ISE methods cannot detect other targets directly which limits their practice application. Herein, we established an aptamer-sensing platform to detect organic small molecule using a portable fluoride-selective electrode (FSE). To achieve the purpose, novel signal tags were fabricated based on nano metal-organic frameworks (NMOF) encapsulating F- and labeling aptamers. They were then immobilized on one stir-bar. Subsequently, a double stir-bars (bar-a and b) assisted target recycling strategy was designed to convert organic small molecular target to F- for signal development and amplification. The movement of tags from bar-a to b can be triggered by the analytes. After reaction, the transferred signal tags in bar-b were washed and released F- which can be measured by FSE for qualification of the target. The assay was evaluated to detect kanamycin or chloramphenicol which was employed as the representatives of organic small molecular with a low detection limit of 0.35 nmol L-1 or 0.46 nmol L-1, respectively. Satisfactory performance was observed in complex sample analysis of kanamycin (milk, fish, urine and serum) with a recovery of 91-108% and an RSD (n = 6) <5%. The proposed method broadens the application of traditional FSE to the detection of organic small molecule. And the employment of NMOF which has higher encapsulating capacity of F- for preparing signal tags can be extended to FSE based aptasensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ning Gan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yongxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong Shao
- College of chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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