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Pan Y, Zhang X, Yan Q, Li J, Kouame KJEP, Li X, Liu L, Zong X, Si K, Liu X, Yu M. Sphingomyelin-enriched milk phospholipids offer superior benefits in improving the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and surface characteristics of infant formula. Food Chem 2024; 463:141549. [PMID: 39395349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipids from different sources have varying chemical compositions, but how they contribute to different properties of infant formula is unclear. In this study, four types of phospholipids, milk phospholipids (MPLs), soybean phospholipids (SBPLs), sunflower phospholipids (SFPLs), and egg yolk phospholipids (EYPLs), were added to infant formula to investigate their physicochemical properties, microstructure, and surface characteristics. MPLs uniquely offer high sphingomyelin and saturated fatty acid levels. The MPL-based emulsion had the smallest particle size (334.50 nm), lowest stability constant (0.30), and highest viscosity among all groups tested. Furthermore, the abundance of sphingomyelin in MPLs allowed for a denser interfacial film and the complete phospholipid-coated structure of lipid droplets in infant formula emulsion. This consequently improved the microstructure and fat encapsulation of the powder, leading to significantly lower surface fat content in the MPL group. Therefore, the proper selection of phospholipids is crucial for modulating the stability and surface characteristics of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Yan
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Cheese Company Ltd., 011517, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Kouadio Jean Eric-Parfait Kouame
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China.
| | - Xuexing Zong
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Cheese Company Ltd., 011517, Hohhot, China
| | - Kuolin Si
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Inner Mongolia Mengniu Cheese Company Ltd., 011517, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030, Harbin, China
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Martínez-Sánchez V, Calvo MV, Fontecha J, Pérez-Gálvez A. The Role of Food Matrices Supplemented with Milk Fat Globule Membrane in the Bioaccessibility of Lipid Components and Adaptation of Cellular Lipid Metabolism of Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:2798. [PMID: 39203935 PMCID: PMC11357557 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the digestive efficiency of food matrices supplemented with milk fat globule membrane isolated from buttermilk (BM-MFGM), using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol hyphenated with the assessment of the digested material on the lipid profile of the Caco-2 cell culture model. First, we examined lipid profiles in food matrices supplemented with BM-MFGM and their subsequent digestion. The results showed distinct lipid profiles in different food matrices and micellar fractions. The presence of BM-MFGM lipids changed the cellular lipid profiles in Caco-2 cell cultures, with diverging contents in cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerides, and neutral lipids depending on the micellar food matrix factor. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed patterns in cellular lipid responses to micellar stimuli, while volcano plots highlighted significant changes in cellular lipid profiles post-treatment. Thus, this study underscores the importance of in vitro digestion protocols in guiding food matrix selection for bioactive ingredient supplementation, elucidating intestinal epithelium responses to digested food stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - María Visitación Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
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Connolly C, Timlin M, Hogan SA, Murphy EG, O'Callaghan TF, Brodkorb A, Hennessy D, Fitzpartick E, O'Donavan M, McCarthy K, Murphy JP, Yin X, Brennan L. Impact of dietary regime on the metabolomic profile of bovine buttermilk and whole milk powder. Metabolomics 2024; 20:93. [PMID: 39096405 PMCID: PMC11297810 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bovine milk contains a rich matrix of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat, protein and various vitamins and minerals, the composition of which is altered by factors including dietary regime. OBJECTIVES The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of dietary regime on the metabolite composition of bovine whole milk powder and buttermilk. METHODS Bovine whole milk powder and buttermilk samples were obtained from spring-calving cows, consuming one of three diets. Group 1 grazed outdoors on perennial ryegrass which was supplemented with 5% concentrates; group 2 were maintained indoors and consumed a total mixed ration diet; and group 3 consumed a partial mixed ration diet consisting of perennial ryegrass during the day and total mixed ration maintained indoors at night. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis of the whole milk powder (N = 27) and buttermilk (N = 29) samples was preformed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with 504 and 134 metabolites identified in the samples respectively. In whole milk powder samples, a total of 174 metabolites from various compound classes were significantly different across dietary regimes (FDR adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05), including triglycerides, of which 66% had their highest levels in pasture-fed samples. Triglycerides with highest levels in pasture-fed samples were predominantly polyunsaturated with high total carbon number. Regarding buttermilk samples, metabolites significantly different across dietary regimes included phospholipids, sphingomyelins and an acylcarnitine. CONCLUSION In conclusion the results reveal a significant impact of a pasture-fed dietary regime on the metabolite composition of bovine dairy products, with a particular impact on lipid compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Connolly
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Mark Timlin
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin G Murphy
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - André Brodkorb
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T23 N73K, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Ellen Fitzpartick
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Y35 Y521, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Donavan
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran McCarthy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - John P Murphy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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4
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Luque-Uría Á, Calvo MV, Visioli F, Fontecha J. Milk fat globule membrane and its polar lipids: reviewing preclinical and clinical trials on cognition. Food Funct 2024; 15:6783-6797. [PMID: 38828877 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In most parts of the world, life expectancy is increasing thanks to improved healthcare, public health policies, nutrition, and treatment. This increase in lifespan is often not accompanied by an increase in health span, which severely affects people as they age. One notable consequence of this is the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, dietary and pharmaceutical measures must be taken to reduce the burden of such pathologies. Among the different types of nutrients found in the diet, lipids and especially polar lipids are very important for cognition due to their abundance in the brain. Amid the most studied sources of polar lipids, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) stands out as it is abundant in industrial by-products such as buttermilk. In this narrative review, we discuss the latest, i.e. less than five years old, scientific evidence on the use of MFGM and its polar lipids in cognitive neurodevelopment in early life and their potential effect in preventing neurodegeneration in old age. We conclude that MFGM is an interesting, abundant and exploitable source of relatively inexpensive bioactive molecules that could be properly formulated and utilized in the areas of neurodevelopment and cognitive decline. Sufficiently large randomized controlled trials are required before health-related statements can be made. However, research in this area is progressing rapidly and the evidence gathered points to biological, health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Luque-Uría
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
- IMDEA-Food, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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5
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Lung J, Doyen A, Remondetto G, Pouliot Y, Brisson G. The affinity of milk fat globule membrane fragments and buttermilk proteins to hydroxyapatite. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4235-4247. [PMID: 38490551 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Buttermilk differs from skim milk by the presence of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fragments that are released during cream churning. Milk fat globule membrane is rich in health-promoting components, such as phospholipids and membrane proteins, but these compounds have a negative impact on buttermilk techno-functional properties in dairy applications. The isolation of MFGM from buttermilk improved its functionality while also recovering the MFGM bioactive components. Hydroxyapatite (HA) can be used to extract MFGM by adsorption via charged site interactions. However, the affinity of HA to MFGM or the main buttermilk proteins (casein micelles [CM], β-LG, and α-LA) is not known. The influence of important physicochemical parameters such as pH and temperature on these interactions is also unclear. For each buttermilk component, a quartz crystal microbalance diffusion analysis was performed to determine the maximum adsorption time and the attached mass density on HA-coated gold sensors. The influence of pH, ionic strength (IS), and temperature (T) on the affinity of each buttermilk component for HA particles was assessed using a 3-levels and 3-factors Box-Behnken design. The absorption rate was highest for the CM, followed by β-LG and α-LA, and then by the MFGM. Nevertheless, the final maximal attached mass densities to the HA were similar for the MFGM and CM, and 2.5 times higher than for β-LG and α-LA. This difference can be explained by the higher number of binding sites found in CM and their heavier mass. The model obtained by the Box-Behnken design plan showed that the adsorption of the CM changed with T, pH, and IS. These results suggest that the techno-functional properties of buttermilk may be restored by specifically extracting MFGM with HA. Experiments are ongoing to determine conditions for fractionating MFGM directly from buttermilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lung
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A Doyen
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - G Remondetto
- Agropur Cooperative, St Hubert, Quebec, J3Z 1G5, Canada
| | - Y Pouliot
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - G Brisson
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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6
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Trajkovska B, Nakov G, Prabhat ST, Badgujar PC. Effect of Blueberry Pomace Addition on Quality Attributes of Buttermilk-Based Fermented Drinks during Cold Storage. Foods 2024; 13:1770. [PMID: 38890998 PMCID: PMC11171537 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The fruit and beverage industry faces challenges related to waste management and environmental pollution due to rapid industrial expansion. Fruit industry waste, such as blueberry pomace, holds the promise of enhancing gut health and providing valuable antioxidants. Concurrently, buttermilk, a prominent dairy product, offers nutritional and technological benefits but remains underutilized. This study aimed to evaluate the incorporation of blueberry pomace (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) into buttermilk at varying levels and assess its impact on the physicochemical, antioxidant, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of the buttermilk. Buttermilk samples were supplemented with different concentrations of blueberry pomace and subjected to analysis over a two-week storage period (4 ± 1 °C). The addition of blueberry pomace led to alterations in the pH, dry matter, water holding capacity, color parameters, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Microbiological analysis revealed the absence of Enterobacteriaceae, yeast, or molds. Sensory evaluation indicated significant differences among samples, with the highest scores observed for the buttermilk supplemented with 2% and 4% blueberry pomace. Incorporating blueberry pomace improved the overall acceptability and sensory properties. This research highlights the potential of fruit industry by-products to enhance the functionality and health benefits of dairy products, which is a promising way to effectively utilize waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Trajkovska
- Faculty of Biotechnical Sciences—Bitola, University “St. Kliment Ohridski”—Bitola, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia
| | - Gjore Nakov
- College of Sliven, Technical University of Sofia, 8800 Sliven, Bulgaria;
| | - Sari Thachappully Prabhat
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India; (S.T.P.); (P.C.B.)
| | - Prarabdh C. Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India; (S.T.P.); (P.C.B.)
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7
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Song B, Liu D, Lu J, Tao X, Peng X, Wu T, Hou YM, Wang J, Regenstein JM, Zhou P. Lipidomic Comparisons of Whole Cream Buttermilk Whey and Cheese Whey Cream Buttermilk of Caprine Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11268-11277. [PMID: 38695399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Buttermilk is a potential material for the production of a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and can be mainly classified into two types: whole cream buttermilk and cheese whey cream buttermilk (WCB). Due to the high casein micelle content of whole cream buttermilk, the removal of casein micelles to improve the purity of MFGM materials is always required. This study investigated the effects of rennet and acid coagulation on the lipid profile of buttermilk rennet-coagulated whey (BRW) and buttermilk acid-coagulated whey (BAW) and compared them with WCB. BRW has significantly higher phospholipids (PLs) and ganglioside contents than BAW and WCB. The abundance of arachidonic acid (ARA)- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-structured PLs was higher in WCB, while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-structured PLs were higher in BRW, indicating that BRW and WCB intake might have a greater effect on improving cardiovascular conditions and neurodevelopment. WCB and BRW had a higher abundance of plasmanyl PL and plasmalogen PL, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (28:1), LPE (20:5), and PC (26:0) are characteristic lipids among BRW, BAW, and WCB, and they can be used to distinguish MFGM-enriched whey from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dasong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Analysis and Testing Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410200, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Hyproca Nutrition Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410200, China
| | - Yan-Mei Hou
- Hyproca Nutrition Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410200, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410200, China
| | - Joe M Regenstein
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Cebrián-Lloret V, Cartan-Moya S, Martínez-Sanz M, Gómez-Cortés P, Calvo MV, López-Rubio A, Martínez-Abad A. Characterization of the invasive macroalgae Rugulopteryx Okamurae for potential biomass valorisation. Food Chem 2024; 440:138241. [PMID: 38141439 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the composition and properties of the invasive macroalgae R. okamurae and explore potential applications. The results showed that the seaweed biomass is mainly composed of structural carbohydrates, with alginate being the main constituent, accounting for 32 % of its total composition and with a mannuronic and guluronic acid ratio (M/G) ratio of 0.93. It also has a relatively high concentration of fucose, related to the presence of fucoidans that have important biological functions. Among the mineral contents, a high magnesium and calcium (7107 and 5504 mg/kg) concentration, and the presence of heavy metals above legislated thresholds, were notable. R. okamurae also contained a high lipid content of 17 %, mainly composed of saturated fatty acids, but with a significant fraction of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18 %) resulting in a low n6/n3 ratio (0.31), that has health benefits. The protein content of R. okamurae was 12 %, with high-quality proteins, as essential amino acids (mainly leucine, phenylalanine and valine) constitute 32 % of the total amino acids. It also showed a high polyphenol content and outstanding antioxidant properties (106.88 mg TE/g). Based on these findings, R. okamurae has significant potential as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds that can add value to different sectors, including food, feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Cebrián-Lloret
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Cartan-Moya
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Sanz
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Visitación Calvo
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo López-Rubio
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Abad
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Mendoza-Grimau V, Pérez-Gálvez A, Busturia A, Fontecha J. Lipidomic profiling of Drosophila strains Canton-S and white 1118 reveals intraspecific lipid variations in basal metabolic rate. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 201:102618. [PMID: 38795635 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a well-established model system for studies on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. In this study, we identified and quantified the main components of the lipid profile of two widely utilized Drosophila strains, namely Canton-S and white1118, under identical experimental conditions. Differences observed between the strains can be attributed to inherent metabolic divergences, thus limiting the influence of confounding factors. Using the comprehensive lipid data acquired, we applied cluster analysis and PLS-DA techniques to ascertain whether the lipidome could effectively differentiate between the strains. Certain lipid features, such as triacylglycerols, polar lipids, and specific sterol components, could be distinguished between flies of both strains regardless of sex. Our results suggest that although Canton-S and white1118 have similar lipid profiles and distributions, a selected subset of lipids demonstrates clear discriminatory potential between strains, thereby bearing significant implications for planning biological studies using these strains as control references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mendoza-Grimau
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Ana Busturia
- Tissue and organ homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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10
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Martínez-Sánchez V, Visitación Calvo M, Viera I, Girón-Calle J, Fontecha J, Pérez-Gálvez A. Mechanisms for the interaction of the milk fat globule membrane with the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113330. [PMID: 37803640 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) provides infants and adults with several health benefits. These are not derived solely from its unique composition, but also from arrangement of lipids in the MFGM that, in the case of newborns, could reach the intestine partially intact. Fluorochromes associated with lipid derivatives were used to prove a fusion process between the MFGM and the cellular membrane of differentiated Caco-2 cells. To explore the mechanism of this interaction, incubations of MFGM with Caco-2 cells were carried out in the presence of fusogenic agents or compounds that block other MFGM interaction pathways with cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy provided visual evidence of the fusion process. Lastly, determination on the lipid profile of cells after their interaction with MFGM indicated a metabolic rearrangement of lipids leading to accumulation of triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Visitación Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Viera
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Girón-Calle
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Pan J, Chen M, Li N, Han R, Yang Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Zhang Y. Bioactive Functions of Lipids in the Milk Fat Globule Membrane: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:3755. [PMID: 37893646 PMCID: PMC10606317 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex tri-layer membrane that wraps droplets of lipids in milk. In recent years, it has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent bioactive functions and nutritional value. MFGM contains a diverse array of bioactive lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids, which play pivotal roles in mediating the bioactivity of the MFGM. We sequentially summarize the main lipid types in the MFGM in this comprehensive review and outline the characterization methods used to employ them. In this comprehensive review, we sequentially describe the types of major lipids found in the MFGM and outline the characterization methods employed to study them. Additionally, we compare the structural disparities among glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and gangliosides, while introducing the formation of lipid rafts facilitated by cholesterol. The focus of this review revolves around an extensive evaluation of the current research on lipid isolates from the MFGM, as well as products containing MFGM lipids, with respect to their impact on human health. Notably, we emphasize the clinical trials encompassing a large number of participants. The summarized bioactive functions of MFGM lipids encompass the regulation of human growth and development, influence on intestinal health, inhibition of cholesterol absorption, enhancement of exercise capacity, and anticancer effects. By offering a comprehensive overview, the aim of this review is to provide valuable insights into the diverse biologically active functions exhibited by lipids in the MFGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Meiqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Ning Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
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12
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Kosmerl E, Martínez-Sánchez V, Calvo MV, Jiménez-Flores R, Fontecha J, Pérez-Gálvez A. Food matrix impacts bioaccessibility and assimilation of acid whey-derived milk fat globule membrane lipids in Caco-2 cells. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1177152. [PMID: 37229475 PMCID: PMC10203207 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1177152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) imparts human health benefits ranging from improved immune system, gut, and brain function to improved cardiometabolic health. The industry's growing interest in introducing MFGM-enriched foods requires scientific evidence that the benefits derived from this compound are not affected by the formulation or processes that may alter its function, such as the digestion process. In this study, the impact of food matrices and supplementation levels on the bioaccessibility and assimilation of MFGM lipids in cell culture was investigated. Three food matrices including a protein-rich jelly, carbohydrate-rich cookie, and a carbohydrate- and fat-rich cookie with sunflower oil (SF-cookie) were supplemented with an MFGM ingredient derived from cottage cheese acid whey at 2, 5, and 10% (w/w). Each formulation underwent simulated digestion consisting of oral, gastric, and intestinal phases, and the micellar fraction was collected for both analysis and lipid assimilation in Caco-2 intestinal cells. The micellar fractions were diluted and applied to the cells for 4 h. A lipidomic approach was used to assess the lipid profiles of micellar fractions and intestinal cells. The micelles from digested jellies, cookies, and SF-cookies containing MFGM showed a distinct separation using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Both correlation loadings and variable importance in projection (VIP) scores demonstrated a tendency of MFGM polar lipids (ceramides, glucosylceramides) for micelles from digested jelly, whereas micelles from digested cookies were associated with MFGM neutral lipids (free fatty acids, cholesterol, etc.). The effect of supplementation level on the micellar lipid profiles reinforced this pattern. The lipid profiles of intestinal cells after incubation with the micellar fractions differed considerably from the corresponding micellar lipid profiles. Specifically, the SF-cookie-treated cells were associated with a greater abundance of PUFA relative to jelly- and cookie-treated cells; however, increasing MFGM supplementation showed irregular patterns and rearrangement of cellular lipid profiles, suggesting the cells' role in regulating lipid metabolism in response to nutritional stimuli. The nature of lipid micellarization and assimilation in intestinal cells from MFGM-containing food formulations echoes the complexity of lipids inherent to the MFGM itself, suggesting the need for application-based MFGM supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Kosmerl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María V. Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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13
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Ding D, He X, Agarry IE, Wang Y, Zhou F, Li Y, Kan J, Cai T, Chen K. Profile of Human Milk Phospholipids at Different Lactation Stages with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS: Characterization, Distribution, and Differences. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6326-6337. [PMID: 37040528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human milk phospholipids are important for the regular growth and development of infants. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 277 phospholipid molecular species in 112 human milk samples to obtain a detailed profile of human milk phospholipids along the lactation stage. MS/MS fragmentation patterns of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine were characterized in detail. Phosphatidylcholine is the most dominant group, followed by sphingomyelin. PC(18:0/18:2), SM(d18:1/24:1), PE(18:0/18:0), PS(18:0/20:4), and PI(18:0/18:2) showed the highest average concentration among all of the phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol molecular species, respectively. The fatty acids attached to the phospholipid molecules were mainly palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, and the plasmalogens decreased along the lactation stage. The increase of sphingomyelins and phosphatidylethanolamines and the decrease of phosphatidylcholines are the key changes from colostrum to transitional milk; the increase of lysophosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylethanolamines and the continuous decrease of phosphatidylcholines are the vital changes from transitional milk to mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Ding
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuankai Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Fenglan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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14
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Ureta-Velasco N, Keller K, Escuder-Vieco D, Fontecha J, Calvo MV, Megino-Tello J, Serrano JCE, Romero Ferreiro C, García-Lara NR, Pallás-Alonso CR. Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081855. [PMID: 37111074 PMCID: PMC10146700 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs' milk was shown to be different from the Donors' milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ureta-Velasco
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristin Keller
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Escuder-Vieco
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Megino-Tello
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José C E Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero Ferreiro
- Scientific Support Unit, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Raquel García-Lara
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen R Pallás-Alonso
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Señoráns M, Gallo V, Calvo MV, Fontecha J. Lipidomic and Proteomic Profiling of the Milk Fat Globule Membrane from Different Industrial By-Products of the Butter and Butter Oil Manufacturing Process. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040750. [PMID: 36832824 PMCID: PMC9956092 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the positive effects of regular intake of milk fat globule membranes (MFGMs) on neural and cognitive development, as well as immune and gastrointestinal health in infants and elders. Dairy products and by-products generated from the butter and butter oil manufacturing process are valuable sources of MFGM. Thus, in view of the growing need to reduce by-products and waste, it is crucial to foster research aimed at the valorization of dairy by-products rich in MFGM. For this purpose, all the by-products coming from butter and butter oil production (from raw milk to the related by-products) were used to study the MFGM isolated fractions, followed by their characterization through a combined lipidomic and proteomic approach. The patterns of polar lipids and proteins indicated that buttermilk (BM), butterserum (BS), and their mix (BM-BS blend) are the most suitable by-products to be employed as starting material for the isolation and purification of MFGMs, thus obtaining MFGM-enriched ingredients for the manufacture of products with high biological activity.
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16
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Baliyan S, Calvo MV, Piquera D, Montero O, Visioli F, Venero C, Fontecha J. Milk fat globule membrane concentrate as a nutritional supplement prevents age-related cognitive decline in old rats: A lipidomic study of synaptosomes. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112163. [PMID: 36596112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, mainly in memory and executive functioning. A similar but premature deterioration in cognitive capacities is the hallmark of mild cognitive impairment, Alzeimer's disease and dementia. The biochemical mechanisms that cause these neurodegenerative disorders are poorly understood. However, some evidence suggests that insufficient dietary intakes of some phospholipids could impact on brain function and increase the risk of future cognitive impairment and dementia. We evaluated the cognitive and biochemical effects of supplementation with a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) concentrate in aged rats. We observed that, compared to control animals, MFGM supplemented rats showed enhanced spatial working memory, but both groups exhibited similar reference spatial learning and emotional memory abilities. No significant differences between BDNF levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of treated rats as compared to controls were found. The nootropic effects observed were accompanied by significant changes in the lipid composition of synaptic membranes. MFGM supplementation increased the levels of EPA and DHA acids as well as the plasmalogens content in the synaptosomes isolated from the hippocampus (Synapt-HP) and the frontal cortex (Synapt-FC). In addition enhanced levels of phosphatidyl serine (PS), particularly PS(18:1/18:1), and phosphatidyl inositol (PI) molecular species were observed in Synapt-HP and Synapt-FC of treated animals.Lipidomic analysis also revealed greater concentration of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) molecular species containing very long-chain fatty acids and PE plasmenyls in Synapt-HP as well as an increase of the SM content in Synapt-FC from the MFGM group. Although further studies are needed to confirm the underlying mechanism (individual or synergistic), these results suggest that MFGM supplementation could be employed as a dietary implement to restore the proper cerebral concentration of some bioactive lipids and prevent or slow the progression of age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Baliyan
- Cogni-UNED, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychobiology, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dharna Piquera
- Cogni-UNED, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychobiology, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olimpio Montero
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Cogni-UNED, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychobiology, UNED, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Dietary administration of L-carnitine during the fattening period of early feed restricted lambs modifies liver transcriptomic and plasma metabolomic profiles. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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19
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Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Zhang S, Pang X, Vervoort J, Lu J, Lv J. Triglyceride and fatty acid composition of ruminants milk, human milk, and infant formulae. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Li M, Zheng K, Song W, Yu H, Zhang X, Yue X, Li Q. Quantitative analysis of differentially expressed milk fat globule membrane proteins between donkey and bovine colostrum based on high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12207-12215. [PMID: 34531055 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to provide novel insights into milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins in donkey colostrum (DC) and bovine colostrum (BC) using quantitative proteomics. In total, 179 (DC) and 195 (BC) MFGM proteins were characterized, including 71 shared, 108 DC-specific, and 124 BC-specific proteins. Fifty-one shared proteins were selected as differentially expressed MFGM proteins, including 21 upregulated and 30 downregulated proteins in DC. Gene ontology analysis showed that these proteins were mainly enriched in cellular components, including the extracellular exosome, extracellular space, and plasma membrane. Additionally, they were further involved in metabolic pathways, including cholesterol metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, and purine metabolism. Furthermore, several key protein factors with high connectivity were identified via protein-protein interaction analysis. These results provide more comprehensive knowledge of differences in the biological properties of MFGM proteins in DC and BC as well as pave the way for future studies of the nutritional and functional requirements of these important ingredients toward the development of dairy products based on multiple milk sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Kexin Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wanying Song
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Haikun Yu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Qilong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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21
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Szkolnicka K, Dmytrów I, Mituniewicz-Małek A. The Characteristics of Quark Cheese Made from Buttermilk during Refrigerated Storage. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081783. [PMID: 34441560 PMCID: PMC8392251 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dairy industry releases huge amounts of by-products. One of them is buttermilk, obtained during butter production. This by-product is characterized by high nutritional and technological value and is finding more and more applications in food production. This study aimed to produce and analyze the characteristics of quark cheese obtained entirely from buttermilk during 3-week refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) storage. Four kinds of sour buttermilk were used: two from industrial butter production, and another two from butter production at laboratory scale. Laboratory buttermilk differs in the kind of starter culture used in the production. The evaluation of cheese quality properties included physicochemical analyses, texture measurement, and sensory assessment. The results showed that the kind of buttermilk used in production influences the acidity, total solids, textural characteristics, and fat content of the obtained quark cheeses. All obtained cheeses had very high sensory quality throughout the storage period. The study indicates that buttermilk may be successfully used as a substitution for milk in quark cheese production.
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22
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Jia W, Zhang R, Zhu Z, Shi L. A High-Throughput Comparative Proteomics of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Reveals Breed and Lactation Stages Specific Variation in Protein Abundance and Functional Differences Between Milk of Saanen Dairy Goat and Holstein Bovine. Front Nutr 2021; 8:680683. [PMID: 34124126 PMCID: PMC8193056 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.680683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large variations in the bioactivities and composition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were observed between Saanen dairy goat and Holstein bovine at various lactation periods. In the present study, 331, 250, 182, and 248 MFGM proteins were characterized in colostrum and mature milk for the two species by Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based proteomics techniques. KEGG pathway analyses displayed that differentially expressed proteins in colostrum involved in galactose metabolism and an adipogenesis pathway, and the differentially expressed proteins in mature milk associated with lipid metabolism and a PPAR signaling pathway. These results indicated that the types and functions of MFGM proteins in goat and bovine milk were different, and goat milk had a better function of fatty acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, which can enhance our understanding of MFGM proteins in these two species across different lactation periods, and they provide significant information for the study of lipid metabolism and glycometabolism of goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenbao Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
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23
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Unravelling the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of Lactate on the High-Pressure Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050677. [PMID: 33946460 PMCID: PMC8147161 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulations with lactate as an antimicrobial and high-pressure processing (HPP) as a lethal treatment are combined strategies used to control L. monocytogenes in cooked meat products. Previous studies have shown that when HPP is applied in products with lactate, the inactivation of L. monocytogenes is lower than that without lactate. The purpose of the present work was to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the piezo-protection effect of lactate. Two L. monocytogenes strains (CTC1034 and EGDe) were independently inoculated in a cooked ham model medium without and with 2.8% potassium lactate. Samples were pressurized at 400 MPa for 10 min at 10 °C. Samples were subjected to RNA extraction, and a shotgun transcriptome sequencing was performed. The short exposure of L. monocytogenes cells to lactate through its inoculation in a cooked ham model with lactate 1h before HPP promoted a shift in the pathogen’s central metabolism, favoring the metabolism of propanediol and ethanolamine together with the synthesis of the B12 cofactor. Moreover, the results suggest an activated methyl cycle that would promote modifications in membrane properties resulting in an enhanced resistance of the pathogen to HPP. This study provides insights on the mechanisms developed by L. monocytogenes in response to lactate and/or HPP and sheds light on the understanding of the piezo-protective effect of lactate.
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Pérez-Gálvez A, Calvo MV, Aguayo-Maldonado J, Fontecha J. An Integrative Approach of an In Vitro Measurement of the Digestibility of Triacylglycerols of Human Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071935. [PMID: 33808307 PMCID: PMC8037714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been published regarding the effect of different factors on the digestion of milk lipids, considering their natural structural arrangement as milk fat globules and the efficiency of the digestive enzymes in the lipolysis of such complex structures. During digestion, the lipolytic products are dispersed in vesicles and micelles, which are the source for absorption of digested lipids. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the isolation of the micellar phase from the digesta to appropriately determine the amounts and classes of lipids which are bioaccessible. This study presents an integrative approach that included an isolation procedure to separate the micellar fraction from undigested and non-micellar parts, and the distribution of digested milk lipids in micelles determined directly through chromatographic techniques. Four groups of five full term mothers donated colostrum or mature milk. Two sets of samples were analyzed directly (raw), and two sets were pasteurized and then analyzed. Our data revealed that the profile of digested milk lipids is different depending on the lactation period and processing stage, while the carbon atom number distribution of the digested triacylglycerols in the micellar fraction provides a substantial information regarding the acylglycerols species that are less available for absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954611550
| | - María Visitación Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | | | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
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25
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Abstract
This review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.
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26
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Current knowledge in the stabilization/destabilization of infant formula emulsions during processing as affected by formulations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Ubeyitogullari A, Rizvi SS. Production of high-purity phospholipid concentrate from buttermilk powder using ethanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8796-8807. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Abd El‐Salam MH, El‐Shibiny S. Milk fat globule membrane: An overview with particular emphasis on its nutritional and health benefits. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safinaz El‐Shibiny
- Dairy Department National Research Centre El‐Behous St Dokki Cairo Egypt
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29
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Pérez-Gálvez A, Calvo MV, Megino-Tello J, Aguayo-Maldonado J, Jiménez-Flores R, Fontecha J. Effect of gestational age (preterm or full term) on lipid composition of the milk fat globule and its membrane in human colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7742-7751. [PMID: 32622597 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mother after birth and constitutes the ideal food for the newborn, because its chemical composition, rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, bioactive lipids, and other important molecules, is perfectly adapted to the metabolic, digestive, and immunological immaturity of the newborn. An incomplete gestational period can affect the maturity of the mammary gland and its ability to secrete milk with the proper composition for the newborn's condition. Previous studies indicate that the mammary gland modulates the profiles of bioactive lipids present in the different phases of lactation from colostrum to mature milk. Given the key role played by the polar lipids (PL) (phospho- and sphingolipids) of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in the immune system and cognitive development of the newborn, it is crucial to analyze whether the content and distribution of the PL are affected by gestation period. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the milk fat globule (MFG) and MFGM lipid compositions of human colostrum samples from 20 healthy preterm and full-term mothers. Lipid characterization using chromatographic techniques (gas chromatograph mass spectrometry and HPLC-evaporative light-scattering detection) revealed differences related to length of gestation in the profiles of lipid classes and fatty acid and triacylglyceride contents of colostrum. This comparative analysis leads to noteworthy outcomes about the changing roles of the PL, considering the preterm or full-term condition. We found a lack of correlation of some PL (such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine) with the delivery term; these could be denoted as structural category lipids. However, sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine exhibited trends to decrease in full-term colostrum, indicating that in the final stage of pregnancy specific accretion of some PL occurs, which should be denoted as a nutritional redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario, Building 46, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Megino-Tello
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Fontecha J, Brink L, Wu S, Pouliot Y, Visioli F, Jiménez-Flores R. Sources, Production, and Clinical Treatments of Milk Fat Globule Membrane for Infant Nutrition and Well-Being. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1607. [PMID: 32486129 PMCID: PMC7352329 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is gaining traction. The interest is two-fold; on the one hand, it is a unique trilayer structure with specific secretory function. On the other hand, it is the basis for ingredients with the presence of phospho- and sphingolipids and glycoproteins, which are being used as food ingredients with valuable functionality, in particular, for use as a supplement in infant nutrition. This last application is at the center of this Review, which aims to contribute to understanding MFGM's function in the proper development of immunity, cognition, and intestinal trophism, in addition to other potential effects such as prevention of diseases including cardiovascular disease, impaired bone turnover and inflammation, skin conditions, and infections as well as age-associated cognitive decline and muscle loss. The phospholipid composition of MFGM from bovine milk is quite like human milk and, although there are some differences due to dairy processing, these do not result in a chemical change. The MFGM ingredients, as used to improve the formulation in different clinical studies, have indeed increased the presence of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins with the resulting benefits of different outcomes (especially immune and cognitive outcomes) with no reported adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism(s) of action of MFGM remain to be elucidated and further basic investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren Brink
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Steven Wu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Department of Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Food Science and Technology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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