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Ochiai M, Suzuki Y, Suzuki R, Iwata K, Murayama M. Low protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score and net nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor value of edible insects. Food Chem 2024; 454:139781. [PMID: 38843739 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The amount of chitin, a nitrogen-containing dietary fiber, in edible insects can mislead the exact nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (NPF) and true protein content. We determined the amino acid score (AAS), protein digestibility-corrected AAS (PDCAAS), chitin content, and net NPF of five edible insects. Additionally, the effect of the amino acid composition of migratory locust on rat growth were investigated. The AAS of the insects were ranged from 63 to 94. The chitin contents were ranged from 1.6 g/100 g to 10.7 g/100 g. The PDCAAS, calculated by AAS and gut-intestinal digestibility, ranged from 44 to 81, which was lower than casein (97). The net NPF ranged from 4.93 to 5.76, which were lower than the conventional value. Dietary migratory locust, whose PDCAAS was the lowest, decreased growth and altered lipid metabolism. Therefore, a lower PDCAAS and overestimation of net NPF of insects can affect the true protein calculations and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ochiai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ren Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Katsuki Iwata
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Marika Murayama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Cruz VA, Ferreira NJ, Le Roux E, Destandau E, de Oliveira AL. Intensification of the SFE Using Ethanol as a Cosolvent and Integration of the SFE Process with sc-CO 2 Followed by PLE Using Pressurized Ethanol of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal-Extract Yields and Characterization. Foods 2024; 13:1620. [PMID: 38890848 PMCID: PMC11171942 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate and compare the results obtained in the intensification and integration of (sc-CO2) under different pressure conditions (25 and 30 MPa) at 60 °C. When intensifying the process, ethanol (10%) was used as a co-solvent (sc-CO2 + EtOH). In the process integration, black soldier fly larvae flour, defatted via supercritical extraction (SFE), was the raw material for pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using ethanol as solvent. The extract yields, fatty acid profile, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), oxidative stability, and nutritional quality of the oil obtained using sc-CO2 + EtOH were evaluated. The composition of bioactive compounds (carotenoids, acidity, antioxidant compounds, tocopherols, and phospholipids) was determined in both extracts. The yields of the extracts were different by 32.5 to 53.9%. In the extracts obtained with sc-CO2 + EtOH (10%), the predominant fatty acids were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic, with considerable levels of desirable fatty acids (DFA), tocopherols, and phospholipids. The nutritional indices showed good values for polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PUFAs/SFAs), above 0.45%. Extracts from larvae meal defatted with SFE showed carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. HPTLC and HPLC analyses indicated the presence of amino acids, sugars, phenolics, and organic acids in their composition. This study revealed that the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process, or its conditions, can modify the fatty acid composition and the presence of minor bioactive compounds in the obtained extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Aparecida Cruz
- High-Pressure Technology and Natural Products Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Nilson José Ferreira
- High-Pressure Technology and Natural Products Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Elise Le Roux
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP6759, Orléans Cedex 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (E.L.R.); (E.D.)
| | - Emilie Destandau
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP6759, Orléans Cedex 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (E.L.R.); (E.D.)
| | - Alessandra Lopes de Oliveira
- High-Pressure Technology and Natural Products Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (N.J.F.)
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Devi WD, Bonysana R, Singh KD, Koijam AS, Mukherjee PK, Rajashekar Y. Bio-economic potential of ethno-entomophagy and its therapeutics in India. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:15. [PMID: 38461357 PMCID: PMC10925019 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are the largest group of arthropods with the highest faunal diversity of over a million species. Apart from many other roles in the environment, the aspect of several insects being used for human consumption (entomophagy) and as traditional medicine (entomotherapy) by different communities of the world holds special significance for countering global food crisis. The enormous insect resources contribute a reasonable share in improving the livelihoods of many entomophagy practicing communities. Considering this significance, the present review emphasizes the bio-economic potential of insect resources. An overview of entomophagy practices in India; benefits towards the environment, humans and animals; insect species used in entomophagy along with therapeutic importance, nutritional, physical, chemical, and microbiological hazards; farming and mass production technologies; legal status and socio-economic implications in Indian scenario have been presented. Traditionally tested and accepted therapeutic use of edible insects have been reported to cure various disease conditions and calls for scientific exploration and validation to rediscover promising medical products of modern medicine. Edible insects as an alternative food need to be popularized in India with a new policy or regulation to harvest and sell insect-derived food products with proper safe consumption demonstrations. Considering the facts that insects reproduce in large numbers at a faster rate, require less land, water and other resources for farming, and economically and ecologically sustainable harvesting can be done in a short time, insect farming can offer revenue and rural job opportunities in developing countries, especially in India. Therefore, the traditional use of insects as food and medicine has tremendous potential to enhance the economy and living standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahengbam Deepanita Devi
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Rajkumari Bonysana
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Kabrambam Dasanta Singh
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Arunkumar Singh Koijam
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Pulok Kumar Mukherjee
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Yallappa Rajashekar
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal West, 795001, Manipur, India.
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Cui YL, Guo JS, Zhang CX, Yu XP, Li DT. Silencing NlFAR7 destroyed the pore canals and related structures of the brown planthopper. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38430546 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) is one of the key enzymes, which catalyses the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding alcohols. Among the FAR family members in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), NlFAR7 plays a pivotal role in both the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons and the waterproofing of the cuticle. However, the precise mechanism by which NlFAR7 influences the formation of the cuticle structure in N. lugens remains unclear. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the impact of NlFAR7 through RNA interference, transmission electron microscope, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and lipidomics analysis. FIB-SEM is employed to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the pore canals and related cuticle structures in N. lugens subjected to dsNlFAR7 and dsGFP treatments, enabling a comprehensive assessment of changes in the cuticle structures. The results reveal a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle and disruptions in the spiral structure of pore canals, accompanied by widened base and middle diameters. Furthermore, the lipidomics comparison analysis between dsNlFAR7- and dsGFP-treated N. lugens demonstrated that there were 25 metabolites involved in cuticular lipid layer synthesis, including 7 triacylglycerols (TGs), 5 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 3 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and 2 diacylglycerols (DGs) decreased, and 4 triacylglycerols (TGs) and 4 PEs increased. In conclusion, silencing NlFAR7 disrupts the synthesis of overall lipids and destroys the cuticular pore canals and related structures, thereby disrupting the secretion of cuticular lipids, thus affecting the cuticular waterproofing of N. lugens. These findings give significant attention with reference to further biochemical researches on the substrate specificity of FAR protein, and the molecular regulation mechanisms during N. lugens life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Shen Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Perez-Santaescolastica C, de Pril I, van de Voorde I, Fraeye I. Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors. Foods 2023; 12:4090. [PMID: 38002148 PMCID: PMC10670213 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is based on the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of seven edible insect species: Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Blaptica dubia, Galleria mellonella, Locusta migratoria, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio. The aim of the present study is to provide new data on the fatty acid distributions among lipid classes as well as the species-specific protein conversion factor (Kp) of a wide range of insects in order to further improve the nutritional characterisation of insects as food. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all insects except for A. domesticus, in which a significantly higher percentage of linoleic acid was found. The majority of the lipids were neutral lipids. A significant amount of α-linolenic acid in the phospholipid fraction of L. migratoria was shown, while in T. molitor, phospholipids were the only fraction in which a measurable amount of docosahexaenoic acid was found. Overall, in most insects, the phospholipid fraction had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content compared to the other classes, which may be protective in terms of auto-oxidative stability. Kp values in the range of 4.17 to 6.43 were obtained. Within the nutritional quality indices, all insects showed healthy fatty acids and high-quality amino acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Santaescolastica
- Research Group of Meat Technology & Science of Protein-Rich Foods (MTSP), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven—Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Ilse de Pril
- Research Group Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven—Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.d.P.); (I.v.d.V.)
| | - Ilse van de Voorde
- Research Group Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven—Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.d.P.); (I.v.d.V.)
| | - Ilse Fraeye
- Research Group of Meat Technology & Science of Protein-Rich Foods (MTSP), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven—Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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6
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Suh SM, Kim E, Kim MJ, Yang SM, Kim HY. Development of real-time PCR method for rapid and accurate detection of Centipedes ( Scolopendra mutilans) in food. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:979-985. [PMID: 37123063 PMCID: PMC10130274 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Centipedes contain pharmacologically active compounds used as important medicinal material. However, the poisons produced by centipedes can cause human diseases; therefore, its use as a food ingredient is prohibited. This is the first report to develop a real-time PCR method for detection of centipedes. The primer and probe targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene were newly designed. The specificity was verified using ten species and was confirmed to amplify only the centipede species. The real-time PCR method exhibited good linearity with a high-determination coefficient (R 2 = 0.999) and a detection limit was 0.001 ng. The performance of our method was also verified using five real-time PCR platforms under Universal and Fast PCR conditions. Finally, its applicability to processed food was evaluated using binary insect mixtures, and at least 0.1% of centipedes was detected. Therefore, our method can specifically and sensitively detect centipedes in food, contributing to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Man Suh
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
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Bobrovskikh МА, Karpova ЕК, Khotskina АS, Deryuzhenko МА, Gruntenko NЕ. A new effective method for quantitative estimation of changes in Drosophila fat reserves using magnetic resonance imaging. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22007. [PMID: 36861676 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the promising methods actively used not only in medicine, but in biology as well; it allows for scanning of an object within the span of a few minutes, representing a unique noninvasive and nondestructive research tool. The possibility of using magnetic resonance imaging for the quantitative analysis of fat reserves in Drosophila melanogaster females has been shown. The data obtained demonstrate that quantitative magnetic resonance imaging gives an accurate quantitative assessment of fat stores and allows to effectively evaluate their changes under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Мargarita А Bobrovskikh
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Еvgenia К Karpova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Аnna S Khotskina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Мaksim А Deryuzhenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataly Е Gruntenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ververis E, Boué G, Poulsen M, Pires SM, Niforou A, Thomsen ST, Tesson V, Federighi M, Naska A. A systematic review of the nutrient composition, microbiological and toxicological profile of Acheta domesticus (house cricket). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Foschi M, D'Addario A, Antonio D'Archivio A, Biancolillo A. Future foods protection: Supervised chemometric approaches for the determination of adulterated insects’ flours for human consumption by means of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Edible insect Locusta migratoria shows intestinal protein digestibility and improves plasma and hepatic lipid metabolism in male rats. Food Chem 2022; 396:133701. [PMID: 35882087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although edible insect migratory locusts are considered sustainable food resources with proteins and n-3 lipids, their physiological effects on lipid metabolism are not clarified. Here, we clarified the amino acid (AA) value of the edible migratory locust powder (MLP), protein digestibility, and dietary effects of MLP on growth and lipid metabolism in rats. The AA score was 63, which was low score due to the limiting AA (Trp). MLP protein digestibility was resistant to gut pepsin but digestible to intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin. Dietary MLP represented favorable growth and enhanced intestinal condition and lipid metabolism in rats, particularly, low-density lipoprotein metabolism and arteriosclerosis-related fatty acid profiles. Liver triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid desaturation indices were increased by activating lipids uptake into the liver, while lipogenic protein expression and enzyme activities and liver function indices were reduced by MLP. Conclusively, intestinal digestible MLP is a nutraceutical for the prevention of dyslipidemia.
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