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Perestrelo S, Schwerbel K, Hessel-Pras S, Schäfer B, Kaminski M, Lindtner O, Sarvan I. Results of the BfR MEAL Study: Acrylamide in foods from the German market with highest levels in vegetable crisps. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101403. [PMID: 38694545 PMCID: PMC11061253 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is formed in foods due to thermal processes. AA was analysed in 230 foods in the first German Total Diet Study and the highest mean levels of AA were found in vegetable crisps (1430 μg/kg), followed by potato pancakes (558) μg/kg) and pan-fried potatoes (450 μg/kg). In various foods, e.g. French fries and sweet potatoes, AA was also tested for different browning degrees and cooking methods. French fries cooked to a browning degree of 3 in all cooking methods exceeded the benchmark level set by the European Union. French fries prepared in the oven and sweet potatoes in the air fryer had the lowest AA levels. In foods from the German market, AA was found also in foods such as popcorn (243 μg/kg), salty sticks (190 μg/kg), and dark chocolate (130 μg/kg). Levels of AA found in our study may support future dietary exposure and food safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perestrelo
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Schwerbel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaminski
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irmela Sarvan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E. Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Foods 2024; 13:726. [PMID: 38472839 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the probabilistic risk to consumers associated with the presence of iAs, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, acrylamide (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in instant coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The results found iAs to be the metal with the highest concentrations (3.50 × 10-2 to 6.00 × 10-2 mg/kg), closely followed by Pb (1.70 × 10-2 to 2.70 × 10-2 mg/kg) and Cr (5.00 × 10-3 to 1.00 × 10-2 mg/kg), although these differences were not significant between countries. Cd and Hg were not detected. Focusing on AA, the concentrations ranged from 1.77 × 10-1 mg/kg (Peru) to 4.77 × 10-1 mg/kg (Brazil), while OTA ranged from 1.32 × 10-3 (Peru) to 1.77 × 10-3 mg/kg (Brazil) with significant differences between countries in both cases. As regards risk, the hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, meaning that the consumption of instant coffee represents a low level of concern for non-genotoxic effects. The results of the combination of margin of exposure and probability of exceedance indicated that the non-genotoxic effects of Pb, AA and OTA pose no threat. However, the probability values of suffering cancer from iAs and AA (between 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4) indicated a moderate risk and that management measures should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grobert A Guadalupe
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 342 Higos Urco, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Dorila E Grandez-Yoplac
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Erick Arellanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental (INAM), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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González-Mulero L, Delgado-Andrade C, Morales FJ, Mesías M. Dietary Exposure to Acrylamide in Spanish University Canteens by the Duplicate Diet Method. Foods 2023; 12:4263. [PMID: 38231699 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
During the university period, many students adopt new dietary patterns, sometimes including the excessive consumption of highly processed foods, which can expose them to process contaminants such as acrylamide. This research aimed to evaluate the dietary exposure to acrylamide of Spanish university students in their campus canteens using the duplicate diet method, and to estimate the associated health risks based on their food consumption habits. Apart from potato-based foods, the analysed food/meals contained non-detectable or low levels of acrylamide (<63 µg/kg). Two exposure scenarios were considered, depending on whether students selected salad (lowest exposure) or processed potatoes (highest exposure) as side dishes. The frequent consumption of processed potatoes could increase acrylamide intake from 6.5 to 26.4 µg/day. Due to their lower body weight, women had a higher risk of acrylamide exposure in both scenarios. The margin of exposure (MOE) values for neoplastic effects indicated high levels of health concern, even only considering the main meal of the day. Furthermore, the risk of acrylamide exposure could increase by more than four times depending on the side dish selected by the students. This research highlights the need to promote healthy dietary habits among young people, encouraging the selection of safer food options in terms of food processing contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González-Mulero
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Morales
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mesías
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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González-Mulero L, Delgado-Andrade C, Morales FJ, Mesías M. Assessment of dietary acrylamide exposure in children attending Spanish school canteens using the duplicate diet method. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114066. [PMID: 37769897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a carcinogenic chemical contaminant formed in heat-treated foods. In this study, a duplicate diet method was used to evaluate the acrylamide content of foods/meals served at breakfast and lunch in two Spanish school canteens. The dietary acrylamide intake in students was estimated within lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenarios. Biscuits exhibited the highest acrylamide values, exceeding the benchmark level established by the European Regulation 2017/2158 (350 μg/kg), followed by main courses such as stews, side dishes and bread. In the LB scenario, breakfasts accounted for the major contributors to the daily acrylamide intake (73.3%). However, lunches were the main responsible in the UB scenario (65.4%). Acrylamide exposure was estimated for three age ranges: 3-5y pre-school children (0.59 and 0.92 μg/kg body weight/day), 6-9y children (0.43 and 0.67 μg/kg body weight/day) and 10-12y early adolescents (0.28 and 0.44 μg/kg body weight/day). Margins of exposure for neoplastic effects ranged between 144 and 1026, which is below the reference of 10,000, indicating a health concern. The findings reveal that any diet, even one that is balanced, varied and contains foods low in acrylamide, involves an additive exposure to the contaminant that should be considered when conducting acrylamide exposure risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco J Morales
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mesías
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Yan F, Wang L, Zhao L, Wang C, Lu Q, Liu R. Acrylamide in food: Occurrence, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanism and detoxification by phytochemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113696. [PMID: 36870671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a common pollutant formed during food thermal processing such as frying, baking and roasting. ACR and its metabolites can cause various negative effects on organisms. To date, there have been some reviews summarizing the formation, absorption, detection and prevention of ACR, but there is no systematic summary on the mechanism of ACR-induced toxicity. In the past five years, the molecular mechanism for ACR-induced toxicity has been further explored and the detoxification of ACR by phytochemicals has been partly achieved. This review summarizes the ACR level in foods and its metabolic pathways, as well as highlights the mechanisms underlying ACR-induced toxicity and ACR detoxification by phytochemicals. It appears that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, biochemical metabolism and gut microbiota disturbance are involved in various ACR-induced toxicities. In addition, the effects and possible action mechanisms of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, quinones, alkaloids, terpenoids, as well as vitamins and their analogs on ACR-induced toxicities are also discussed. This review provides potential therapeutic targets and strategies for addressing various ACR-induced toxicities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhao H, Sun S, Lu L, Xue X, Su S, Gong P, Zheng W, Wang M, Wang J, Zhu J, Liu Y, Zhang F. Efficient optimization and development of two methods for the determination of acrylamide in deep-frying oil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application of multifactor analysis assessment strategy. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200631. [PMID: 36427354 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new multifactor analysis assessment strategy was developed for evaluating, optimizing, and comparing analytical techniques for acrylamide in frying oils. Based on five indices (absolute recovery, absolute matrix effect, the intensity of the full ion scan, and the precursor ion scan to m/z 184 and m/z 241), the proposed strategy was performed with radar analysis, relative contribution analysis, and the entropy-weighted technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution analysis. Two novel methods based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction methodology and gel permeation chromatography-liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been developed for the analysis of acrylamide in frying oils. Two methods were suitable for rapid and sensitive analysis of acrylamide in oils in different laboratories, with a limit of quantitation at 2 μg/kg, and the average recovery ranging from 92.5% to 107.8%, with relative standard deviations below 10%. When considering automation efficiency and matrix effects, gel permeation chromatography is the most efficient method, whereas the other method has an advantage when analyzing large samples. The developed methods were used in a pilot study to analyze frying oils with acrylamide content below 9.82 μg/kg, showing that the repeated frying process did not produce significant content of acrylamide in oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Huinan Zhao
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lanxiang Lu
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xue
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Su
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Pixue Gong
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zheng
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Quality Control of Food for Special Medical Purposes, Key Laboratory of Supervising Technology for Meat and Meat Products for State Market Regulation, Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
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Basaran B, Faiz O. Determining the Levels of Acrylamide in Some Traditional Foods Unique to Turkey and Risk Assessment. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123948. [PMID: 35765504 PMCID: PMC9191220 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, exposure risk assessment was made by determining the acrylamide levels of some traditional foods frequently consumed by the Turkish society and registered geographical indication. For this purpose, acrylamide levels of 20 traditional foods [7 meat products, 3 loaves of bread, 3 bagels (simit), and 7 desserts] obtained from different bakeries, patisseries, and restaurants were determined by LC-MS/MS. Acrylamide levels were determined between 12.7 - 299 μg/kg in meat products, 11.8 - 69.3 μg/kg in bread, 11.8 - 179 μg/kg in bagels, 11.7 - 85.0 μg/kg in baked desserts, and 32.3 - 527 μg/kg in deep-fried desserts. According to the portion size, the food with the highest acrylamide level in meat products is Adana kebab (17.70 μg/180 g). Formulation and cooking techniques are thought to be the main determinants of acrylamide level detected in traditional foods. Dietary acrylamide exposure was calculated according to the deterministic model. Exposure was calculated as 0.20, 0.53, and 0.98 μg/kg bw per day for good, average and bad scenarios, respectively. The calculated acrylamide exposure value is below the reference values stated by FAO/WHO. The acrylamide dietary exposure was not of concern concerning neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The results can be used to reduce acrylamide levels in foods and risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Basaran
- Department of Travel, Tourism and Recreation Services, Ardeşen Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Faiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
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Flórez-Martínez DH, Contreras-Pedraza CA, Escobar-Parra S, Rodríguez-Cortina J. Key Drivers for Non-Centrifugal Sugar Cane Research, Technological Development, and Market Linkage: A Technological Roadmap Approach for Colombia. SUGAR TECH : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUGAR CROPS & RELATED INDUSTRIES 2022; 25:373-385. [PMID: 36065321 PMCID: PMC9434537 DOI: 10.1007/s12355-022-01200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Food science innovation depends on consumers' needs and is currently seeking functional food with health effects. Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is known for its potential health effects, but there is a lack of holistic analysis on technological advancement and socio-economic and market trends for decision-making in the development of the technology. The aim of this article was to analyse the research trends, recent patents, and market trends and niches for NCS to structure an NCS technological roadmap. Scientometric, bibliometric methods, and global and local market information on NCS were used. Comprehensive analysis of the worldwide research trends and patents on NCS processing and of the growth of the main niche markets for Colombian NCS exports in the last five years was conducted. Finally, with the information obtained, an NCS technological roadmap was structured, which can be used as a tool for planning innovation processes and supporting the development of new research using market information and new norms forged by the COVID-19 pandemic for Colombian case. Furthermore, the methodological design could be used for other NCS producer countries. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12355-022-01200-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernando Flórez-Martínez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria–AGROSAVIA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera–Bogotá, Mosquera, 250047 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Contreras-Pedraza
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria–AGROSAVIA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera–Bogotá, Mosquera, 250047 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Sebastian Escobar-Parra
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria–AGROSAVIA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera–Bogotá, Mosquera, 250047 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Jader Rodríguez-Cortina
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria–AGROSAVIA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera–Bogotá, Mosquera, 250047 Cundinamarca Colombia
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10
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Toro SJH, Gómez-Narváez F, Contreras-Calderón J, Arisseto AP. Acrylamide in sugar products. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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González N, Marquès M, Calderón J, Collantes R, Corraliza L, Timoner I, Bosch J, Castell V, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Occurrence and dietary intake of food processing contaminants (FPCs) in Catalonia, Spain. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Biscuit Contaminants, Their Sources and Mitigation Strategies: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112751. [PMID: 34829032 PMCID: PMC8621915 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature is rich in investigations on the presence of various contaminants in biscuits, and of articles aimed at proposing innovative solutions for their control and prevention. However, the relevant information remains fragmented. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the current state of the scientific literature on the possible contaminants of biscuits, considering physical, chemical, and biological hazards, and making a critical analysis of the solutions to reduce such contaminations. The raw materials are primary contributors of a wide series of contaminants. The successive processing steps and machinery must be monitored as well, because if they cannot improve the initial safety condition, they could worsen it. The most effective mitigation strategies involve product reformulation, and the use of alternative baking technologies to minimize the thermal load. Low oxygen permeable packaging materials (avoiding direct contact with recycled ones), and reformulation are effective for limiting the increase of contaminations during biscuit storage. Continuous monitoring of raw materials, intermediates, finished products, and processing conditions are therefore essential not only to meet current regulatory restrictions but also to achieve the aim of banning dietary contaminants and coping with related diseases.
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Acrylamide Exposure from Common Culinary Preparations in Spain, in Household, Catering and Industrial Settings. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092008. [PMID: 34574118 PMCID: PMC8467121 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the European Commission recommended monitoring the presence of acrylamide in certain foods not included in Regulation 2158/2017, to consider other sources of exposure to the contaminant. In the present study, eleven groups of processed foods commonly consumed in Spain were classified, according to their food matrix, into potato-based food, cereal-based food and food based on cereal mixed with meat, fish or vegetables. Samples were collected from three different settings: household, catering services and industrial origin, to evaluate the influence of the food preparation site on acrylamide formation. The highest concentrations of acrylamide were observed in chips (French fries), especially those prepared at home. Although at lower levels, all the other foods also contained significant concentrations of acrylamide, confirming the need to control its content in foods not included in the EU regulation. Industrially processed foods made a lower contribution to acrylamide exposure, probably due to the more stringent controls exercised on culinary processes in this context. The higher levels recorded for households and catering services highlight the need for greater awareness of culinary processes and for measures to be adopted in these settings to limit the formation of acrylamide in food preparation.
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