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Wang H, Shan K, Li Y, Wu S, Zhou C, Tao S, Wang M, Kang X, Zhou L, Lyu Z, Li N. Therapeutic potential of Chinese medicinal herbs stimulating osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1423555. [PMID: 39144620 PMCID: PMC11322149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1423555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a common and complex chronic metabolic disease with an increasing incidence rate, which has markedly increased the human health burden worldwide. The predominant cause of OP is an imbalance between osteoblasts (OB) and osteoclasts (OC). Studies on the correlation between bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and OP have indicated that BMSCs-induced OB differentiation is an important pathway for bone tissue renewal. Chinese medicinal herbs have been used for centuries to treat various types of OPs because they are safer and more effective. The in vivo and in vitro experiments have confirmed that these herbs or their primary phytochemicals may exert therapeutic effects by stimulating BMSCs differentiation, which restores OB and OP balance, inhibits adipocyte differentiation, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, regulates the immune system, etc. This review summarizes the research on how Chinese medicinal herbs or their primary phytochemicals treat OP by stimulating BMSC differentiation and provides a scientifically reliable basis and perspective for their future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Shan
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Sinuo Wu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunman Zhou
- Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Shan Tao
- Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochun Kang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhongxi Lyu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningcen Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Cao D, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Wu T, Xiang Y, Ji Z, Guo J, Zhang X, Xu K, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Psoralea corylifolia L. and its active component isobavachalcone demonstrate antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium abscessus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118142. [PMID: 38583730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fabaceae) is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat various diseases, including kidney disease, asthma, psoriasis and vitiligo. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the antibacterial activity of Psoralea corylifolia L. and its bioactive components against Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra high performance liquid chromatography was utilized to analyze the bioactive fractions and compounds present in 30%, 60%, and 90% ethanol extracts of Psoralea corylifolia L.. The antibacterial effects of Psoralea corylifolia L. and potential active ingredients were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The bactericidal activity of the active ingredient isobavachalcone was evaluated and then scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the bactericidal mechanism of isobavachalcone. RESULTS The 90% ethanol extracts of Psoralea corylifolia L. showed significant antibacterial activity against M. abscessus, with an MIC of 156 μg/mL. Isobavachalcone was identified as the bioactive ingredient, and testing of 118 clinical isolates of M. abscessus indicated their MICs ranged from 2 to 16 μg/mL, with an average MIC of 8 μg/mL. Furthermore, the minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratio and the time-kill test indicated rapid bactericidal activity of isobavachalcone against M. abscessus. Finally, we found that the bactericidal mechanism of isobavachalcone involved damage to the bacterial cell membrane, causing wrinkled and sunken cell surface and a noticeable reduction in bacterial length. CONCLUSION Psoralea corylifolia L. ethanol extracts as well as its active component isobavachalcone show promising antimicrobial activity against M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zunjing Zhang
- Lishui Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui, 323020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanghui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Lishui Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui, 323020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Lishui Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui, 323020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongda Liu
- Lishui Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui, 323020, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250117, China.
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Shi Z, Pan JC, Ru Y, Shen NN, Liu YF, Zhang C, Wu XJ, Li FY, Cui JL, Yang CQ, Yang JL, Li MX, Xiao CR, Ma ZC, Li C, Wang YG, Gao Y. Positive benefit-risk ratio of Psoraleae Fructus: Comprehensive safety assessment and osteogenic effects in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117967. [PMID: 38431111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoraleae Fructus (PF), the dried fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., is a commonly used traditional medicine that has contributed to the treatment of orthopedic diseases for thousands of years in China. However, recent PF-related liver injury reports have drawn widespread attention regarding its potential hepatotoxicity risks. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and chronic toxicity of PF using a 26-week administration experiment on rats in order to simulate the clinical usage situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PF aqueous extract was consecutively administrated to rats daily at dosages of 0.7, 2.0, and 5.6 g/kg (equivalent to 1-8 times the clinical doses for humans) for as long as 26 weeks. Samples were collected after 13, 26, and 32 weeks (withdrawal for 6 weeks) since the first administration. The chronic toxicity of PF was evaluated by conventional toxicological methods, and the efficacy of PF was evaluated by osteogenic effects in the natural growth process. RESULTS In our experiments, only the H group (5.6 g/kg) for 26-week PF treatment demonstrated liver or kidney injury, which the injuries were reversible after 6 weeks of withdrawal. Notably, the PF treatment beyond 13 weeks showed significant benefits for bone growth and development in rats, with a higher benefit-risk ratio in female rats. CONCLUSIONS PF displayed a promising benefit-risk ratio in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, a disease that lacks effective medicine so far. This is the first study to elucidate the benefit-risk balance associated with clinical dosage and long-term use of PF, thereby providing valuable insights for rational clinical use and risk control of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jin-Chao Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China; Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yu-Fu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiang-Jun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Fang-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jia-Lu Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Chun-Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Mao-Xing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Cheng-Rong Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zeng-Chun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yu-Guang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Wen Y, Li Z, Ning Y, Yan Y, Li Z, Wang N, Wang H. Portable Raman spectroscopy coupled with PLSR analysis for monitoring and predicting of the quality of fresh-cut Chinese yam at different storage temperatures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123956. [PMID: 38301571 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Portable Raman spectroscopy coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was performed for monitoring and predicting four quality indicators, moisture content, water activity, polysaccharide content and microbial content of the fresh-cut Chinese yam at different storage temperatures. The variations in the four key indicators were first depicted through a spider web diagram as the storage temperature changed. More importantly, the four key indicators can be accurately monitored and predicted through optimized PLSR models combining with Raman spectroscopy. Among all of the PLSR models for the four indicators, the regression model for moisture content was relatively the best. In addition, storage temperature played a significant role on the model performance of PLSR. The model performance for all indicators at room temperature and high temperature was better than the corresponding PLSR models at refrigeration and freezing conditions. Especially at 25 ℃, the R2 in the calibration set basically reached 0.9. These observations indicated that portable Raman spectroscopy, a simple and easy-to-use detection technique, can monitor and predict the multiple quality indicators of fresh-cut Chinese yam combined with effectively PLSR model, which would be conducive to their applications in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqing Wen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhiyao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Ning
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yueling Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Haixia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Yang B, Zhang Z, Song J, Qi T, Zeng J, Feng L, Jia X. Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective. Chin Med 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38238801 PMCID: PMC10797928 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Liu B, Fang S, Zhou K, Ma L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Gao X. Unveiling hepatotoxicity distinction of coumarin-related compounds from glycosides to aglycones in Fructus Psoraleae by integrating UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and high content analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116664. [PMID: 37253395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Psoraleae (FP), the dried and ripe fruit of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik., is widely used due to its various clinical pharmacological effects, but its hepatotoxicity restricts its clinical application. So far, its hepatotoxic components and their underlying mechanism have not been systematically elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to reveal the hepatotoxicity distinction of coumarin-related compounds from glycosides to aglycones in FP and elucidate their potential mechanism. METHODS Rats were administrated with the aqueous extract of Fructus Psoraleae (AEFP), in which eight coumarin-related compounds were focused. Subsequently, compounds exposed in rats' livers were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and the identified hepatotoxic compounds were evaluated to elaborate their possible mechanism by the aid of high content analysis (HCA). RESULTS Eight coumarin-related compounds were identified, among which psoralenoside (PO), isopsoralenoside (IPO), psoralen (P), and isopsoralen (IP) were the principally exposed compounds in rats' livers. Furocoumarinic acid glucoside (FAG), (E)-3-(4-(((2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) benzofuran-5-yl) acrylic acid (isofurocoumarinic acid glucoside, IFAG), furocoumarinic acid (FA), and (E)-3-(4-hydroxybenzofuran-5-yl) acrylic acid (isofurocoumarinic acid, IFA) were also detected in low abundance. P, IP, FA, and IFA were identified as the hepatotoxic compounds, while their glycosides were almost non-hepatotoxic. The HCA's results showed that hepatotoxic compounds disrupted the balance in reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear area, and mitochondrial membrane potential of HepG2 cells, leading to the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS P, IP, FA, and IFA were identified as hepatotoxic compounds, from which P and IP were proposed as the important risk components for hepatotoxicity. The conversion from glycosides to aglycones played an essential role in FP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lulu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yaling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Liu T, Xu G, Li Y, Shi W, Ren L, Fang Z, Liang L, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhan X, Li Q, Mou W, Lin L, Wei Z, Li Z, Dai W, Zhao J, Li H, Wang J, Zhao Y, Xiao X, Bai Z. Discovery of bakuchiol as an AIM2 inflammasome activator and cause of hepatotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115593. [PMID: 35973629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia (P. corylifolia Linn.) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that exhibits significant aphrodisiac, diuretic, and anti-rheumatic effects. However, it has been reported to cause hepatic injury, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the safety and risk of P. corylifolia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and flow cytometry were used to explore the effect of bakuchiol (Bak), one of the most abundant and biologically active components of P. corylifolia, on the AIM2 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, we used the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced drug-induced liver injury (DILI) susceptible mice model to study the Bak-mediated hepatotoxicity. RESULTS Bak induced the maturation of caspase-1 P20, and significantly increased the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α (P < 0.0001) compared with the control group. Moreover, compared to the Bak group, knockdown of AIM2 inhibited Bak-induced caspase-1 maturation and significantly decreased the production of IL-1β and TNF-α, but knockout of NLRP3 had no effect. Mechanistically, Bak-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation is involved in mitochondrial damage, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, and subsequent recognition of cytosolic mtDNA. Our in vivo data showed that co-exposure to LPS and non-hepatotoxic doses of Bak significantly increased the levels of ALT, AST, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18, indicating that Bak can induce severe liver inflammation (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The result shows that Bak activates the AIM2 inflammasome by inducing mitochondrial damage to release mtDNA, and subsequently binds to the AIM2 receptor, indicating that Bak may be a risk factor for P. corylifolia-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China
| | - Guang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of Military Patient Management, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lutong Ren
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhie Fang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longxin Liang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Mou
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wei
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhang Dai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Wang D, Ding J, Feng X, Chai X, Yang J, Liu C, Zeng Y, Zhou W, Wang Y. Identification of Q-Markers from Hedan Tablet by employing “spider-web” mode and taking compounds’ hepatotoxicity into account. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:612-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Study on Closely Related Citrus CMMs based on Chemometrics and Prediction of Components-Targets-Diseases Network by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1106353. [PMID: 35529921 PMCID: PMC9068285 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the representatives of closely related Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) originated from Rutaceae family, Aurantii fructus immaturus (AFI), Aurantii fructus (AF), Citri reticulatae pericarpium viride (CRPV), and Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) have better functions in regulating qi and promoting gastrointestinal motility. However, differences in the quality of closely related Citrus CMMs have not yet been revealed until now. Herein, this study focused on the systematic differentiation and in-depth understanding of closely related Citrus CMMs by a strategy integrating chemometrics and network pharmacology. Determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography, the content of nine flavonoids showed obvious fluctuations in the decoction pieces from different species (Citrus aurantium Linnaeus and Citrus reticulate Blanco) with decreasing levels in the samples of ripe fruits. Decoction pieces from the different species and ripening stages were well distinguished by orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) and cluster analysis. As a result, four active components including narirutin, naringenin, hesperidin, and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptemthoxyflavone were filtered out by variable importance for the projection (VIP) value (VIP > 1.0), which were regarded as chemotaxonomic markers. Furthermore, a components-targets-diseases network was constructed via ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), and the correlations were predicted between four chemotaxonomic markers, 223 targets, and three diseases including colitis, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. The obtained results will be of great significance for identifying closely related Citrus CMMs and conduce to improving the resource utilization of CMMs.
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Wang D, Guo J, Chai X, Yang J, Wang Y, Gao X. Dynamic variations of bioactive compounds driven by enzymes in Psoralea corylifolia L. from growth to storage and processing. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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11
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UPLC-MS/MS-Based Rat Serum Metabolomics Reveals the Detoxification Mechanism of Psoraleae Fructus during Salt Processing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5597233. [PMID: 34567215 PMCID: PMC8457953 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5597233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoraleae Fructus (PF) is a botanical medicine widely used in Asian countries, of which salt products have higher safety and efficacy. However, the biological mechanism of the detoxification of salt-processing Psoraleae Fructus (SPF) has not yet been revealed. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS technology was used to explore the metabolic differences between SPF and PF in normal rats and reveal the mechanism of salt processing. The histopathological results of rat liver and kidney showed that the degree of liver and kidney injure in the SPF group was less than that in the PF group. The results of metabolomics showed that the detoxification mechanism of PF by salt processing might be related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. PF-induced inflammation could be reduced by regulating the expression of metabolites to achieve the purpose of salt processing and detoxification. It included reducing the production of metabolites such as 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, tyrosine, arginine, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and phenylacetylglycine/hippuric acid ratio and upregulating the expression of metabolites such as creatine.
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12
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Study on characteristics of biflavanones distribution in Garcinia kola seeds and identification of compounds in gum resin exuded from fresh slices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113512. [PMID: 32805527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia kola seeds play an important role in African traditional medicine, which are widely used to treat stomachache, gastritis, malaria, venereal diseases and laryngitis. The habitats, specification, different parts of seeds and slicing process are important factors that affect the quality of Garcinia kola seeds. Interestingly, brownish yellow or brownish red spots were derived from gum resin exuded during slicing, whose chemical constituents have not been elucidated. A rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was established for quantitative study of four main biflavanones (GB-2, GB-1, kolaflavanone and GB-1a) in Garcinia kola seeds. We found that the content of the tested biflavanones was slightly different in Garcinia kola seeds from different habitats, while the seeds weight showed no obvious influence on the biflavanones content from the same habitat. With the aid of "spider-web" mode, we unveiled that the accumulation of biflavanones mainly occurred in seed kernels. Furthermore, slices thickness (1-2 mm) was optimized by comprehensive evaluation of biflavanones' content, moisture, cutting-time and drying-time to efficiently dry the slices. By employing of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS), garcinoic acid and its derivatives were successfully identified in gum resin, conducing to the interesting finding about the distribution of biflavanones and derivatives of garcinoic acid in Garcinia kola seeds. Generally, our findings in this research could contribute to standardizing the process of harvesting, processing and quality control for Garcinia kola seeds, and help better development and utilization of this important medicinal plant.
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Li M, Chai X, Wang L, Yang J, Wang Y. Study of the Variation of Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Content from Fresh Artemisiae argyi Folium to Moxa Wool. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244603. [PMID: 31888220 PMCID: PMC6943600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisiae argyi Folium (AAF) is a popular herbal medicine that is always employed in moxa sticks and by oral dosage in clinical use. Less attention has been paid to nonvolatile compounds as active compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In this study, we focused on the variation rule of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the various transformations of Artemisiae argyi Folium. Using the established ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method with an excellent methodology under “spider-web” mode, six phenolic acids and three flavonoids were simultaneously quantified in fresh and drying Artemisiae argyi Folium as well as in moxa wool and residue. Some interesting phenomena about the variation rule of phenolic acids and flavonoids were uncovered. First, a sharp increase was observed in the detected compounds’ content as the moisture gradually decreased, when fresh Artemisiae argyi Folium was exposed to sunlight and ambient or high temperature. Nevertheless, the increased phenolic acids were subjected to high temperature, leading to obvious degradation under oven-drying (60 °C and 80 °C). Second, a wide content distribution was revealed for the detected compounds in Artemisiae argyi Folium from different habitats, especially rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, jaceosidin, eupatilin, and cryptochlorogenic acid. Third, accompanied by the elevated ratio of Artemisiae argyi Folium/moxa wool, the detected compounds conspicuously decreased in moxa wool and the correspondingly removed powder as residue. Importantly, a greater variation was found in moxa wool. Our findings contribute to the optimization of the drying process, the quality evaluation of the various transformations of Artemisiae argyi Folium, and the distinctive characterization of moxa wool produced at different ratios of Artemisiae argyi Folium/moxa wool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Yang
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-22-5959-6366 (J.Y. & Y.W.)
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-22-5959-6366 (J.Y. & Y.W.)
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Rong J, Xie Z, Chen E, Ma S, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Xu X, Li L. Fructus Psoraleae-Induced Severe Liver Injury and Treatment With Two Artificial Liver Support Systems: A Case Series Study. Ther Apher Dial 2019; 24:324-332. [PMID: 31577858 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients with suspected Fructus Psoraleae (FP)-induced severe liver injury who underwent treatment with two artificial liver support systems (ALSSs). The cases of 12 patients with severe liver injury by FP were enrolled. We evaluated the tolerability of, and changes in biochemical parameters after treatment with plasma exchange combined with hemofiltration and double plasma molecular absorption system, and 6-month follow-up information were collected. The median age of the 12 patients was 60 years and nine (75%) patients were females. All patients had jaundice as the initial symptom. Two ALSS types were used to treat the patients. The group that underwent plasma exchange combined with hemofiltration showed remarkable improvements in ALT, AST, total bilirubin (TB), GGT and international normalized ratio levels (AST, TB, international normalized ratio, P < 0.01; ALT, GGT, P < 0.05), and the levels of AST, ALP, TB, and total bile acid decreased significantly in the double plasma molecular absorption system group after treatment (TB, P < 0.01; AST, ALP, total bile acid P < 0.05). During 6 months of follow-up, two patients died, two became chronic, and eight recovered to normal. FP can cause clinically severe liver injury, characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms and jaundice, which can lead to death or become chronic. Both ALSSs were safe and well tolerated in drug-induced liver injury patients. After ALSS treatment, the levels of biochemical indicators of liver function improved significantly, indicating that ALSS might be beneficial for patients with severe drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangcheng Rong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ermei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Liu X, Yang J, Yu H, Zhang J, Du J, Wang X, Wang Y, Chai X. Chemical constituents from the fruits of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. by the targeted separation mode. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1071-1076. [PMID: 31359768 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1638382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new compounds, corylifol H (1) and epi-bavacoumestan C (2), together with a new natural product named 8-geranyl daidzein (3), were isolated from the fruits of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. (syn. of Psoralea corylifolia L.) by the targeted separation mode. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods and by comparison with literature properties. The anti-inflammatory effects of the two new compounds were also evaluated by activity assay in vitro. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 inhibited nitric oxide production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Du
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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