Effects of water extract from anaerobic fermented Toona sinensis Roemor on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the Sprague–Dawley Rats

Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Two Differently Dried Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. by Means of the Molecular Sensory Science Concept

A systematic approach for the characterization of the key aroma-active compounds in sun-dried Toona sinensis (SDTS) and vacuum-dried T. sinensis (VDTS) was performed by means of the molecular sensory science concept. A total of 64 aroma-active compounds were identified via gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and static headspace dilution analysis revealed 39 odorants in SDTS and 32 odorants in VDTS with flavor dilution (FD) factors from 8 to 4096, with the highest for vanillin and eugenol in both samples. Stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) and an internal standard method were applied to quantitate 42 odorants, revealing 35 compounds in concentrations above their respective odor thresholds in SDTS and 29 compounds in VDTS, respectively. Calculation of odor activity values (OAVs) indicated 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, eugenol, and β-ionone with the highest OAVs in both samples. Recombination experiments of the overall aromas of SDTS and VDTS by mixing the odorants with OAVs ≥1 in their naturally occurring concentrations proved the successful identification and quantitation of the respective key odorants.

Toona sinensis: a comprehensive review on its traditional usages, phytochemisty, pharmacology and toxicology

Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem, Meliaceae, a deciduous plant native to eastern and southeastern Asia, is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This paper was aimed to summarize the current advances in traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of T. sinensis. In this review, various types of data of T. sinensis are discussed in the corresponding parts of this paper, and perspectives for possible future studies of this plant are discussed. The main constituents of T. sinensis are terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, etc., and its pharmacological activities include anti-tumor effects, antioxidant activities, anti-diabetic effects and anti-inflammatory effects. Although a series of phytochemical and pharmacological researches of this plant have been conducted, the active constituents and action mechanism of these activities should be also further explored. Furthermore, the present review also indicates that T. sinensis has potentials to develop into drugs for treating various diseases with high efficacy and low toxicity, particularly in cancer, diabetes and inflammatory disorders. In conclusion, the paper provides a full-scale profile of the traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of T. sinensis, and also provides potential therapeutic uses and drug development prospects of this plant.

Limonoids isolated from Toona sinensis and their radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities

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Ten new limonoids were obtained from Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem.

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Limonoid 4 display potent ABTS^⋅+ scavenging activity.

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Limonoids 5 and 7–10 possessed the high ABTS^⋅+ and DPPH scavenging activities.

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Limonoids 1–4 and 11 showed the elective inhibition of Cox-1.

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Limonoids 1–4 and 11 exhibited the significant cytotoxicities.

A phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem resulted in the isolation of ten new limonoids, toonasinenines A–J (1–10), together with two known compounds, toonafolin (11) and toonacilianin D (12). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The isolated components were evaluated in vitro for radical scavenging potential using ABTS^⋅+ and DPPH test, anti-inflammatory activities for Cox-1 and Cox-2, and cytotoxicies against nine tumour cell lines (A549, BGC-823, CHG-5, HCT15, HeLa, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, SHG-44 and SGC-7901 cells). As a result, 4, 5 and 7–10 showed potent radical scavenging activities, while limonoids 1–4 and 11 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential.