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El-Shabasy RM, Farag MA. Dissecting dietary alkylresorcinols: a compile of their distribution, biosynthesis, extraction and functional properties. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:581-617. [PMID: 37156550 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2193860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are natural bioactive ingredients produced by: bacteria, fungi, sponges, and higher plants, possessing a lipophilic polyphenol structure with a myriad of biological properties. Focusing on the importance of ARs, several analogs can be extracted from different natural resources. Interestingly, the composition of ARs is usually reflective of their source, with structural differences to exist among ARs isolated from different natural sources. The identified compounds from marine are distinguished by sulfur atom and disulfide bond, while the alkyl chain of bacterial homologs are recognized for their saturated fatty acid chains. ARs occurrence in fungi is still poorly documented however most of the isolated fungal molecules are characterized by a sugar unit attached to their alkylated side chains. The biosynthetic pathway of ARs is postulated via a type III polyketide synthase in which the fatty-acyl chain is elongated and cyclized to generate ARs. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) has gained an increasing interest to mediate for ARs biological activities as discussed herein for the first time from their different resources. ARs extraction procedures showed much progress compared to classical methods compiling organic solvents with supercritical extraction appearing as a potential technique for producing highly purified food-grade of AR homologs. The current review also presents on the rapid qualitative and quantitative determination of ARs to increase accessibility for screening cereals as potential sources of these bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan M El-Shabasy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Mikhailova DV, Shevchenko OG, Golubev DA, Platonova EY, Zemskaya NV, Shoeva OY, Gordeeva EI, Patov SA, Shaposhnikov MV, Khlestkina EK, Moskalev A. Antioxidant Properties and Geroprotective Potential of Wheat Bran Extracts with Increased Content of Anthocyanins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2010. [PMID: 38001863 PMCID: PMC10669849 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a focus on breeding wheat with high anthocyanin levels in order to improve food quality and human health. The objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant and geroprotective properties of wheat bran extracts using both in vitro and in vivo research methods. Two wheat lines were used: one with uncolored pericarp (anthocyanin-free) and another with colored pericarp (anthocyanin-containing). These lines differed in a specific region of chromosome 2A containing the Pp3/TaMyc1 gene, which regulates anthocyanin production. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of cyanidin glucoside and cyanidin arabinoside in the anthocyanin-containing wheat bran extract (+AWBE), while no anthocyanins were found in the anthocyanin-free wheat bran extract (-AWBE). The +AWBE showed higher radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) and membrane protective activity (AAPH oxidative hemolysis model) compared to the -AWBE. Both extracts extended the lifespan of female Drosophila, indicating geroprotective properties. This study demonstrates that wheat bran extracts with high anthocyanin levels have antioxidant and geroprotective effects. However, other secondary metabolites in wheat bran can also contribute to its antioxidant and geroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Mikhailova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Oksana G. Shevchenko
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Denis A. Golubev
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Elena Y. Platonova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Zemskaya
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190031 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya Yu. Shoeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena I. Gordeeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Patov
- Institute of Chemistry of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Shaposhnikov
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190031 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190031 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
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3
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Effect of alkyl chain length on the antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinol homologs in low-moisture crackers. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Tian W, Zheng Y, Wang W, Wang D, Tilley M, Zhang G, He Z, Li Y. A comprehensive review of wheat phytochemicals: From farm to fork and beyond. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2274-2308. [PMID: 35438252 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of whole wheat consumption can be partially attributed to wheat's phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkylresorcinols, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. It is of increasing interest to produce whole wheat products that are rich in bioactive phytochemicals. This review provides the fundamentals of the chemistry, extraction, and occurrence of wheat phytochemicals and includes critical discussion of several long-lasting issues: (1) the commonly used nomenclature on distribution of wheat phenolic acids, namely, soluble-free, soluble-conjugated, and insoluble-bound phenolic acids; (2) different extraction protocols for wheat phytochemicals; and (3) the chemistry and application of in vitro antioxidant assays. This review further discusses recent advances on the effects of genotypes, environments, field management, and processing techniques including ultrafine grinding, germination, fermentation, enzymatic treatments, thermal treatments, and food processing. These results need to be interpreted with care due to varied sample preparation protocols and limitations of in vitro assays. The bioaccessibility, bioavailability, metabolism, and potential health benefits of wheat phytochemicals are also reviewed. This comprehensive and critical review will benefit scientific researchers in the field of bioactive compounds of cereal grains and also those in the cereal food industry to produce high-quality functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Centre, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael Tilley
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Centre, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Dornan K, Gunenc A, Oomah BD, Hosseinian F. Odd chain fatty acids and odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) are essential for diet. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Dornan
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Aynur Gunenc
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - B. Dave Oomah
- (Retired) Formerly with Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Summerland British Columbia Canada
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Sahu R, Kundu P, Sethi A. In vitro antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition properties of wheat whole grain, bran and flour defatted with hexane and supercritical fluid extraction. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Elder AS, Coupland JN, Elias RJ. Effect of alkyl chain length on the antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinol homologues in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions. Food Chem 2021; 346:128885. [PMID: 33429298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant cut-off theory details the importance of fine-tuning antioxidant hydrophobicity to optimize antioxidant effectiveness for a given food system; however, previous research has utilized synthetic antioxidant homologues which fail to align with the food industry's demand for natural ingredients. Alkylresorcinols represent a natural homologous series of phenolipid antioxidants. The antioxidant activities of individual alkylresorcinol homologues were investigated in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions. In oils, antioxidant activity decreased as alkyl chain length increased and there was no effect on rate of loss. In emulsions, optimum antioxidant activity was observed at intermediate alkyl chain length (C21:0) and longer homologues were lost more rapidly. Radical scavenging capacity decreased as alkyl chain length increased but alkylresorcinols were unable to chelate iron. This suggests that intrinsic properties (e.g. radical scavenging capacity) are responsible for the antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinols in oils while physicochemical phenomena (e.g. partitioning) drive antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinols in emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Elder
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - John N Coupland
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Meshginfar N, Tavakoli H, Dornan K, Hosseinian F. Phenolic lipids as unique bioactive compounds: a comprehensive review on their multifunctional activity toward the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1394-1403. [PMID: 32363900 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1759024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic lipids are multifunctional compounds which play an important biological role in the body. Their unique biologic functionality stems from their strong amphiphilic character which allows them to be incorporated in erythrocytes. Through membrane incorporation, these compounds exert their biological effects on neurons which are not modulated by hydrophilic compounds. These bioactive compounds are present in nature as secondary plant metabolites, and consequently their availability is limited, for dietary and medical purposes. In this review, the pathways and mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease will be described. In addition, the modulatory effects of phenolic lipids on these pathways and a list of several synthetic, semi synthetic and natural sources of phenolic lipids will be examined as having the potential to prevent or combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Meshginfar
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamed Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Dornan
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Li F, Gunenc A, Hosseinian F. Developing emulsion gels by incorporating Jerusalem artichoke inulin and investigating their lipid oxidative stability. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-019-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study investigated physical, chemical and lipid oxidative properties of emulsion gels (W/O) incorporating Jerusalem artichoke (JA) inulin. Primary purified inulin extract (PPIE, 1%) improved the homogeneity of emulsion gel (with no syneresis) and developed smaller particle size droplets (average 40 μm) than control (average size 60 μm). HPLC revealed that PPIE had 80.28% inulin content compared with commercial inulin (CI, 100%). Crude inulin extract (CIE, 0.08–0.33 mg/mL) delayed linoleic acid oxidation because of higher total phenolic content (4.96 ± 0.01, mg GAE/g), compared with PPIE (0.72 ± 0.03). Lipid oxidative stability of emulsion gels with inulin samples was in the order of CI > PPIE > CIE (P < 0.05) by Rancimat analysis, which agreed with volumetric gel index results. This study suggests that emulsion gels with JA inulin (PPIE) could act as a potential fat replacement in food systems.
Graphical abstract
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10
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Chait YA, Gunenc A, Bendali F, Hosseinian F. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic fermentation of carob polyphenols: Bioaccessibility and bioactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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khosravi A, Razavi SH, Fadda AM. Advanced assessments on innovative methods to improve the bioaccessibility of polyphenols in wheat. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Gunenc A, Rowland O, Xu H, Marangoni A, Hosseinian F. Portulaca oleracea seeds as a novel source of alkylresorcinols and its phenolic profiles during germination. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Xu M, Rao J, Chen B. Phenolic compounds in germinated cereal and pulse seeds: Classification, transformation, and metabolic process. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:740-759. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1550051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Elder AS, Coupland JN, Elias RJ. Antioxidant activity of a winterized, acetonic rye bran extract containing alkylresorcinols in oil-in-water emulsions. Food Chem 2019; 272:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Gunenc A, Kong L, Elias RJ, Ziegler GR. Inclusion complex formation between high amylose corn starch and alkylresorcinols from rye bran. Food Chem 2018; 259:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al Jitan S, Alkhoori SA, Yousef LF. Phenolic Acids From Plants: Extraction and Application to Human Health. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64056-7.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Distribution of Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Activities of Different Bran Fractions from Three Pigmented Wheat Varieties. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6459243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of outer bran, coarse bran, and shorts from blue, black, and purple wheat were analyzed. Phenolic acids were mainly in the bound form in pigmented wheat bran fractions. Phenolic acid content decreased in the order of outer bran, coarse bran, and shorts for the three pigmented wheat varieties. HPLC analysis of phenolic extracts demonstrated that the bound form of phenolic acids contained more ferulic, isoferulic, and p-coumaric acids compared to their free counterparts. Among the three pigmented wheat varieties, the bran fractions from blue wheat contained higher bound phenolic acids than the other two pigmented wheat bran fractions, except for purple coarse bran. The blue wheat outer bran had the highest total bound phenolic acid of 3458.71 μg/g while the purple wheat shorts had the lowest of 1730.71 μg/g. The contribution of bound phenolic acids to the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was significantly higher than that of free phenolic acids. Blue wheat bran fractions had the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH∙ while those of purple wheat gained the highest ABTS∙+ scavenging activity. High correlations were observed between TPC and radical scavenging capacities for DPPH and ABTS (R2>0.85, P<0.05).
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Gunenc A, Yeung MH, Lavergne C, Bertinato J, Hosseinian F. Enhancements of antioxidant activity and mineral solubility of germinated wrinkled lentils during fermentation in kefir. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Agil R, Patterson ZR, Mackay H, Abizaid A, Hosseinian F. Triticale Bran Alkylresorcinols Enhance Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Foods 2016; 5:foods5010005. [PMID: 28231100 PMCID: PMC5224570 DOI: 10.3390/foods5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triticale (× Triticosecale Whitm.) is a cereal grain with high levels of alkyresorcinols (AR) concentrated in the bran. These phenolic lipids have been shown to reduce or inhibit triglyceride accumulation and protect against oxidation; however, their biological effects have yet to be evaluated in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ARs extracted from triticale bran (TB) added to a high–fat diet on the development of obesity and oxidative stress. CF-1 mice were fed a standard low-fat (LF) diet, a 60% high-fat diet (HF) and HF diets containing either 0.5% AR extract (HF-AR), 10% TB (HF-TB), or 0.5% vitamin E (HF-VE). Energy intake, weight gain, glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and body composition were determined. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) assays were performed on mice liver and heart tissues. The findings suggest that ARs may serve as a preventative measure against risks of oxidative damage associated with high-fat diets and obesity through their application as functional foods and neutraceuticals. Future studies aim to identify the in vivo mechanisms of action of ARs and the individual homologs involved in their favorable biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Agil
- Food Science & Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Zachary R Patterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Harry Mackay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Food Science & Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Luthria DL, Lu Y, John KM. Bioactive phytochemicals in wheat: Extraction, analysis, processing, and functional properties. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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The Fatty Acid Profile and Phenolic Composition of Descurainia sophia Seeds Extracted by Supercritical CO2. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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